scholarly journals Sex Chromosome Mosaicism in Liver, Thymus, Spleen and Regenerating Liver of Perameles Nasuta and Isoodon Macrourus

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
RL Close
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Regenerating Liver ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Haematopoietic Cells ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Dividing Cells

An X chromosome disappears from female cells and the Y chromosome disappears from male cells during development in some somatic tissues of the bandicoots P. nasuta and l. macrourus leaving the cells with a 2n = 13 (Le. XO) chromosome complement. In order to determine time of disappearance of the relevant sex chromosome, counts were made from dividing cells in liver, thymus and spleen of both species at various stages of development. Histological studies of liver and thymus were made at the same developmental stages. Frequencies of 2n = 14 cells (Le. those containing both sex chromosomes) were high in the liver and thymus of animals 1-4 days old but were low at 15 days of age when haematopoietic cells predominated. While most cells of thymus and spleen remained 2n = 13, the frequency of 2n = 14 cells rose again in the liver of animals aged over 20 days at which time blood-forming activity was considerably diminished. It is suggested that blood-forming cells of both species of bandicoot discard a sex chromosome at an early stage of differentiation.

scholarly journals Rates of Sex Chromosome Loss during Development in Different Tissues of the Bandicoots Perameles nasuta and Isoodon macrourus (Marsupialia: Peramelidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Close
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Chromosome Loss ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Different Tissues

An X chromosome disappears from female cells and the Y chromosome from male cells of some somatic tissues of all peramelid bandicoots, leaving cells with a 2n = 13 (i.e. XO) chromosome complement. The patterns of loss, which differ among tissues and species, were studied during development of specimens of P. nasuta and /. macrourus.

scholarly journals X and Y Chromosome Complement Influence Adiposity and Metabolism in Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 1092-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuqi Chen ◽  
Rebecca McClusky ◽  
Yuichiro Itoh ◽  
Karen Reue ◽  
Arthur P. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Xy Model ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Metabolic Variables ◽  
Novel Model

Abstract Three different models of MF1 strain mice were studied to measure the effects of gonadal secretions and sex chromosome type and number on body weight and composition, and on related metabolic variables such as glucose homeostasis, feeding, and activity. The 3 genetic models varied sex chromosome complement in different ways, as follows: 1) “four core genotypes” mice, comprising XX and XY gonadal males, and XX and XY gonadal females; 2) the XY* model comprising groups similar to XO, XX, XY, and XXY; and 3) a novel model comprising 6 groups having XO, XX, and XY chromosomes with either testes or ovaries. In gonadally intact mice, gonadal males were heavier than gonadal females, but sex chromosome complement also influenced weight. The male/female difference was abolished by adult gonadectomy, after which mice with 2 sex chromosomes (XX or XY) had greater body weight and percentage of body fat than mice with 1 X chromosome. A second sex chromosome of either type, X or Y, had similar effects, indicating that the 2 sex chromosomes each possess factors that influence body weight and composition in the MF1 genetic background. Sex chromosome complement also influenced metabolic variables such as food intake and glucose tolerance. The results reveal a role for the Y chromosome in metabolism independent of testes and gonadal hormones and point to a small number of X–Y gene pairs with similar coding sequences as candidates for causing these effects.

An XX sex chromosome complement in an infant having male-type external genitals, renal agenesis, and other anomalies

1966 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Schlegel ◽  
Manuel J. Aspillaga ◽  
Richard L. Neu ◽  
José Carneiro-Leão ◽  
Lytt I. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Renal Agenesis ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Male Type

scholarly journals A new species of the genus Rhaphidosoma Amyot et Serville, 1843 (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), with data on its chromosome complement

