Mixed field plantation of native and exotic species in semi-arid Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. Duarte ◽  
E. U. Bucek ◽  
D. Karam ◽  
N. Sá ◽  
M. R. M. Scotti
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Electron Transport Chains ◽  
Mixed Plantation ◽  
Mixed Field ◽  
Psii Quantum Yield

An afforestation of mixed plantation was proposed to provide wood supply and minimise exploratory actions in a biological reserve. Eucalyptus plants were indicated for this purpose. This study was carried out to test the effect of volatile oils extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and E. grandis Hill ex Maiden on the growth of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. Under laboratory conditions, the Enterolobium plants showed tolerance to E. grandis oil, whereas E. camaldulensis oil caused loss of leaves, inhibition of height and diameter growth and a concomitant decrease in effective PSII quantum yield and the reduction of photosynthetic electron-transport chains. The field growth of E. contortisiliquum was not modified by intercropped E. grandis plants, confirming its tolerance. Inoculation with rhizobia and or mycorrhizal fungi significantly improved the height and diameter growth of these species. The results showed that E. contortisiliquum plants could be intercropped with E. grandis for reforestation and agroforestry systems.

scholarly journals Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms in Coffee Production: From Isolation to Field Application

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1531
Author(s):  
Narcisa Urgiles-Gómez ◽  
María Eugenia Avila-Salem ◽  
Paúl Loján ◽  
Max Encalada ◽  
Leslye Hurtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Coffee is an important, high-value crop because its roasted beans are used to produce popular beverages that are consumed worldwide. Coffee plantations exist in over 70 countries and constitute the main economic activity of approximately 125 million people. Currently, there is global concern regarding the excessive use of agrochemicals and pesticides in agriculture, including coffee crops. This situation has motivated researchers, administrators, and farmers to seek ecologically friendly alternatives to decrease the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. In the last decades, multiple studies of the rhizosphere, at the chemical, physical and biological levels, have improved our understanding of the importance of beneficial microorganisms to plant health and growth. This review aims to summarize the state of the use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) in coffee production, where the most extensively studied microorganisms are beneficial plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This review also contains information on PGPM, in regard to plantations at different latitudes, isolation techniques, mass multiplication, formulation methods, and the application of PGPM in nurseries, monoculture, and coffee agroforestry systems. Finally, this review focuses on relevant research performed during the last decade that can help us improve sustainable coffee production.

scholarly journals ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF ROSE WOOD, GUAVA, EUCALYPTUS, SACRED FIG AND JAMAN LEAF LITTER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT ( Triticum aestivum L.) IN A WHEAT-BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. IQBAL ◽  
H.A. RAUF ◽  
A.N. SHAH ◽  
B. SHAHZAD ◽  
M.A Bukhari
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Syzygium Cumini ◽  
Allelopathic Effects

ABSTRACT Selection of tree species under agroforestry systems is crucial to sustain the productivity of a crop. In present study, allelopathic effects of the leaf litters of 5 trees named Rose wood (Dalbergia sissoo), Guava (Pisidium guajava), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) and Jaman (Syzygium cumini) species on wheat growth and yield was examined. Leaf litter of each tress species was mixed in soil with two doses @ 100 and 200 g of leaves of each species per pot. Higher shoot length, shoot dry weight, number of spikelets per spike and biological yield were recorded in 200 g sun dried Jaman (Syzygium cumini) leaves. Total number of tillers per plant and number of ears per plant were higher under the application of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves (200 g sun dried) as compared to other treatments. Spike length, grain yield per pot, number of grains per pot and harvest index were maximum in 200 g sun-dried Sacred fig (Ficu sreligiosa) leaves. Majority of the parameters were promoted at lower doses of leaves per pot, however, at higher doses they started inhibiting the growth and grain yield of wheat.

Land-use change on Mount Gede, Indonesia, reduced native earthworm populations and diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Darmawan ◽  
Tri Atmowidi ◽  
Wasmen Manalu ◽  
Bambang Suryobroto
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Earthworm Species ◽  
Mixed Plantation

