Foliar anatomy of the subfamily Myrtoideae (Myrtaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. V. Cardoso ◽  
S. L. Proença ◽  
M. G. Sajo
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Foliar Anatomy ◽  
Secretory Cavities

The foliar structure of 44 species of Myrtoideae Nied. (Myrtaceae) was described to characterise the anatomy of the leaves in this subfamily and also to recognise particular features in each genus and/or subtribe. In the present study, nine genera of the subtribe Myrtinae, five genera of the subtribe Myrciinae and eight genera of the subtribe Eugeniinae were examined. All of them have dorsiventral and hypostomatic leaves, with stomata slightly protruded in relation to other epidermal cells; the leaves also present secretory cavities, idioblasts containing druses and vascular bundles with phloem on both adaxial and abaxial sides. Some surface features have diagnostic value for all genera of these three subtribes, such as the percentage of palisade parenchyma, the presence or absence of an adaxial hypodermis, the occurrence of an extension to the vascular bundle sheath, and the shape and position of the vascular system of the midrib. These features are described for each of the species studied and the results are discussed in a taxonomical context.

Anatomy of two species of Plumbago : a traditional medicinal plant and its relevance for taxonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Shape And Size

Plumbago is a traditional medicinal plant in Ayurveda. The paper presents anatomical study of leaf, petiole, stem and root of two species of Plumbago namely P. zeylanica, P. auriculata and, its relevance in discrimination of these two species. Anatomical features of leaf which are of diagnostic value in delimitation of both taxa are outline of T. S.,shape and size of epidermal cells, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding the vascular bundles, number of tannins cells. Characters of taxonomic significance in petiole anatomy are outline of T. S, presence of trichomes, shape and size of epidermal cells, abundance of collenchyma, arrangement and number of vascular bundles, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding vascular bundles, number of tannin cells. The diagnostically useful anatomical features of stem to discriminate both taxa of Plumbago are degree of elevation of stem ridges, occurrence of double layered epidermis, size of epidermal cells, distinctness of endodermis, abundance and distribution of pericyclicsclerenchyama, number of vascular bundles. Anatomical features of taxonomic significance in root are width of cortex and abundance of starch grains in cortex cells, abundance and distribution of pericyclics clerenchyama, amount of vascularization, distribution, diameter and density of vessels, width of medullary ray.

scholarly journals Anatomical investigation of three emergent Cyperus species growing naturally on the canal banks of the Nile delta, Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Yasser A. El-Amier ◽  
Ahmed M. Abd El-Gawad
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Section ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Genus

The genus Cyperus is a large genus with about 600 species, widespread all over the world. The present work contains anatomical descriptions of culms and leaves anatomy of three taxa of Cyprus spp. (Cyperus alopecuroides, C. articulates and C. papyrus). Cyperus spp. were collected from canal banks of Nile Delta. The culms in transverse section of all examined species were triangular except for C. articulates which was circular. The ground tissue differentiated into parenchyma cells with thin walls and small, triangular intercellular spaces, while C. articulates has large hollow pith. Vascular bundles are small, angular and scattered throughout the thin-walled ground tissue. Leaf anatomy of C. alopecuroides and C. papyrus is an example of the isobilateral mesophyll with palisade parenchyma on both sides, enlarged epidermal cells referred to as hing cells found in the middle of the blade. The center of the leaf is occupied by a large vascular bundle surrounded by a bundle sheath.    

scholarly journals Cross-sectional anatomy of leaf blade and leaf sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
SN Sima ◽  
AK Roy ◽  
MT Akther ◽  
N Joarder
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis