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-505
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Gapon ◽  
Valentina G. Kuznetsova ◽  
Anna Maryańska-Nadachowska
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Rhaphidosoma paganicumsp. nov. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Rhaphidosomatini), is described from the Dry Zone of Myanmar. It is the fifth species of Rhaphidosoma Amyot et Serville, 1843, known from the Oriental Region, and the first record of the genus for Myanmar and Indochina. The structure of the external and internal terminalia of the male and female is described and illustrated in detail. The completely inflated endosoma is described for the first time in reduviids. The complex structure of the ductus seminis is shown; it terminates with a voluminous seminal chamber which opens with a wide secondary gonopore and may be a place where spermatophores are formed. The new species is compared with all congeners from the Oriental Region and Western Asia. It is characterised by the absence of distinct tubercles on the abdominal tergites of the male, the presence only two long tubercles and small rounded ones on the abdominal tergites VII and VI, respectively, in the female, the presence of short fore wing vestiges which are completely hidden under longer fore wing vestiges, and other characters. In addition to the morphological description, an account is given of the male karyotype and the structure of testes of Rh. paganicumsp. nov. and another species of Harpactorinae, Polididus armatissimus Stål, 1859 (tribe Harpactorini). It was found that Rh. paganicumsp. nov. has a karyotype comprising 12 pairs of autosomes and a multiple sex chromosome system (2n♂=24A+X1X2X3Y), whereas P. armatissimus has a karyotype comprising five pairs of autosomes and a simple sex chromosome system (2n♂=10A+XY). The males of these species were found to have seven and nine follicles per testis, respectively. FISH mapping of 18S ribosomal DNA (major rDNA) revealed hybridisation signals on two of the four sex chromosomes (Y and one of the Xs) in Rh. paganicumsp. nov. and on the largest pair of autosomes in P. armatissimus. The presence of the canonical “insect” (TTAGG)n telomeric repeat was detected in the chromosomes of both species. This is the first application of FISH in the tribe Raphidosomatini and in the genus Polididus Stål, 1858.

scholarly journals Influence of Parenting Styles and Developmental Stages on Identity Formation among Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Rezvan ◽  
H. M. Ramakrishne Gowda ◽  
Lancy D’Souza
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Authoritarian Parenting ◽  
Significant Difference

Paternal attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that appear as family pattern or parenting styles play a key role in personality development and stabilizing the identity of adolescents. The present study assesses parenting styles and identity formation status of adolescents studying in and around Mysore city. A total of 400 adolescents (200 early and 200 late adolescents) were randomly selected covering Mysore city and nearby rural areas, of which equal number among were male and female adolescents and also equal number of them were from urban and rural areas. They were provided with Parental authority questionnaire (PAQ) developed by Buri (1991) and Aspects of Identity Questionnaire – IV (AIQ – IV) developed by Sampson (1978). PAQ measured perceived parenting styles. The AIQ scale measured personal, Relational Social and Collective areas of identity formation. The collected data were, coded and analyzed using SPSS software. The data was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA to find significant difference if any, in the developmental stages, area of living as well as gender of the participants. Results revealed that, adolescents with authoritarian Parenting styles had higher personal identity formation than adolescents with permissive and authoritarian parenting styles. Developmental stage showed significant influence on all components of identity-Personal, Relational, Social and Collective, where in early stage adolescents had higher identity than adolescents at later stage. In general, this study showed that the developmental stages had considerable effect on the collective identity formation in both early and late adolescents.

scholarly journals Plant Developmental Stage Drives the Differentiation in Ecological Role of Plant Bacterial and Fungal Microbiomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Xiong ◽  
Brajesh K. Singh ◽  
Ji-Zheng He ◽  
Yan-Lai Han ◽  
Pei-Pei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Ecological Role

Abstract BackgroundPlants live with diverse microbial communities which profoundly affect multiple facets of host performance such as nutrition acquisition, disease suppression and productivity, but if and how host development impacts the assembly, functions and microbial interactions of crop microbiomes are poorly understood. Here we examined both bacterial and fungal communities across soils (rhizosphere and bulk soil), plant epiphytic and endophytic niches (phylloplane, rhizoplane, leaf and root endosphere), and plastic leaf of fake plant (representing environment-originating microbes) at three developmental stages of maize at two contrasting sites, and further explored the potential function of phylloplane microbiomes based on metagenomics.ResultsOur results suggested that plant developmental stage had a much stronger influence on the microbial diversity, composition and interkingdom networks in plant compartment niches than in soils, with the strongest effect in the phylloplane. Air (represented by fake plants) was an important source of phylloplane microbiomes which were co-shaped by both plant development and seasonal environmental factors. Further, we demonstrated that bacterial and fungal communities in plant compartment niches exhibited contrasting response to host developmental stages, with higher alpha diversity and stronger deterministic assembly within bacterial microbiomes at the early stage but a similar pattern within mycobiomes at the late stage. Moreover, we found that bacterial taxa played a more important role in microbial interkingdom network and crop yield prediction at the early stage, while fungal taxa did so at the late stage. Metagenomic analyses further indicated that phylloplane microbiomes possessed higher functional diversity and functional genes involved in nutrient provision and disease resistance at the early stage than the late stage. ConclusionsOur results suggest that host developmental stage profoundly influences plant microbiome assembly and functions, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes take a differentiated ecological role at different plant development stages. This study provides empirical evidence for host exerting strong effect on plant microbiomes by deterministic selection to meet the physiological requirement of plant developmental stages. These findings have implications for the development of future tools to manipulate microbiome for sustainable increase in primary productivity.