The conversion of natural forest to agroforestry plantations and annual cropping systems alters the soil habitat and food resources for biota, including earthworms. Native earthworm species may disappear whereas exotic species with greater tolerance of disturbance and less niche specialisation may thrive. The objective of the study was to compare the earthworm diversity in managed forest and agroforestry systems, which were cultivated for mixed plantation and annual crop production on Mount Gede, Indonesia. All the habitats in the study area were impacted by humans. The forest habitat was a managed forest, with a permanent tree cover, whereas mixed plantation had a partial shrub cover. Meanwhile, homogenous plantation was cultivated with annual crops. Among 3787 individuals collected during July–October 2012, five Oriental earthworm species were identified in the soil communities of Mount Gede: Drawida nepalensis, Notoscolex javanica, Pheretima pura-group, Polypheretima moelleri, and Polypheretima sempolensis. Also, 18 species were found that are reported to be non-Oriental in origin. Anthropogenic disturbance of forests on Mount Gede, due to conversion into plantations, alters the earthworm environment by increasing soil water content, temperature and total phosphorous content, while decreasing organic carbon. N. javanica was the only native species to survive this deforestation, while the exotic Ocnerodrilus occidentalis and Pontoscolex corethrurus thrived, becoming the eudominant species. From the forest area to the mixed and homogenous plantations, the predicted decreasing diversity is evidenced by the lowering trend of Shannon’s diversity index. In conclusion, the land-use change into mixed plantations and annual croplands has reduced earthworm diversity in this region of Mount Gede, Indonesia.

RESPONSES OF EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS SPROUTS TO SHADE: AN EVALUATION OF CANOPY PLASTICITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
CIRO ABBUD RIGHI ◽  
VINCENT COUDERC ◽  
CARLOS RODRIGUES PEREIRA ◽  
HILTON THADEU ZARATE COUTO
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Cellulose Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Opening ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Leaf Density

SUMMARYEucalyptus spp. is the main tree used in cellulose production worldwide, cultivated mostly in extensive monocrop plantations. However, due to concerns on environmental impacts, fear on decrease of food production related to the size of cultivated area, its location near human settlements with few jobs generation, eucalypt cultivation is no longer encouraged in many places. At the same time, large plantations hold the opportunity to integrate eucalypt into agroforestry systems (AFS) in a variety of production systems with many social, economical and environmental advantages. In this study we studied canopy modifications of E. camaldulensis sprouts under different degrees of shade. The plants were located on a gradient of available solar irradiation ranging from 51 to 94%. E. camaldulensis showed canopy plasticity with modified radiation interception patterns under diverse irradiations. Most of these variations were of small amplitude with some important variables remaining almost unchanged (leaf density, canopy percentage, tree, trunk and canopy height) or increasing only slightly (leaf area index and canopy opening). The main changes presented by E. camaldulensis, with a steep increase towards full sun, were: foliage area, canopy surface, canopy volume and area of canopy projection. In order to design appropriate agroforestry systems with young eucalypt growing under the shade of other crops, it is necessary to determine at which point the observed variable changes can support reasonable production.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS INOKULUM FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI TANAMAN HUTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Luluk Setyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽  
Forest Plants ◽  
Shorea Leprosula ◽  
Glomus Sp

Effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum Arbuskula Growth of seedling Plain Forest         Utilization of mycorrhizae in forestry are often constrained in the availability of inoculum mukoriza that not every moment can be obtained in sufficient quantities and in accordance with the type of crop and land acidity. It required effort to make the inoculant that can anticipate the condition. It has been developed inoculant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), that explores from various acidity land from under the stands of forest plants, namely inoculum R2, P2, N2 and C2-containing AMF of the genus Glomus sp. The study was conducted with 5 grams inokulasi AMF inoculum (equivalent to 15-30 spores) on seedling sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), teak (Tectona grandis) and meranti (Shorea leprosula). Observations were carried out for 9 weeks by measuring the height and diameter growth of each week and dry biomass and shoot-root ratio at the end of observation. The statistical analysis was complete randomized with design 5 treatment of inoculant without comparing among species of forest plants seedlings. Results of variance analysis showed that after 9 weeks of observation, AMF inoculum treatments did not significantly affect height growth (p <0:40) and diameter (p <0.59) of sengon seedlings, but significant effect on diameter growth (p <0:09) and the growth of teak seedlings higher (p <0:06) and total dry weight (BKT) (p <0.07) seedling timber. C2 inoculant was effective to increase seedling height growth sengon up to 5% and meranti up to 22%. R2 inoculant increased height growth for seedlings of teak and meranti respectively 25% and 81%; Inokulan P2 increased by 23% and 81%, while the N2 inoculant increased by 21% and 53% of seedling growth of teak and meranti. Inoculant R2, P2 and N2 are recommended to be applied to seedlings of teak, and timber, while for legume crops such as sengon more advisable to use inoculants C2.Key words : inoculum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Forest plants seedling  Abstrak          Pemanfaatan mikoriza di bidang kehutanan sering terkendala pada ketersediaan  inokulum mukoriza yang tidak setiap saat dapat diperoleh dalam jumlah cukup dan yang sesuai dengan jenis tanaman serta keasaman lahan.  Untuk itu diperlukan upaya untuk membuat inokulan yang dapat mengantisipasi kondisi tersebut.  Telah dikembangkan inokulan fungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) hasil eksplorasi dari berbagai keasaman lahan dari bawah tegakan tanaman hutan, yaitu inokulum R2, P2, N2 dan C2 yang mengandung FMA dari genus Glomus sp. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menginokulasikan sebanyak 5 gram inokulum FMA (setara 15-30 spora) tersebut pada semai sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), jati (Tectona grandis) dan meranti (Shorea leprosula).  Pengamatan dilakukan selama 9 minggu dengan mengukur pertumbuhan tinggi dan diameter setiap minggu dan biomasa kering serta rasio pucuk-akar pada akhir pengamatan.  Penelitian dirancang secara acak lengkap dengan 5 perlakuan inokulan dengan tanpa membandingkan antar jenis semai tanaman hutan. Hasil analisa sidik ragam menunjukan bahwa setelah 9 minggu pengamatan, perlakuan inokulum FMA tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan tinggi (p<0.40) dan diameter (p<0.59) semai sengon, namun berpengaruh nyata pada pertumbuhan diameter (p<0.09) semai jati dan pertumbuhan tinggi (p<0.06) serta berat kering total (BKT) (p<0.07) semai meranti . Inokulan C2 efektif untuk peningkatan pertumbuhan tinggi semai sengon hingga 5% dan meranti hingga 22%.  Inokulan R2 mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tinggi semai jati dan meranti masing-masing sebesar 25% dan 81%;  Inokulan P2 meningkatkan sebesar 23% dan 81%; sedangkan inokulan N2 mampu meningkatkan sebesar 21% dan 53% terhadap pertumbuhan semai jati dan meranti.  Inokulan R2, P2 dan N2 lebih disarankan untuk diaplikasikan pada semai jati, dan meranti, sedangkan untuk tanaman legum seperti sengon lebih disarankan menggunakan inokulan C2.Kata kunci : Inokulum, Fungi Mikoriza arbuskula, Semai tanaman hutan

scholarly journals Occurrence and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in agroforestry systems of Rubavu and Bugesera Districts in Rwanda

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 838-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
de Dieu Habiyaremye Jean ◽  
Muthuri Catherine ◽  
Matiru Viviene ◽  
Nyaga John ◽  
Mukuralinda Athanase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Agroforestry Systems

The Leafless Orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon Performs Photosynthesis in the Pericarp during the Fruiting Season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Kobayashi ◽  
Kenji Suetsugu ◽  
Hajime Wada
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Induction Kinetics ◽  
Chl Fluorescence

Abstract Photosynthesis with highly photoreactive chlorophyll (Chl) provides energy for plant growth but with simultaneous risk of photooxidative damage and photoprotection costs. Although the leafless orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon mostly depends on mycorrhizal fungi for carbon, it accumulates Chl particularly during fruiting and may not be fully mycoheterotrophic. In fact, stable isotopic analysis suggested that the fruiting C. macrorhizon specimens obtain a significant proportion of its carbon demands through photosynthesis. However, actual photosynthetic characteristics of this leafless orchid are unknown. To reveal the functionality of photosynthetic electron transport in C. macrorhizon, we compared its photosynthetic properties with those of its relative mixotrophic orchid Cymbidium goeringii and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with C. goeringii and A. thaliana, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII was substantially low in C. macrorhizon. Chl fluorescence induction kinetics revealed that the electron transport capacity of PSII was limited in C. macrorhizon. Chl fluorescence analysis at 77 K suggested partial energetic disconnection of the light-harvesting antenna from the PSII reaction center in C. macrorhizon. Despite its low PSII photochemical efficiency, C. macrorhizon showed photosynthetic electron transport activity both in the field and under laboratory conditions. Cymbidium macrorhizon developed strong nonphotochemical quenching in response to increased light intensity as did C. goeringii, suggesting the functionality of photoprotective systems in this orchid. Moreover, C. macrorhizon fruit developed stomata on the pericarp and showed net O2-evolving activity. Our data demonstrate that C. macrorhizon can perform photosynthetic electron transport in the pericarp, although its contribution to net carbon acquisition may be limited.

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