scholarly journals Brain Cholinesterase Activity and Its Inheritance in Cattle Tick (Boophilus Microplus) Strains Resistant and Susceptible to Organophosphorus Acaricides

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Stone
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Biochemical Method ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Homozygous Resistant ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of individual cattle ticks, B. microplus, of an organophosphorus-resistant strain were compared with those of a standard reference strain. When measured by a histochemical-densitometric method on photographic transparencies and by a biochemical method, brains from homozygous resistant adult female ticks had about 12% of the AChE activity of brains from homozygous susceptible ticks_ Brains of hybrid adult females had about 78%, histochemically and biochemically, of the AChE activity of their susceptible parents, indicating that low AChE activity was incompletely recessive although the associated resistance to organophosphorus compounds had been shown previously to be incompletely dominant_

scholarly journals Biochemical Genetics of Resistance to Organophosphorus Acaricides in Three Strains of the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard F Stone ◽  
James Nolan ◽  
Charles A Schuntner
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Biochemical Genetics ◽  
Genetics Of Resistance ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Brain Ache Activity

Three aspects of the biochemical genetics of resistance to organophosphorus compounds in the Biarra (B), Mackay (M) and Ridgelands (R) strains of the cattle tick B. microp/us were studied. These were: decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in adult brains of strains Band M; decreased AChE sensitivity to inhibitors in adult brains and in larvae of strains B, M and R; and increased detoxication in larvae and adult females of strain M. Comparisons were made with a susceptible reference strain (S). Microspectrophotometric estimations of AChE activity in histochemical preparations of whole brains showed that hybrids had levels of activity approximately intermediate between those of the parental strains. Homogenates of brains from hybrids assayed biochemically gave similar but more precise results which indicated that decreased brain AChE activity was neither recessive nor dominant (degree of dominance, D = + O� 02) in strain B and incompletely recessive (D = - O� 26) in strain M. The proportions of brains showing decreased AChE activity in testcross and F 2 progenies indicated that decreased AChE activity in strains Band M is controlled by single autosomal genes.

scholarly journals Proteomics Approach to the Study of Cattle Tick Adaptation to White Tailed Deer

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Popara ◽  
Margarita Villar ◽  
Lourdes Mateos-Hernández ◽  
Isabel G. Fernández de Mera ◽  
José de la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Tick Feeding ◽  
Blood Digestion ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
Single Host

Cattle ticks,Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, are a serious threat to animal health and production. Some ticks feed on a single host species while others such asR. microplusinfest multiple hosts. White tailed deer (WTD) play a role in the maintenance and expansion of cattle tick populations. However, cattle ticks fed on WTD show lower weight and reproductive performance when compared to ticks fed on cattle, suggesting the existence of host factors that affect tick feeding and reproduction. To elucidate these factors, a proteomics approach was used to characterize tick and host proteins inR. microplusticks fed on cattle and WTD. The results showed thatR. microplusticks fed on cattle have overrepresented tick proteins involved in blood digestion and reproduction when compared to ticks fed on WTD, while host proteins were differentially represented in ticks fed on cattle or WTD. Although a direct connection cannot be made between differentially represented tick and host proteins, these results suggested that differentially represented host proteins together with other host factors could be associated with higherR. microplustick feeding and reproduction observed in ticks fed on cattle.

scholarly journals In vitro activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Oliveira ◽  
Manoela da Silva ◽  
Lew Sprenger ◽  
Daniela Pedrassani
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Chenopodium Ambrosioides ◽  
Cattle Ticks

ABSTRACT: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, known as the cattle tick, is a cause of great economic losses for dairy cattle farming because of its high frequency of occurrence and the difficulty in controlling it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract on R. (B.) microplus. For this purpose, 125 females were selected and classified into five groups according to their weight, in order to ensure that the females used presented homogeneous weight. The treatments comprised 40 and 60% extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides, distilled water, ethanol (70ºGL) and 12.5% amitraz. The extracts of C. ambrosioides (40 and 60%) showed effectiveness of 99.7 and 100% and higher percentages of dead females than the other treatments: 64 and 96%, respectively (p<0.001). In the groups exposed to distilled water and ethanol (70º GL), 92 and 88% of the females maintained oviposition. In the females exposed to 40 and 60% extracts, oviposition of 36 and 4% occurred, respectively. It was concluded that the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides, at both concentration evaluated, had high efficiency against engorged females of cattle ticks.

