scholarly journals Plant Response to Saline Substrates V. Chloride Regulation in the Individual Organs of Hordeum Vulgare During Treatment with Sodium Chloride

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Greenway ◽  
A Gunn ◽  
MG Pitman ◽  
DA Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Regulatory Effect ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Grain Formation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chloride Regulation ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

This paper describes the effects of sodium chloride on H. vulgare during the whole of plant development. Rapid increases in sodium and chloride concentrations occurred during the early tillering, with little further change until grain formation. The net chloride and sodium intake did not change markedly during the major part of plant development, so that increases in sodium and chloride concentrations were prevented by the regulatory effect of rapid growth. During senescence the relative growth rate decreased and there were marked increases in chloride and sodium concentrations.

scholarly journals Plant Response to Saline Substrates V. Chloride Regulation in the Individual Organs of Hordeum Vulgare During Treatment with Sodium Chloride

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Greenway ◽  
DA Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chloride Regulation ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

This is a study on the regulation of chloride concentrations in H. vulgare at the early tillering stage, when grown on media of high sodium chloride concentration. 36CI was used during certain periods to determine retranslocation.

scholarly journals Plant Response to Saline Substrates VII. Growth and Ion Uptake Throughout Plant Development in Two Varieties of Hordeum Vulgare

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Greenway
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Ion Uptake ◽  
Main Experiment ◽  
Grain Formation ◽  
Chloride Treatment

In the main experiment, sodium chloride treatment was imposed on two varieties of H. vulgare during early tillering and continued until grain formation.

Geography and the Gerrymander

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Major Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Partial Suppression ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
The Individual

The gerrymander is an American name for a political abuse, which, though by no means exclusively American, has been most widely practiced and generally tolerated in this country. It is a device for the partial suppression of public opinion that simulates agreement with democratic institutions. The subterfuge, therefore, has no place in countries in which oligarchic control is legitimized. Nor is it suited to European conditions, because it is difficult there to shift electoral boundaries. European electoral units in large part have a clearly defined historical basis, which in turn rests upon geographic coherence. This solidarity is commonly so great that it cannot be disregarded. American political divisions on the other hand show in major part very imperfect adjustment to economic and historic conditions, largely, because many of the divisions were created in advance of such conditions. They are, in the main, not gradual growths, but deliberate and arbitrary legislative creations, made without adequate knowledge of the conditions that make for unity or disunity of population within an area. Political divisions tend, therefore, to be less significant than in European countries and to be regarded more lightly. It is in particular the smaller unit, such as the county, that has been manipulated for electoral purposes. In spite of their poorly drawn individual boundaries, groups of counties can be organized into larger electoral units in such a manner as to represent a common body of interests predominating. On the other hand they can be so arranged as to mask these interests. The lack of proper coherence in the individual county may be rectified in large measure in the group, or it may be intensified. Gerrymandering accomplishes the latter result.

Abstract MP78: Validity of Predictive Equations for 24-Hour Urine Sodium Excretion in Young Black and Other Adults

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Cogswell ◽  
Chia-Yih Wang ◽  
Te-Ching Chen ◽  
Christine Pfeiffer ◽  
Paul Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Urine Sodium Excretion ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
The Individual

Introduction: Reducing mean population sodium intake by ~1200 mg is projected to reduce thousands of deaths from heart disease and stroke and save billions of health care dollars annually. Twenty-four hour urine collection is recommended for assessing changes in mean population sodium intake, but can be difficult to implement. Predicting 24-hour urine sodium excretion using spot urines is not recommended due to diurnal variations in excretion. Further, sodium excretion patterns differ between black and white persons. We assessed the validity of previously published prediction equations for 24-hour sodium excretion in black and other young adults by timing of spot urine collection. Design: Of 481 adult volunteers aged 18-39 years (50% Blacks) asked to participate in a 2011 study in the Metropolitan DC area, 407 collected each urine void in a separate container for 24 hours. Four timed voids from the 24-h urine collection were selected (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) to use with previously published predictive equations. Predictive equations were based on one of two approaches; 1) an indirect approach using spot urine sodium-to-creatinine concentrations and predicted 24-hour creatinine excretion ( Tanaka, Kawasaki, Mage ), and 2) a direct approach using spot urine sodium, potassium, and creatinine concentrations, and age, and body mass index with separate equations by sex ( Brown ). We assessed mean differences between predicted and measured 24-hour sodium excretion (bias) and individual differences across levels of sodium excretion using Bland-Altman plots. Results: Among participants, mean measured 24-hour sodium excretion was ~3300 mg (SD ~1400 mg). Of the equations evaluated, mean bias in predicted 24-hour sodium excretion was least from Brown equations when using morning (-165 mg, 95% confidence interval [CI], -295, -36 mg), afternoon (-90 mg, 95% CI, -208, 28 mg) or evening ( -120 mg, 95% CI -230, -11 mg) spot urines. When using overnight spot urines, mean bias from Brown equations was greatest and statistically significant (-247 mg, 95% CI, -348, -151 mg). When using overnight spot urines, mean bias from Tanaka (-23 mg) or Mage (-145 mg) equations was not significant, however, when stratified by sex, mean biases were significant and in opposite directions. Among Blacks, mean biases from Brown were not significant (-167 to 122 mg) except using overnight specimens among Black females (-267 mg, 95% CI, -525, -47 mg). Across equations and time periods, Bland-Altman plots indicated significant bias at the individual level. Conclusions: Of the evaluated equations, predicted 24-hour urine sodium excretion using the Brown equations with morning, afternoon, or evening specimens may provide the least biased estimates of group mean sodium intake among young US adults. None of the equations adequately predicted individual 24-hour sodium excretion measured on the same day.

