scholarly journals Studies on the Aleurone Layer I. Oonventional and Fluorescence Microscopy of the Cell Wall With Emphasis on Phenol-Carbohydrate Complexes in Wheat

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Fulcher ◽  
TP O'brien ◽  
JW Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Aleurone Cell ◽  
Ungerminated Seed ◽  
Carbohydrate Complex ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Layer I

In the ungerminated seed, the cell walls of the aleurone layer of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Heron) are strongly autofluorescent and are stained by aniline blue, resorcinol blue, toluidine blue, and the periodic acid-Schiff's reaction. Thin-layer chromatography of acid or alkaline extracts and microspectrofluorimetry indicate that the fluorescent component of the wall is ferulic acid. During germina-tion, the ferulic acid disappears from the aleurone cell wall in a specific pattern and its loss is accompanied by loss of stainable substance except in the innermost layer of the wall. These facts suggest that the aleurone cell wall contains a ferulic acid-carbohydrate complex which renders it relatively resistant to the action of the hydro-lases which digest the endosperm.

scholarly journals New methods for confocal imaging of infection threads in crop and model legumes

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus E. Rae ◽  
Vivien Rolland ◽  
Rosemary G. White ◽  
Ulrike Mathesius
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Imaging Of Infection

Abstract Background The formation of infection threads in the symbiotic infection of rhizobacteria in legumes is a unique, fascinating, and poorly understood process. Infection threads are tubes of cell wall material that transport rhizobacteria from root hair cells to developing nodules in host roots. They form in a type of reverse tip-growth from an inversion of the root hair cell wall, but the mechanism driving this growth is unknown, and the composition of the thread wall remains unclear. High resolution, 3-dimensional imaging of infection threads, and cell wall component specific labelling, would greatly aid in our understanding of the nature and development of these structures. To date, such imaging has not been done, with infection threads typically imaged by GFP-tagged rhizobia within them, or histochemically in thin sections. Results We have developed new methods of imaging infection threads using novel and traditional cell wall fluorescent labels, and laser confocal scanning microscopy. We applied a new Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain using rhodamine-123 to the labelling of whole cleared infected roots of Medicago truncatula; which allowed for imaging of infection threads in greater 3D detail than had previously been achieved. By the combination of the above method and a calcofluor-white counter-stain, we also succeeded in labelling infection threads and plant cell walls separately, and have potentially discovered a way in which the infection thread matrix can be visualized. Conclusions Our methods have made the imaging and study of infection threads more effective and informative, and present exciting new opportunities for future research in the area.

Prefertilization ovule development in Capsella: the dyad, tetrad, developing megaspore, and two-nucleate gametophyte

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Schulz ◽  
William A. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Aniline Blue ◽  
Ovule Development ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Fluorescent Material ◽  
Autophagic Vacuoles

Ovules of Capsella bursa-pastoris at the dyad and tetrad stages of meiosis and at the megaspore and two-nucleate stages of the gametophyte were studied with the electron microscope. The cells of the dyad and tetrad are separated by aniline blue fluorescent cross walls and receive all types of organelles and autophagic vacuoles that were present in the meiocyte. Autophagic vacuoles enclose ribosomes and organelles and show reaction product for acid phosphatase. Autophagic vacuoles and some plastids are absorbed into the enlarging vacuoles of the growing megaspore. Other plastids appear to survive meiosis and there is no evidence for their de novo origin. Some mitochondria appear to degenerate in the enlarging megaspore but others look healthy and there is no evidence for the de novo origin of mitochondria. The nucleolus of the developing megaspore becomes very large and the cytoplasm is extremely dense with ribosomes. The cell wall is thickened by an electron-translucent, periodic acid – Schiff negative, aniline blue fluorescent material and contains plasmodesmata that link the megaspore with the nucellus. The plasmalemma of the growing megaspore produces microvilluslike extensions into this wall that disappear with the formation of the two-nucleate gametophyte. Plasmodesmata disappear from the cell wall at the four-nucleate stage.

Solubilisation of Ferulic Acid from Plant Cell Wall Materials in a Model Human Gut System

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 384S-384S ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL A KROON ◽  
CRAIG B FAULDS ◽  
PETER RYDEN ◽  
GARY WILLIAMSON
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Cell Wall Materials

The structure and associations of the double S layer on the cell wall of Aquaspirillum sinuosum

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Smith ◽  
Robert G. E. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Peptide Mapping ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Bacterial Surface

Aquaspirillum sinuosum cell walls bear two paracrystalline, proteinaceous surface layers (S layers). Each shows a different symmetry: the inner layer is closely apposed to the outer membrane and is a tetragonal array (90° axes; 5-nm units; repeat frequency 8 nm); the outer layer is a hexagonal array on the external surface (14-nm units; repeat frequency 18 nm) and, although the units have a six-pointed stellate form, the linkage between units is not resolved. The outer layer consists of a major 130-kDa protein and a 180-kDa minor component; these co-extract, co-assemble, and are inseparable by hydroxylapatite chromatography or by recrystallization. The solubilizing effects of reagents suggest stabilization by hydrogen bonding and Ca2+. The two outer layer proteins are serologically related and show partial identity by peptide mapping. Periodic acid – Schiff staining of the 180-kDa band suggests that this may be a glycosylated form of the 130-kDa component. The inner layer components form a doublet of 75- and 80-kDa polypeptides with extreme resistance to extraction. Close apposition to the outer membrane, resistance to chaotropes, aqueous insolubility, and behaviour in charge-shift electrophoresis suggest hydrophobic interaction between subunits and an integral association with the outer membrane. Key words: bacterial surface, cell wall, surface layers, cell-wall proteins, cell-wall assembly.

"U" Protein and Migration Ratios in Paper Electrophoresis

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel R Stern ◽  
Roland F Mais ◽  
Joseph D Boggs
Keyword(s):  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Carbohydrate Complex ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Paper electrophoresis of serum from children with liver and kidney disease has led to recognition of a protein which migrates between the 2 and globulins. This protein has been observed by other workers, but because of confusion in nomenclature, a new designation, "U" protein, has been employed. The use of migration ratios in locating peaks of the 2 "U" protein, and globulin when these components resolve poorly has been discussed. Characterization of "U" protein by employing the periodic acid-reduced fuchsin test for carbohydrate-protein complexes and Sudan black B for lipoprotein showed: (1)"U" protein varies in its content of protein-carbohydrate complex, and (2)"U" protein may be lipo-protein. Evidence based on benzidine tests and intentional hemolysis indicated that "U" protein was not an artifact resulting from accidental hemolysis, but a protein which is found in serum under certain physiological conditions.

Hydrothermal pretreatment for deconstruction of plant cell wall: Part I. Effect on lignin-carbohydrate complex

AIChE Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1938-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Yao ◽  
Qinfeng Wu ◽  
Ran An ◽  
Wei Meng ◽  
Mingzhu Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Hydrothermal Pretreatment ◽  
Carbohydrate Complex
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