Histology of leaf blade and sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.) Beauv., indicated typical C4 Kranz anatomy. Cells of adaxial epidermis were smaller and bulliform cells were present on the adaxial epidermis. The shape of bulliform cells was bulbous; 3-7 cells were present in a group and 3-5 folds larger than epidermal cells. Three types of vascular bundles in respect of size and structure were extra large, large and small and they were part of leaf blade histology. These three sizes of vascular bundles were arranged in successive manner from midrib to leaf margin. Leaf sheath bundles were of two types: large and small. Extra large bundles were flanked by five small and four large bundles but small bundles were alternate found to be with large typed bundles. Extra large bundles were of typical monocotyledonous type but the large type had reduced xylem elements and the small typed was found to be transformed into treachery elements. Small be bundles occupied half the thickness of the flat portion of leaf blade topped by large bulliform cells of the adaxial epidermis. Extra large and large bundle had been extended to upper and lower epidermis. Kranz mesophyll completely encircled the bundle sheath and radiated out into ground tissue. Midrib was projected in abaxial direction and had a central vascular bundle with large and small bundles on either side of it along the abaxial regions. The midrib vascular bundle was devoid of chlorenchymatous bundle sheath and was of non-Kranz type. Continuous sub-epidermal sclerenchyma girders were noted as adaxial hypodermis. Anatomical traits exhibited an important adaptive defense against draught and saline stress of the plant. Quantitative measurement of various anatomical traits indicated strong variations among them.J. bio-sci. 25: 17-26, 2017

Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of the North American marine angiosperm Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kuo ◽  
Joan G. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
North American ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
The North ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

The leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of the North American Phyllospadix species P. serrulatus Rupt. ex Aschers., P. scouleri Hook, and P. torreyi Watson are described. The unique anatomical and ultrastructural features of these species are compared with those of other seagrasses and their possible functional significance is discussed. All three species have ultrastructures similar to those in other members of the family Zosteracae. Subcuticular cavities, wall ingrowths, and numerous mitochondria and chloroplasts with well-developed grana are present in the blade epidermal cells and the adaxial sheath epidermal cells, indicating that these cells may play a major role in photosynthesis, osmoregulation, and absorption. Plasmodesmata are present occasionally between adjacent epidermal cells, and also between epidermal and mesophyll cells, suggesting that solutes can be transferred symplastically between these tissues. The vascular bundle sheath cells are not easy to recognize, as cell walls are thin and not suberized. The phloem contains both normal and nacreous-walled sieve tubes that may be functional. The walls of the phloem parenchyma cells facing nacreous-walled sieve tubes possess weak wall ingrowths, leading to speculation that these parenchyma cells may play an important role in solute translocation. The absence of suberin lamella in bundle sheath cells and the presence of a small xylem element in each vascular bundle suggest that the water flow in xylem elements in these seagrasses may be limited and that water is taken directly from the water column by leaf epidermal cells and is transported apoplastically along cell walls. The three North American Phyllospadix species can be separated by anatomical characters such as number of vascular bundles, the shape of epidermal cells in both transverse sectional and surface views, and the distribution of fibre bundles. It is proposed that P. serrulatus is taxonomically more closely related to the Japanese P. iwatensis Makino than to P. scouleri and P. torreyi and that there is no detectable hybrid species occurring between P. scouleri and P. torreyi. Key words: anatomy, ultrastructure, seagrasses, Phyllospadix, North America.

Vascular system of the fertile spikelet of Sorghum (Gramineae: Panicoideae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thompson Demetrio Pizzolato
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Hollow Cylinder ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
The Many ◽  
Large Vascular Bundle ◽  
Fertile Spikelet

The vascular system of the sessile, fertile spikelet of Sorghum was reconstructed from serial transverse sections. The vascular system is a composite of the basipetal extensions of the traces from the appendages on the rachilla. The rachilla immediately above the glumes consists of an outer and an inner series of these vascular extensions. The basipetal continuations of the median traces of the sterile and fertile lemmas, and of the traces from the stamens comprise the inner series. The outer series consists of the continuations of the many lodicule traces and of vascular bundles descending from the posterior of the pistil. The component of the vascular system related to the pistil is a plexus of xylem and phloem in the form of a hollow cylinder traversed by a large vascular bundle that is the basipetal continuation of the stylar bundles. Bundles from the anterior of the pistil merge with the hollow cylinder at its anterior. Several collateral bundles from the placenta merge with the hollow cylinder at its posterior. Distal portions of these placental bundles supply the short chalaza of the ovule but do not enter it. The vascular system of the fertile spikelet of Sorghum is typical of the Panicoideae, and is useful in distinguishing the Panicoideae from the other subfamilies of grasses. Key words: Sorghum, spikelet, floret, vascular system.

