scholarly journals Variation in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Cows at Various Stages of Lactation

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Hartmann ◽  
AK Lascelles
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Individual

The variation in the concentration of protein, the various lipid fractions, volatile fatty acids, and glucose in plasma from the jugular vein was studied in 18 cows at different stages of lactation. The within-and between-cow values for the coefficients of variation and the results of the analysis of variance demonstrated that a large portion of the variation in the plasma concentration of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and glucose was due to diurnal variation within the individual cow. On the other hand the concentrations of protein, total fat, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, cholesterol, and ,B-carotene were relatively constant over a short period of time compared with the large variation between cows. The production of milk fat was positively correlated with the plasma concentration of total fat and cholesterol esters. The significance of these findings in relation to the contribution of the various plasma constituents to the synthesis of milk fat is discussed.

scholarly journals The relationship in the cow between milk-fat secretion and ruminal volatile fatty acids

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Initial Control ◽  
The Individual

1. The effect of reducing the hay and of increasing the proportions of concentrate and flaked maize in the diet of cows on the secretion of milk fat and its component fatty acids and on the proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor has been studied. 2. The low-hay diet caused a fall in the milk fat content to about half of the values in the initial control period and the secretion of all the major fatty acids in the milk was reduced. The general pattern of change in the proportions of rumen VFA during the change to the low-hay diet was a decrease in acetic acid, an increase in propionic and n-valeric acids, relatively little change in n-butyric acid and also an increase in the concentration of lactic acid. Approximately 60% of the variation in milk fat content during the change of diet was associated with the increase in propionic acid. 3. In cows established on the low-hay diet there were marked variations in the relative proportions of acetic and propionic acids, but there was no related change in milk fat content. On return of the animals to the high-hay diet, recovery of the initial proportions of acetic, propionic and valeric acids occurred within about 4 days but the recovery in milk fat content was not complete until 2–3 weeks had elapsed. 4. Although the intraruminal infusion of acetic acid in cows on the low-hay diet caused increases and decreases respectively in the molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the rumen, an increase in milk fat content was observed amounting to only one-quarter of the loss associated with the transfer to the low-hay diet; therem was no characteristic pattern of increase in the yields of the individual fatty acids of milk fat. No consistent effects of intraruminal infusions of butyric acid, in cows on the low-hay diet, on the yield of milk fat or of the individual fatty acids were observed.

scholarly journals Identification of the Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows Using Metagenomic Sequencing

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Xin Wu ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Jinfeng Huang ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Yanan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Prevotella Species

The rumen contains abundant microorganisms that aid in the digestion of lignocellulosic feed and are associated with host phenotype traits. Cows with extremely high milk protein and fat percentages (HPF; n = 3) and low milk protein and fat percentages (LPF; n = 3) were selected from 4000 lactating Holstein cows under the same nutritional and management conditions. We found that the total concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate, and propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly higher in the HPF group than in the LPF group. Moreover, we identified 38 most abundant species displaying differential richness between the two groups, in which Prevotella accounted for 68.8% of the species, with the highest abundance in the HPF group. Functional annotation based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG), evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG), and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy) databases showed that the significantly more abundant species in the HPF group are enriched in carbohydrate, amino acid, pyruvate, insulin, and lipid metabolism and transportation. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that specific microbial taxa (mainly the Prevotella species and Neocallimastix californiae) are positively correlated with total volatile fatty acids (VFA). Collectively, we found that the HPF group was enriched with several Prevotella species related to the total VFA, acetate, and amino acid synthesis. Thereby, these fulfilled the host’s needs for energy, fat, and rumen microbial protein, which can be used for increased biosynthesis of milk fat and milk protein. Our findings provide novel information for elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of the rumen in the formation of milk composition.

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF GLUCOGENIC MATERIALS TO THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Glutamate, succinate, propylene glycol, or glycerol were added to a basic concentrate at 3.3% of air-dry feed. Each concentrate was fed both ad libitum and in restricted amounts to four cows in early lactation. Dietary intake, milk yield and composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids and blood glucose, ketones and plasma free fatty acids were used as criteria of effect of these supplements. Propylene glycol in the diet resulted in a lower intake of concentrate compared with glycerol (11.44 versus 14.30 kg/day) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) rumen butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glutamate supplementation prevented the fall in milk fat content which occurred when the other three supplemented concentrates were fed ad libitum, and this effect may have been related to the constancy in the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gösta Samuelson ◽  
Lars-Erik Bratteby ◽  
Rawya Mohsen ◽  
Bengt Vessby
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One

