scholarly journals Low-Iodine Diet for Producing Iodine Deficiency in Rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH McIntosh ◽  
GB Jones ◽  
DA Howard ◽  
GB Belling ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Thyroid Uptake ◽  
Iodine Excretion

A low-iodine diet has been prepared for rats, using locally available low-iodine ingredients. On analysis it has been shown to consistently contain 15-20 ng iodine/g. When fed to growing female rats, this diet produced severe iodine deficiency while not significantly affecting growth or reproduction. The deficiency was manifested by a fall in daily urinary iodine excretion (to less than 1 JIg/day) and a seven-fold increase in thyroid uptake (1311) observable within 3 months. Levels of plasma thyroxine (T 4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) continued to change for 4-5 months, T 4 falling from 69�9 to 7�5 nmol/l and TSH increasing seven-fold from a control value of 364 to 2406 ng/ml. Goitre was present in all iodine-deficient rats and iodine content in the thyroid was 10 % of the control value.

Current Status of Iodine Deficiency in Mongolia in 1998-1999

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
P. Enkhtuya ◽  
A. Erdenbat ◽  
A. Buttumur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Iodine Excretion

In 1992, the Mongolian government conducted a nationwide palpation study of the thyroid glands, and the study showed an overall goiter rate of 30%. As a result of this, the Mongolian Government launched its Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Elimination Programme in 1996 and its primary strategy was salt iodization. In 1998 and 1999, we carried out programme monitoring studies in 11 provinces. The results showed: among schoolchildren, a goiter rate was 22.8% (n=6,535), median values of urinary iodine excretion ranged from 11 μg/l to 256 μg/l (n=1,930), and usage rates of iodized salt (>20 PPM iodine content) in their households ranged from 3% to 82%. We concluded that severe iodine deficiency in 1992 was improved from moderate to mild severity a few years later by salt iodization. However, stronger official commitments and community participation are needed to improve the programme so that iodized salt will be made more widely available. Asia Pac JPublic Health 2000;12(2): 79-84

scholarly journals Variations in urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function. A 1-year study in healthy men

2001 ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Andersen ◽  
KM Pedersen ◽  
IB Pedersen ◽  
P Laurberg
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Iodine Excretion

OBJECTIVE: The iodine intake level in a population is determined in cross-sectional studies. A fraction of samples with iodine content below a certain level, e.g. 25 microg/l, may suggest iodine deficiency in part of the population. However, urinary iodine varies considerably from day to day and the fraction of low samples caused by dispersion remains unsettled. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of 16 healthy men living in an area of mild to moderate iodine deficiency. METHODS: We measured urinary iodine and creatinine concentrations, and serum TSH, total thyroxine (T4), free T4 index and total tri-iodothyronine (T3) in samples collected monthly for 1 year. RESULTS: Average urinary iodine excretion was 57.0 microg/l (49.1 microg/24 h (corrected for creatinine excretion)) and varied from 29 to 81 microg/l (28 to 81 microg/24 h) between participants. Individual samples varied between 10 and 260 microg/l, and the variation around the mean was 2.4 times larger when calculated for the 180 individual samples compared with the 15 average annual values (1.7 times larger for estimated 24 h iodine excretion values). The fraction of individual samples below 25 microg/l was 6.7% (7.2% < 25 microg/24 h), whereas none of the participants had average iodine excretion below 25 microg/l or 25 microg/24 h. Participants with average annual iodine excretion below 50 microg/24 h had a negative correlation between iodine excretion and TSH, whereas a positive correlation was observed when average annual iodine excretion was above this level. CONCLUSIONS: Seven per cent of individual urine samples indicated severe iodine deficiency without this being present in the group studied. Dispersion was reduced by 24% when using estimated 24 h urinary iodine excretion rather than urinary iodine concentration. Participants with moderate iodine deficiency (average annual urinary iodine excretion 25-50 microg/24 h) showed clear signs of substrate deficiency for thyroid hormone synthesis while participants with mild iodine deficiency (50-100 microg/24 h) did not.

scholarly journals Assessment of Iodine Deficiency among School-Going Children of Age Group 6 to 12 Years in Kachchh District, Gujarat State: Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh P. Sharma ◽  
Amitkumar Maheshwari ◽  
Chandan Chakrabarti ◽  
Darshan J. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Abstract Aim Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation, and stunted growth and development in children. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of IDD in Kachchh district, Gujarat, by testing urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine intake of salts in school-going children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and the level of iodine deficiency was assessed in 223 school children of both sexes, aged 6 to 12 years from four talukas, that is, subdivisions, of the Kachchh district by estimating urinary iodine using Sandell–Kolthoff reaction along with iodine content in edible salt samples by MBI kit (STK-Spot testing kit, MBI Kits International, Chennai, TN, India). Results The median urinary iodine level was found to be 194 μg/L, indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. In the study areas, 1% of the population showed a level of urinary iodine excretion < 50 μg/L. About 83% salt samples had iodine level more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 17%, indicating the salt samples at households contain iodine in adequate level. Conclusion There is a need of periodic surveys to assess the change in magnitude of IDD with respect to impact of iodized salt intervention.Furthermore, to strengthen National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, factors should be identified. There is also a need to prevent and reimpose the ban on the sale of noniodized salts in Gujarat.