Organogenesis and chromosome number in callus derived from cassava anthers

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chin Liu ◽  
Wen-Huei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Formation

Experiments have been performed to induce callus formation and organogenesis in anther culture of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Callusing was achieved on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium (MSB) supplemented with 4.44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 4.52 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D). No callus was formed from anthers pretreated at 4 °C for more than 48 h or on a medium containing 4g/ℓ activated charcoal. Callus on MSB with 4.44–8.88 μM BAP alone formed roots only. BAP (8.88 μM) in combination with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (10.74 μM) resulted in chlorophyll formation in callus. Abscisic acid (ABA) acted as an antagonist to NAA in reducing the frequency of callus greening when the latter was applied jointly with BAP. Chromosome counts of mitotic figures from callus cells ranged from 34 to 38 indicating that the calli were derived from the somatic tissues of the anthers.

scholarly journals Effect of sex chromosome complement on sodium appetite and Fos-immunoreactivity induced by sodium depletion

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (3) ◽  
pp. R175-R184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia M. Dadam ◽  
Ximena E. Caeiro ◽  
Carla D. Cisternas ◽  
Ana F. Macchione ◽  
María J. Cambiasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Circumventricular Organs ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sodium Depletion ◽  
Sodium Diet ◽  
Sodium Appetite ◽  
Low Sodium Diet

Previous studies indicate a sex chromosome complement (SCC) effect on the angiotensin II-sexually dimorphic hypertensive and bradycardic baroreflex responses. We sought to evaluate whether SCC may differentially modulate sexually dimorphic-induced sodium appetite and specific brain activity due to physiological stimulation of the rennin angiotensin system. For this purpose, we used the “four core genotype” mouse model, in which the effect of gonadal sex and SCC is dissociated, allowing comparisons of sexually dimorphic traits between XX and XY females as well as in XX and XY males. Gonadectomized mice were sodium depleted by furosemide (50 mg/kg) and low-sodium diet treatment; control groups were administered with vehicle and maintained on normal sodium diet. Twenty-one hours later, the mice were divided into two groups: one group was submitted to the water-2% NaCl choice intake test, while the other group was perfused and their brains subjected to the Fos-immunoreactivity (FOS-ir) procedure. Sodium depletion, regardless of SCC (XX or XY), induced a significantly lower sodium and water intake in females than in males, confirming the existence in mice of sexual dimorphism in sodium appetite and the organizational involvement of gonadal steroids. Moreover, our results demonstrate a SCC effect on induced brain FOS-ir, showing increased brain activity in XX-SCC mice at the paraventricular nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and lateral parabrachial nucleus, as well as an XX-SCC augmented effect on sodium depletion-induced brain activity at two circumventricular organs, the subfornical organ and area postrema, nuclei closely involved in fluid and blood pressure homeostasis.

Second trimester maternal serum analytes in triploid pregnancies: correlation with phenotype and sex chromosome complement

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 680-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Benn ◽  
Andrea Gainey ◽  
Charles J. Ingardia ◽  
John F. Rodis ◽  
James F. X. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Second Trimester

Development of Haemoglobin by De-embryonated Chick Blastoderms Cultured in vitro and the Effect of Abnormal RNA upon its Synthesis

Development ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-221
Author(s):  
B. R. A. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Cytoplasmic Protein ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Restricted Group ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
First Time ◽  
Structural Code

The embryo provides a sequence of developmental stages in which proteins both structural and enzymatic appear or become detectable for the first time in a restricted group of dividing cells. The cells or tissues can be maintained in vitro for a period that may precede and include the synthesis of a specific ‘cytoplasmic’ protein. In this way systems of protein synthesis within the cells of higher organisms can be studied during those stages in which current hypotheses suggest that some structural code is passed on from the DNA of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the synthesis of the protein becomes maximal. Acellular preparations have contributed much to the elucidation of protein synthesis, but it is doubtful whether actual net synthesis has been obtained in systems less complex than the ‘protoplast’ developed by Spiegelman (1957). In order to study the synthesis of a specific protein it seems necessary at this stage to use whole cells.

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