scholarly journals Vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll regulation of leaf water balance in response to chitin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziv Attia ◽  
Ahan Dalal ◽  
Menachem Moshelion
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Leaf Water Balance

ABSTRACTPlants can detect pathogen invasion by sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This sensing process leads to the induction of defense responses. Most PAMP mechanisms of action have been described in the guard cells. Here, we describe the effects of chitin, a PAMP found in fungal cell walls, on the cellular osmotic water permeability (Pf) of the leaf vascular bundle-sheath (BS) and mesophyll cells and its subsequent effect on leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf).The BS is a parenchymatic tissue that tightly encases the vascular system. BS cells have been shown to controlKleafthrough changes in theirPf, for example, in response to ABA. It was recently reported that, in Arabidopsis, the chitin receptors chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) and LYSINE MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) are highly expressed in the BS, as well as the neighboring mesophyll. Therefore, we studied the possible impact of chitin on these cells.Our results revealed that both BS cells and mesophyll cells exhibit a sharp decrease inPfin response to chitin treatment. In addition, xylem-fed chitin decreasedKleafand led to stomatal closure. However, anAtlyk5mutant showed none of these responses. ComplimentingAtLYK5specifically in the BS cells (using the SCARECROW promoter) and transient expresion in mesophyll cells each resulted in a response to chitin that was similar to that observed in the wild type. These results suggest that BS and mesophyll cells each play a role in the perception of apoplastic chitin and in initiating chitin-triggered immunity.Significance StatementPAMP perception by plant receptors triggers various defense responses important for plant immunity. Here we provide new insights into a topic that has received a great deal of previous attention, revealing that a chitin immune response is present in additional leaf tissues other than the stomata. Chitin perception by the bundle sheath cells enwrapping the whole leaf vascular system decrease its cellular osmotic permeability and leaf hydraulic conductance. This in turn, leads to hydraulic signals being sent to the stomata and regulates whole-leaf water balance in response to chitin application and, perhaps, during fungal infection. Emphasizing the dynamic role of the BS in chitin-sensing and water balance regulation.

scholarly journals Anatomía foliar y del pecíolo de especies del género Rhus s. str. (Anacardiaceae)

2017 ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Agustina Rosa Andrés-Hernández ◽  
Teresa Terrazas
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Type I ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
System Type ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Anatomía Foliar ◽  
Foliar Traits

Foliar and petiole anatomy of 33 species of Rhus s. str. is described with the main objective of evaluating anatomical traits to support its infrageneric classification. The results support the existing Rhus s. str. infrageneric classification. The subgenus Rhus, with a vascular system type I and more than ten layers of collenchyma and wide pith in the petiole may be readily separated from subgenus Lobadium. In turn, section Terebinthifolia shows two to four vessel elements, collenchymatic sheath surrounding the vascular bundles and gelatinous fibers, while section Styphonia presents a thick cuticle (6 µm), papillose epidermal cells, two layers of palisade parenchyma and sclerenchyma in xylem and phloem. The occurrence of sclerenchyma in section Styphonia is correlated with the persistent character of its leaves. Some of the foliar traits mentioned are undoubtedly related with the radiation events of Rhus s. str. that took place in Mexico.

Functional leaf anatomy and ultrastructure in a marine angiosperm, Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy (Cymodoceaceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Syringodium Isoetifolium