scholarly journals Biological parameters of cattle ticks fed on rabbits

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Zacarias do Amaral ◽  
Márcia Cristina de Azevedo Prata ◽  
Erik Daemon ◽  
John Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Successive Generations

With the objective of encouraging the use of rabbits as alternative hosts for the cattle tick, four rabbits were infested on the ears and back. From the second day of infestation the developmental stages were observed. e duration of larval engorgement and changes were estimated between six and eight days in the region of the back and between 've and seven days in the pinna. e nymphal engorgement and changes occurred at approximately 10.80 ± 2.65 days in the dorsal and 11.00 ± 2.52 days in the ear, with the engorgement of adults and copulation occurring at 7.03 ± 2.45 days, on the dorsal region and 8.55 ± 1.82 days in the region of the pinna. e parasitic period ranged from 21 to 29 days (back) and from 23 to 30 days (pinna). e engorged females of the back and ear weighed on average 34.43 ± 18.73 and 36.30 ± 18.10 mg, respectively. e nutritional and reproductive e/ciency indexes were 17.38 ± 14.27 and 26.85 ± 17.13% (back) and 17.42 ± 12.22% and 30.70 ± 19.80% (pinna). Although not appropriate to maintain successive generations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, rabbits can be used for di:erent stages of engorgement of the ixodid, allowing experimental studies.

scholarly journals Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: expression and characterization of Bm86-CG in Pichia pastoris

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Casquero Cunha ◽  
Renato Andreotti ◽  
Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Antibody Titers

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is responsible for great economic losses. It is mainly controlled chemically, with limitations regarding development of resistance to the chemicals. Vaccines may help control this parasite, thereby reducing tick pesticide use. In this light, we performed subcloning of the gene of the protein Bm86-GC, the homologue protein that currently forms the basis of vaccines (GavacTM and TickGardPLUS) that have been developed against cattle ticks. The subcloning was done in the pPIC9 expression vector, for transformation in the yeast Pichia pastoris. This protein was characterized by expression of the recombinant Mut+ strain, which expressed greater quantities of protein. The expressed protein (rBm86-CG) was recognized in the Western-blot assay using anti-Gavac, anti-TickGard, anti-larval extract and anti-rBm86-CG polyclonal sera. The serum produced in cattle vaccinated with the antigen CG rBm86 presented high antibody titers and recognized the native protein. The rBm86-GC has potential relevance as an immunogen for vaccine formulation against cattle ticks.

Arsenic resistance in a strain of cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) from Northern NSW.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Hitchcock ◽  
WJ Roulston
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Arsenic Resistance ◽  
South Wales

Laboratory trials were carried out with ticks of a northern New South Wales strain which had proved impossible to control by dipping in 0.2 per cent. As2O3. The concentration of arsenic required to prevent 50 per cent. of engorged female ticks of this strain from laying viable eggs was found to be approximately double that for females of a reference strain. The median lethal concentration of arsenic for larvae of the northern New South Wales strain was also found to be approximately double that for larvae of the reference strain.

Toxaphene-resistant cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)) occurring in Queensland

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Norris ◽  
BF Stone
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