ENDEMIC GOITRE IN ALTO ADIGE (ITALY)

1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Platzer ◽  
H. Fill ◽  
G. Riccabona ◽  
J. Glatzl ◽  
J. Seidl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Slight Alteration

ABSTRACT The whole population of Certosa (Karthaus) (altitude 1327 m), a little village in the Alto Adige province in Northern Italy, was studied regarding the incidence and pathophysiological data of endemic goitre. The study included 204 subjects: in 85 % of the whole population, and in 48 % of the school-children population from 6-14 years of age, thyroid enlargement and/or nodularity was found. The 24 h [131I]uptake was 48.6 ± 11.96; the grade "O" thyroids also showed an increased uptake. The region is poor in iodine; the mean iodine content of 55 samples of local drinking water was 0.81 ± 0.96 μg/I; the iodine content of several foodstuffs was definitely lower than those from Turin's markets. The mean iodine excretion in 60 samples of urine was 35.96 ± 22.4 μg/g creatinine. Urinary iodine excretion showed a linear negative correlation with [131I]uptake and did not correlate well with the presence or size of the goitre. The mean values of PBI (6.12 ± 1.57 μg/100 ml) of T4 (7 ± 2.3 μg/100 ml), of T3 (121 ± 55.4 ng/100 ml) and of a free thyroxine index (ETR = 0.95), as well as of TSH (2.63 ± 1.9 μU/ml) were in the normal range. Grade III goitres had slightly lower hormonal values, and a somewhat elevated T3/(T4x100) ratio (0.19). Serum TSH levels showed no correlation with the presence or size of the goitre, radioiodine uptake, the urinary iodine excretion, and not always showed an inverse correlation with the peripheral thyroid hormone values. Urinary thiocyanate excretion (mean value 9.28 ± 2.96 mg/24 h) did not show any relation to the presence of goitre. Raven's tests and physical data obtained from school-children in Alto Adige show some slight alteration in the distribution pattern when compared to normal populations. It is concluded that iodine deficiency exists in the studied area, but that it is not always associated with goitre, and that other pathological factors must be involved in goitrogenesis. Goitre is not coupled with enhanced TSH serum levels. The slight alteration in intellectual and somatic development in schoolchildren may possibly be related to iodine deficiency; other environmental or genetic factors, however, cannot be excluded.

Maternal iodine status and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration: a community survey in Songkhla, southern Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2279-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somchit Jaruratanasirikul ◽  
Pasuree Sangsupawanich ◽  
Ounjai Koranantakul ◽  
Prasin Chanvitan ◽  
Prasit Ruaengrairatanaroj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

AbstractObjectiveTo determine iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in a group of pregnant Thai women and the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in their neonates.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingThree districts of Songkhla, southern Thailand.SubjectsTwo hundred and thirty-six pregnant women.ResultsA quarter of the participants lacked knowledge of iodine and the prevention of iodine deficiency, although 70 % used iodized salt. Those who did not use iodized salt stated that they had no knowledge about iodine (57 %) and no iodized salt was sold in their village (36 %). The median iodine intake in the three districts was 205–240 μg/d, with 53–74 % of pregnant women having iodine intake <250 μg/d. The median UIE in the three districts was 51–106 μg/l, with 24–35 % having UIE < 50 μg/l. The mean neonatal TSH was 2·40 (sd1·56) mU/l, with 8·9 % of neonates having TSH > 5 mU/l.ConclusionsThe studied women and their fetuses were at risk of mild iodine deficiency. About a quarter of the participants lacked knowledge of the importance of iodine. Education regarding the importance of iodine supplements and the promotion of iodized salt should be added to national health-care policies in order to prevent iodine-deficiency disorders, diseases that are subclinical but have long-term sequelae.

scholarly journals Thirty years of a Ban on the Sale of Noniodized Salt: Impact on Iodine Nutrition in Children in Himachal Pradesh, India

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh Kapil ◽  
Thakur Dutt Sharma ◽  
Preeti Singh ◽  
Sada Nand Dwivedi ◽  
Supreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background A survey conducted by the central iodine-deficiency disorders team in Himachal Pradesh, a state in the goiter-endemic belt of India, revealed that 10 of its 12 districts have an endemic prevalence of goiter. The survey was conducted to provide health program managers data to determine whether it would be necessary to initiate intervention measures. Objective To assess the status of urinary iodine excretion and household salt iodization levels after three decades of a complete ban on the sale of noniodized salt in this goiter-endemic state in India as measured by assessment of urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine content of salt at the household level. Methods The guidelines recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD for a rapid assessment of salt iodization were adopted. In each of the 12 studied districts, all senior secondary schools were enlisted and one school was selected by using a random sampling procedure. Two hundred fifty children 11 to 18 years of age were included in the study. Urine samples were collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the wet digestion method. Salt samples were also collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the spot testing kit. Results All districts had a median urinary iodine excretion level > 200 μg/L and 82% of the families were consuming salt with an iodine content of 15 ppm or higher. Conclusions The results of the present study highlight the successful implementation of the salt iodization program in the state of Himachal Pradesh. This positive impact may be due to the comprehensive strategy adopted by the state government to improve the quality of salt, development of an effective monitoring information system and effective information, education, and communication activities.