Ultrasonic Characterization of Unyeasted Bread Dough of Different Sodium Chloride Concentrations

2014 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Koksel ◽  
Anatoliy Strybulevych ◽  
John H. Page ◽  
Martin G. Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Bread Dough ◽  
Ultrasonic Characterization ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

scholarly journals The effect of organic osmoprotectors on Aeromonas trota and A. hydrophila grown under high sodium chloride concentrations

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 128-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula L. Delamare ◽  
Thais Dalcin ◽  
Gabriela Müller ◽  
Sergio Olavo Pinto da Costa ◽  
Sergio Echeverrigaray
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

IV. Persae, Septem, Supplices

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 14-22
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Objective Truth ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Divine Retribution ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

I make no apologies for devoting the major part of this survey to a discussion of the individual plays, and in consequence limiting the amount of space given to general topics of Aeschylean technique. So disparate are the individual dramas that to do otherwise incurs the risk of either reducing any comment that is made to valueless platitudes by preferring the commonplace to the distinctive, or creating the impression that the playwright’s works constitute but a single enormous play. Concentration upon the individual plays also serves to reflect the continuing emphasis that recent scholarship places upon this aspect of the poet’s work, and to underscore the fact – all too easily forgotten – that Aeschylus was a writer of dramas, not a pedlar of theatrical effects.Though the earliest extant tragedy, Persae is not an early play in terms of Aeschylus’ literary career; a simple, even ‘primitive’ play in its progression from prosperity to adversity and its emphatic clarity in depicting divine retribution following human pride, yet the successful conversion of historical fact into morally significant drama provides telling evidence of the playwright’s ability to control his material and exploit it for his own purposes that is not without importance for those plays founded on myth. Historical tragedy, however, presents its own peculiar difficulties: the need to balance retention of credibility by not straying too far from objective truth before an audience intimately involved in the events portrayed, with the equally potent need to emphasize, alter, distort, or repress those factors that run counter to the dramatic purpose of the play. In Persae we see this most graphically in the prominence given to Psytalleia as the counterpart to Salamis, the sparse attention to Darius’ own European campaigns, the implication of total Persian retreat immediately after Salamis, and the episode on the Strymon. No less important was the need to avoid converting the action into a celebration of Greek, or more specifically Athenian, victory - an inevitable factor (pace Kitto) in any depiction of Persian defeat, but by the same token one essentially inimical to the spirit of tragedy. That the playwright succeeded most commentators readily admit. Phrynichus had already shown the way in 476 B.c. by setting his own version of the war, Phoenissai, at the Persian capital of Susa, thus ensuring concentration on the Persian point of view.

Sodium chloride supplementation of high-grain diets for fattening Merino sheep

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL McClymont ◽  
KN Wynne ◽  
PK Briggs ◽  
MC Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
The One

In an experiment lasting 60 days the effect of adding sodium chloride to five types of diet was studied in young Merino wethers. The diets used were 100 per cent. oat grain, and 50 : 50 as well as 75 : 25 mixtures of oat grain with lucerne chaff on the one hand, and with wheaten chaff on the other. The addition of 0.25 per cent. sodium chloride to these diets resulted in increased food consumption and improved efficiency of food utilization, with significant increases of 19-58 per cent. in body-weight gains. The unsupplemented diets contained 0.009-0.062 per cent. sodium and 0.05-0.42 per cent. chlorine. There were indications that the lack of sodium was the limiting factor in these diets, and that the sodium requirement of these sheep was greater than 0.06 per cent. of the diet, or 0.88 g per day. Dietary sodium intake did not affect serum-sodium levels, except those of sheep fed on the 50 : 50 mixture of oats and lucerne chaff in which they were significantly higher. Serum-potassium levels were slightly, but significantly, higher in sheep fed on the low-sodium diets. In a second experiment the two groups which had received the 75 : 25 mixture of oat grain and wheaten chaff were fed on the mixture for a further 29 days, but the group which had not received sodium chloride was given 0.37 per cent. sodium bicarbonate. The response was similar to that of the group which received sodium chloride.

The Individual and Society in Gandhi's Political Thought

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Indira Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Freedom Movement ◽  
Made In

The problem of the relation of the individual to society and to the state was central to Gandhi's political thought and action. It has been said that Gandhi's “deliberate onslaught on the creed of individualism as it has been in operation during the last two or three centuries gave it a mortal blow.” How are statements like this to be reconciled with the fact that Gandhi appealed to individual conviction in his campaigns?In analyzing this problem we should look at the main concepts of social and political philosophy which had an impact on Gandhi's life and thought. Indian philosophy is of special importance in this context and therefore a major part of this paper is devoted to the discussion of Indian concepts and ideas as they were understood and interpreted by Gandhi. Much of Gandhi's thought and action can be explained only in terms of the historical situation and the social setting of his day and age. But Gandhi's campaigns and his contribution to the Indian freedom movement have been described by many authors and therefore no attempt is made in this paper to outline the course of events.

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