The terete leaf blade of Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy from south-western Australia has uniformly small epidermal cells and a few large secretory cells. Mesophyll tissues contain several air lacunae, a central longitudinal vascular bundle, and eight to twelve peripheral longitudinal vascular bundles, but no fibre bundles. The total volume of air lacunae is about 10% that of the leaf blades, but the total surface area of air lacunae is similar to that of leaf blades. The leaf cuticle appears as a thin, electron-transparent layer. Leaf-blade epidermal cells have a large central vacuole and peripheral cytoplasm containing many chloroplasts that lack starch grains. Wall ingrowths are absent. However, the small region between the walls and the plasmalemma could play an important role in nutrient absorption. Plasmodesmata appear to be absent between adjacent epidermal cells, and also between epidermal and mesophyll cells, suggesting that there is only an apoplastic pathway for the transport of photosynthate to the vascular tissues. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a layer of sheath cells, which are characterized by the presence of suberized lamellae in their walls. These may act to reduce the apoplastic exchange of solutes and water between the mesophyll and vascular tissues. Xylem elements, represented by large lumens and intensely hydrolysed walls, may not be present in all peripheral vascular bundles. Two types of sieve elements occur in S. isoetifolium leaf blades: normal thin-walled ones with large lumens, and thick-walled ones with reduced lumens, representing the photophloem and the metaphloem, respectively.

Neptunia windleriana: A New Polyploid Species of Neptunia (Leguminosae) from Brazil Recognized by Anatomy, Morphology and Cytogenetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-494
Author(s):  
Juliana Santos Silva ◽  
Márcia Santos Carvalho ◽  
Géssica Souza Santos ◽  
Francyane Tavares Braga ◽  
Maria José Gomes de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Basic Number ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
First Time

Abstract—Neptunia windleriana, a new polyploid species of the pantropical genus Neptunia, is described and illustrated. This plant is endemic to the state of Bahia, Brazil, and is found in areas of Caatinga near the São Francisco River. Among the species occurring in Brazil, it is most similar to N. plena, a widespread species, by having a gland on the petiole, but it differs mainly by the number of pairs of pinnae and leaflets, shape of the spike in bud, and the size of the peduncles. It is morphologically distinct from all other species of the genus by the combination of prostrate subshrub habit, smaller leaves, shorter petiole and shorter rachis length, few-flowered, globose spikes, 10 stamens, and glabrous ovary. The presence of monocrystals in the bundle sheath cells of the bracts of N. windleriana is recorded here for the first time for the genus, together with the chromosome number (2n = 56 vs. 2n = 28, ∼52, 54, 56, 72, 78 for three other species of the genus occurring in Brazil), it can be also used to identify the species. The epidermis of the stipules, leaflet, and bracts of N. windleriana is uniseriate, with paracytic stomata. The vascular system has collateral arrangement with the vascular bundles covered by a sheath, with or without isolated monocrystals. Our data support earlier hypotheses that Neptunia has a base number of x2 = 14 which seems to be a secondary basic number that originated from an ancestral stock with x1 = 7 and underwent karyotypic evolution by polyploidy. A key to the Brazilian species of Neptunia as well as anatomical, cytogenetic, taxonomic, and geographic distribution data, ilustrations and photos are provided.

scholarly journals Knockout of Auxin Response Factor SlARF4 Improves Tomato Resistance to Water Deficit

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3347
Author(s):  
Mengyi Chen ◽  
Xiaoyang Zhu ◽  
Xiaojuan Liu ◽  
Caiyu Wu ◽  
Canye Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Auxin Response

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in various plant physiological processes; however, knowledge of the exact role of ARFs in plant responses to water deficit is limited. In this study, SlARF4, a member of the ARF family, was functionally characterized under water deficit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduced the expression of SlARF4. SlARF4 was expressed in the vascular bundles and guard cells of tomato stomata. Loss of function of SlARF4 (arf4) by using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) technology enhanced plant resistance to water stress and rehydration ability. The arf4 mutant plants exhibited curly leaves and a thick stem. Malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in arf4 mutants than in wildtype plants under water stress; furthermore, arf4 mutants showed higher content of antioxidant substances, superoxide dismutase, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), and catalase activities. Stomatal and vascular bundle morphology was changed in arf4 mutants. We identified 628 differentially expressed genes specifically expressed under water deficit in arf4 mutants; six of these genes, including ABA signaling pathway-related genes, were differentially expressed between the wildtype and arf4 mutants under water deficit and unlimited water supply. Auxin responsive element (AuxRE) elements were found in these genes’ promoters indicating that SlARF4 participates in ABA signaling pathways by regulating the expression of SlABI5/ABF and SCL3, thereby influencing stomatal morphology and vascular bundle development and ultimately improving plant resistance to water deficit.

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