Iodized salt prophylaxis of endemic goiter: an experience in Toscana (Italy)

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Aghini-Lombardi ◽  
A Pinchera ◽  
L Antonangeli ◽  
T Rago ◽  
GF Fenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Legislative Measures

It is well established that iodine supplementation is effective in correcting iodine deficiency and reducing goiter prevalence. In Italy, legislation has allowed the production of iodized salt since 1972, but its consumption is on a voluntary basis. In the present study, the efficacy of legislative measures that made compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores has been evaluated. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid size, scored according to Pan American Health Organization recommendations, were determined prior to (1981) and 10 years after (1991) the introduction of legislative measures in the whole schoolchildren population residing in a restricted area of the Tuscan Appennines. Moreover, in 1991, thyroid volume was determined by ultrasonography. In 1981, mean urinary iodine excretion was 47.1±22.4 mg/kg creatinine (0.412 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence was 60%, indicating a moderate iodine deficiency. Eighty of the families subsequently used iodized salt on a regular basis; as a result of this excellent compliance, in 1991 the mean urinary iodine excretion increased to 129.7±73 mg/kg creatinine (1.24 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence dropped to 8.1%. The results of this study underline the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in correcting iodine deficiency and abating endemic goiter in schoolchildren, and suggest that implementation of measures that make compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores overcomes the fact that there is no law governing the exclusive production and trading of iodized salt.

Goiter Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Excretion in Schoolchildren of Jordan

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kharabsheh ◽  
Belbesi ◽  
Qarqash ◽  
Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Monitoring Survey

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are considered a major health problem in the eastern Mediterranean region. In Jordan, an IDD assessment was performed in 1993 following which, a salt iodization and consumption program was implemented and a monitoring survey performed in 2000. In schoolchildren 8 to 10 years of age (2457 in 1993 and 2601 in 2000) goiter was graded according to WHO classification. Urinary iodine was measured in 10% of the children in 1993 and in all of them in 2000. Percent of iodine consumption in households was assessed by rapid kit test in 2000. Prevalence of goiter was 37.7 and 32.1% and median urinary iodine was 40 and 154 mug/L, in 1993 and 2000, respectively. Before salt iodization, the prevalence of goiter and severity of iodine deficiency was more pronounced in rural regions and in the southern part of Jordan. In 2000, all but one governorate had a median urinary iodine (MUI) of above 100 mug/L. The percentage of urinary iodine levels < 50 mug in two governorates was > 20%. Iodine consumption rate of households was 88.3% throughout the country, but was < 70% in three governorates. It is concluded that moderate and severe IDD existed before 1993 in Jordan. Although the iodized salt program has been successful in optimizing MUI, the program for the control of IDD needs further improvement.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Goiter and Urinary Iodine Excretion Levels in Children Around Chernobyl*

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 3430-3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoto Ashizawa ◽  
Yoshisada Shibata ◽  
Shunichi Yamashita ◽  
Hiroyuki Namba ◽  
Masaharu Hoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Abstract The prevalence of goiter among children living in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident was investigated by analysis of data on approximately 120,000 children examined at five medical diagnostic centers in Belarus, Russia, and the Ukraine. Examinations of thyroid gland were conducted with an arch-automatic ultrasonographic instrument at the five centers under the same protocol. The diagnosis of goiter was established when the thyroid volume exceeded a limit calculated from age, height, and body weight of a child. A considerable variation by region was noted in the prevalence of goiter. Highest in the Kiev region, the prevalence in the five regions was 54% in Kiev, 38% in the Zhitomir regions of the Ukraine, 18% in Gomel, 22% in the Mogilev regions of Belarus, and 41% in the Bryansk region of Russia. Urinary iodine content was measured in approximately 5700 children, and an endemic iodine deficient zone was confirmed in the Bryansk, Kiev, and Zhitomir regions. A significant negative correlation was observed between the prevalence of goiter and the median level of urinary iodine content (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was −0.35, P = 0.025).

Urinary iodine excretion in Belarus children

1995 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Mityukova ◽  
LN Astakhova ◽  
LD Asenchyk ◽  
MM Orlov ◽  
L VanMiddlesworth
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
University Of Tennessee ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Mityukova TA, Astakhova LN, Asenchyk LD, Orlov MM, VanMiddlesworth L. Urinary iodine excretion in Belarus children. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:216–7. ISSN 0804–4643. Casual urine samples were collected to determine iodine excretion of 1680 Belarus children during 1990–1994. The subjects, 8–16 years old, were from nine different regions of Belarus; 60% were from the Gomel oblast, which has been associated with relatively high levels of radioiodine fallout and increased incidence of thyroid cancer. Most of the median values indicate borderline/low iodine intake or mild iodine deficiency. Ranges were wide but 163 children excreted < 20 μgI/l urine and they should be considered severely deficient in iodine. L VanMiddlesworth, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Tennessee, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA

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