scholarly journals Chloride Influx into Citrus Leaf Slices

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 953 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Robinson ◽  
FA Smith
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Cyclic Photophosphorylation ◽  
Ionic Relations ◽  
Citrus Leaves ◽  
Chloride Influx

The influx of 36Cl has been measured in slices of citrus leaves. The influx increases with increasing external chloride concentration. The shape of the influx v. concentration curve depends on the nature and concentration of the accompanying cations (Na+ and K+). There is no evidence for the two distinct chloride transport systems reported by other workers. Chloride influx was not stimulated by light under aerobic conditions and was sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol at uncoupling concentrations. Under anaerobic conditions influx was maintained by light but severely limited by dark conditions. 3-(chlorophenyl)-I,I-dimethylurea did not affect aerobic influx and only high levels (5 X 10-OM) affected the anaerobic influx in the light. It is proposed that chloride influx is normally dependent on oxidative phosphorylation but that cyclic photophosphorylation may provide an alternative energy source. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to ionic relations of whole leaves and salinity damage.

Uptake of sodium and chloride by freshwater mussels

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
North America ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Freshwater Mussels ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Freshwater Bivalves ◽  
Chloride Influx

Ion transport rates were measured in six species representing the four families of freshwater bivalves in North America. Sodium and chloride transport systems function independently in all of the species. The unionid steady-state influx of Na and Cl was about 1 μ equiv/g dry tissue per hour. Margaritifera hembeli Na influx was about 5 μ equiv/g dry tissue per hour and they were in a positive Na balance. Chloride influx by M. hembeli was similar to the unionids. The Sphaeriacea transport Na and Cl at significantly higher rates than Unionacea. Corbicula manilensis Na and Cl influx was about 9 μ equiv/g dry tissue per hour. Sphaerium transversum Cl influx was similar to C. manilensis; however, Na influx was twice as high. The higher transport rates of the Sphaeriacea are similar to brackish-water animals. Sodium, Ca, and Cl are major ions in the blood of all species. Bicarbonate is a major anion (19–12 mM/L) in all species except C. manilensis (4 mM/L).

Chloride transport across placental microvillous membranes measured by fluorescence

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. C789-C797 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Illsley ◽  
C. Glaubensklee ◽  
B. Davis ◽  
A. S. Verkman
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Vesicle Membrane ◽  
Positive Voltage ◽  
Internal Ph ◽  
Disulfonic Stilbene ◽  
Dissociation Constant Kd ◽  
External Ph ◽  
Chloride Influx

Chloride transport across human placental microvillous vesicle membrane was investigated using the fluorescent probe SPQ (6-methoxy-N[3-sulfopropyl]quinolinium). Chloride influx (JCl) was calculated from the initial rate of quenching of intravesicular SPQ fluorescence by chloride. JCl measured by SPQ fluorescence was not significantly different from JCl measured by uptake of 36Cl; SPQ did not affect measurements of JCl.JCl was increased 51% by a 58-mV membrane potential (internal positive). Voltage-stimulated JCl showed a saturable dependence on chloride concentration with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 18 +/- 5 mM and was inhibited by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate with an apparent inhibitory constant of 0.13 +/- 0.03 mM. The activation energy calculated for voltage-stimulated JCl was 4.6 +/- 0.6 kcal/mol. JCl was also stimulated by a reduction in the external pH from 7.0 to 5.5 (internal pH = 7.0). pH-stimulated chloride influx was increased by trans-HCO3 (25 mM) and was inhibited by dihydro-4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene. Uptake of 36Cl into microvillous vesicles was stimulated by trans-Cl. pH-stimulated JCl showed a saturable dependence on chloride with a Kd of 38 +/- 6 mM but was not affected by membrane potential. No evidence was found for Na- or K-coupled chloride cotransport. These findings demonstrate the presence of a saturable chloride conductance and an electroneutral chloride-bicarbonate exchanger in the placental microvillous membrane.

Ionic requirements of proximal tubular sodium transport. III. Selective luminal anion substitution

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (3) ◽  
pp. F268-F277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Green ◽  
J. H. Bishop ◽  
G. Giebisch
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Perfusion Fluid ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Proximal Tubular

The effect of substitution of luminal anions on sodium and fluid absorption in rat renal proximal convoluted tubules was studied with continuous luminal microperfusion methods. Substitution of bicarbonate in the control Ringer perfusion fluid by 25 mM acetate reduced net sodium reabsorption by 40%; substitution by chloride reduced it by 25%; and substitution by cyclamate reduced it by 70%. Infusion of acetazolamide reduced net sodium and fluid transport in all cases except chloride-Ringer perfusion. Cyanide added to the perfusion fluid inhibited fluid and sodium movement completely when there was no imposed chloride concentration gradient, but only reduced fluid and solute movement by 68% when a nominal 36 mM transepithelial chloride concentration gradient existed. We conclude from these observations that passive forces for sodium reabsorption can account for a moderate amount of sodium transport, that the effects of acetazolamide in low concentrations are dependent on the presence of bicarbonate in the lumen, and that some anions alter net sodium transport either by reducing the availability of permeant anion for co-transport with sodium or by a direct effect on the sodium and/or chloride transport systems.

Alternative Energy Source for Heating System of Woodworking Enterprise

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Savchenko ◽  
◽  
Vasyl Zhelykh ◽  
Yurii Yurkevych ◽  
Khrystyna Kozak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Alternative Energy Source

scholarly journals Decentral Energy Generation Potential of Anaerobic Digestion of Black Water and Kitchen Refuse for Eco-District Planning

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2948
Author(s):  
Soufia Mohammadi ◽  
Pilar Monsalvete Álvarez de Uribarri ◽  
Ursula Eicker
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Black Water ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Simulation Based

Biogas technology is an important alternative energy source worldwide. Blackwater and kitchen refuse represent ideal waste streams for bioenergy recovery through anaerobic co-digestion. Modeling of the biokinetics of anaerobic digestion on several aspects, such as microbial activity, substrate degradation, and methane production, from co-digestion of black water (BW) and kitchen refuse (KR) was the objective of this research. A mathematical model was developed towards a simulation based on mass balances on biomass, the organic substrate, and biogas. The model was implemented in INSEL and experimental data from the literature were used for model validation. The study shows that the simulation results fit well with the experimental data. The energy consumption and generation potential of anaerobic co-digestion of BW and KR were calculated to investigate if the produced biogas could supply the digester’s energy demand. This study can be used to pre-design anaerobic digestion systems in eco-districts.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of Non-Uniformly Distributed Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Cross-Section

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3975
Author(s):  
Magdalena German ◽  
Jerzy Pamin
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Chloride Diffusion ◽  
Chloride Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Chloride Corrosion ◽  
Cover Thickness

Reinforced concrete structures can be strongly damaged by chloride corrosion of reinforcement. Rust accumulated around rebars involves a volumetric expansion, causing cracking of the surrounding concrete. To simulate the corrosion progress, the initiation phase of the corrosion process is first examined, taking into account the phenomena of oxygen and chloride transport as well as the corrosion current flow. This makes it possible to estimate the mass of produced rust, whereby a corrosion level is defined. A combination of three numerical methods is used to solve the coupled problem. The example object of the research is a beam cross-section with four reinforcement bars. The proposed methodology allows one to predict evolving chloride concentration and time to reinforcement depassivation, depending on the reinforcement position and on the location of a point on the bar surface. Moreover, the dependence of the corrosion initiation time on the chloride diffusion coefficient, chloride threshold, and reinforcement cover thickness is examined.

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