Cattle ticks on four herds in southern Queensland survived dipping in a vat charged with 0.5 per cent. w/v toxaphene, which nevertheless disinfested a fifth herd. Protective periods afforded by toxaphene against attachment of resistant larvae were much shorter than against susceptible strains. Laboratory concentration-response tests on a culture of the toxaphene-resistant ticks indicated that the median lethal concentration of toxaphene for engorged females was 19 times higher than that of a reference strain, and t h at f o r the larvae was also significantly higher. The toxaphene-resistant ticks were not affected when cows were sprayed with 0.05 per cent. w/v gamma-BHC. This was consistent with an earlier history of BHC resistance in the ticks on these herds. Spraying trials indicated no marked arsenic resistance in the toxaphene-resistant ticks. The mortality of the toxaphene-resistant ticks on cattle sprayed with 0.5 per cent. W/V pp'-DDT, and the protective period against larval reinfestation, were as high as usually observed in other tick populations. A very high kill resulted from spraying the toxaphene-resistant ticks with 0.05 per cent. w/v diazinon. Subcutaneous injections of peanut oil solutions of lindane, dieldrin, and aldrin at the rate of 25 mg toxicant/kg host body weight were without effect on toxaphene-resistant ticks.

Observations on the sensory Physiology and Behaviour of larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus Microplus (Can.) (Ixodidae).

1953 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Sensory Physiology ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Skin Secretions

In larval cattle ticks the main sense organs which have been recognized are the eyes, Haller's organs, and the palpal organs; the four pairs of sensilla sagittiformia may also have a sensory function. Larvae were allowed to ascend supports simulating grass stalks and were tested for response to vibration, air currents, interrupted illumination, warm and moist objects, and odours from skin secretions of man and cattle. The strongest questing response was to the odours. Larvae which had been exposed to low humidities collected around and imbibed from drops of water. The main stimulus governing ascent of the grass blades appeared to be positive phototaxis to moderate light intensities. Larvae sheltered from direct sunlight. Larvae in the field were found to be more exposed in the early morning, often being at the tops of grass stalks. Measurements of light, air temperature, and humidity indicated that light intensity might govern this movement. This suggests that larval sampling in the pasture should take place in the first half of the morning. In a single series of observations, larvae which had hatched at the base of straws were observed to ascend them in the late afternoon. In a few experiments isolated larvae ascended artificial supports above the reach of a bovine host but groups were always found at heights within reach.

A survey of the ability of tropical legumes in the genus Stylosanthes to trap larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Ixodidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Sutherst ◽  
LJ Wilson ◽  
R Reid ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Average Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Glandular Hairs ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Cattle Ticks

Stylosanthes viscosa and S. scabra cvv. Fitzroy and Seca have previously been shown to trap host-seeking larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus and could provide a means of controlling cattle ticks in improved pastures. We assessed the ability of 229 accessions from 22 species of the genus Stylosanthes to trap larvae of B. microplus or to prevent them from ascending plant stems. The 3 species that were most effective were S. viscosa, S. scabra and S. guianensis. Only accessions which produced sticky secretions were able to trap tick larvae, but the extent of this ability was related primarily to the density and length of bristles on the stems rather than to the degree of stickiness. The highest percentages of larvae were trapped when stylo stems had short, dense bristles of average stickiness or long sticky bristles of average density. These features were also most effective at preventing larvae from ascending stems. A high density of fine, non-glandular hairs, in conjunction with average stickiness, also prevented larvae from ascending stems.

The inheritance of DDT-resistance in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 984 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Stone
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Autosomal Gene ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Ddt Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multiresistant Strain

Adults of a DDT-resistant strain of the cattle tick from central Queensland were crossed with adults of a susceptible reference strain, by means of cardboard mating boxes glued to the skins of cattle. F1, backcross, and F2 larvae were tested for resistance to DDT by enclosure of larvae in filter paper packets impregnated with oil solutions of pp'-DDT. F1 and backcross engorged adult females were tested for resistance by injection with oil solutions of pp'-DDT. There was no evidence of departure from a 1 : 1 ratio in the backcrosses or from a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio in the F2, and there was little difference between the compositions of the F1 reciprocal crosses or among the backcrosses derived from them. Therefore DDT resistance in this strain was considered to be due to a single, incompletely recessive, autosomal gene. Engorged nymphs of the resistant strain moulted later in vitro than nymphs of the susceptible strain, and resistant engorged adult females detached from the host later than susceptible engorged adult females. After 13 generations of DDT-free culturing of a multiresistant strain, the percentage of homozygous DDT-resistant ticks in the strain had fallen from a high level to about 55%. This figure remained constant for a further 10 generations.

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