The objective of the present study was to describe the intake of dietary fatty acids among healthy 15-year-old boys and girls and to relate the intake of specific fatty acids and the fatty acid composition of the serum cholesterol esters to serum lipid, apolipoprotein (Apo) and insulin concentrations respectively. Fifty-two girls and forty-two boys were randomly selected from the official population register. Unexpectedly, significant inverse associations were found between the dietary content of saturated fatty acids with a chain length of four to fifteen C atoms, mainly derived from milk fat, as well as the corresponding fatty acids in the serum cholesterol esters, on the one hand and the serum concentrations of cholesterol and ApoB on the other. The estimated dietary intake of 4:0–10:0, 12:0 and 14:0 respectively, were all significantly inversely related to the serum cholesterol (r-0.32,r-0.31,r-0.30, all P<0.05) and ApoB (r-0.42,r-0.42, andr-0.40, all P<0.05) concentrations in girls and 12:0 to the ApoB concentration (r-0.55, P<0.01) in boys. The proportions of 12:0 and 15:0 in the serum cholesterol esters were negatively correlated with the serum cholesterol concentrations in both girls (r-0.34,r-0.32, P<0.05) and boys (r-0.53, P<0.01;r-0.32, P<0.05) and with the ApoB concentrations among boys (r-0.61, P<0.01;r-0.43, P<0.05). It is conceivable that milk fat contains or is associated with some component in the diet, or some other characteristics of the food intake, which counterbalances the expected positive relationships between saturated fat intake and lipid levels.

Further studies on the effects of dietary cottonseed oil on milk-fat secretion in the cow

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Steele ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Low Levels

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of part of the dietary concentrate mixture by cottonseed oil on the yield and composition of the milk fat and on the pattern of rumen fermentation was investigated in 2 feeding experiments with a total of 8 cows in mid-lactation. The concentrate mixtures were given with high- or low-roughage diets that supplied 9·1 or 1·8 kg of hay/day.In expt 1 the yield of milk fat was not altered by the addition of 10% cottonseed oil to the concentrate mixtures given either with the high- or with the low-levels of dietary roughage. On the low-roughage treatment, dietary cottonseed oil increased milk yield but reduced the fat content of the milk. The change from the high- to the low-roughage diets containing no cottonseed oil resulted in reductions in the yield and percentage of fat in the milk. In expt 2 the yields of milk and milk fat were similar irrespective of whether the concentrate mixture contained 5 or 10% cottonseed oil.In expt 1 the inclusion of 10% cottonseed oil in the concentrate mixture reduced the yields and percentages of the medium-chain fatty acids (12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) and increased the yields and percentages of the C18 fatty acids in the milk fat. In expt 2, when the concentrate mixture contained 5% cottonseed oil, the yields and percentages of all the fatty acids in the milk fat were similar to the values obtained when the concentrates contained 10% cottonseed oil. For any given concentrate mixture, the change from the high- to the low-roughage treatments in both expts 1 and 2 resulted in increases in the percentage of oleic acid in the milk fat. The highest concentration of trans-octadecenoic acid was observed in the milk fat of the cows when they were given the high-roughage diet with the concentrate mixture containing 10% cottonseed oil.In expt 2 the level of cottonseed oil in the concentrate mixture did not influence the pattern of rumen fermentation as measured by the concentrations of the various volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor. However, the change from the high- to the low-roughage diets reduced the proportion of acetic and increased the proportions of propionic and n-valeric acids in the total volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor.

scholarly journals Comparison of fatty acid composition in milk fat of Czech Pied cattle andHolsteincattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pešek ◽  
J. Špička ◽  
E. Samková
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
The Individual

In May 2003 differences in milk fat composition in two main dairy breeds in the Czech Republic, Czech Pied cattle and Holstein cattle, were studied in two uniform groups, each containing eight cows. The groups were housed together and received the same daily diet. Fatty acids were determined in mean milk samples from the individual cows as their methyl esters using a gas chromatography procedure. The groups of the fatty acids, namely saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) ones, were examined together with the individual acids. The milk fat of Czech Pied cattle was found to contain significantly less SAFAs than the fat of Holstein cows (60.78 and 63.62% of total acids; P &lt; 0.05). Determined mean MUFA contents (27.64 and 25.76%) and total levels (34.31 and 32.11%) of all the unsaturated acids (MUFAs and PUFAs) were insignificantly elevated in the milk fat of Czech Pied cattle. The contents of the most of the individual fatty acids did not differ considerably between the breeds. In Holstein cows, significantly higher contents (P &lt; 0.05) of capric acid (C<sub>10:0</sub>) and stearic acid (C<sub>18:0</sub>) 3.30 and 4.45%, respectively, as compared with 2.69 and 2.61% for Czech Pied cows, were observed. The milk fat of Czech Pied cows had significantly higher contents of oleic acid (C<sub>18:1</sub>) 23.60% (P &lt; 0.05) and of an isomer of octadecatrienic acid (C<sub>18:3n4</sub>) 0.16% (P &lt; 0.001) as compared with 21.68 and 0.10%, respectively, in the fat ofHolstein cows. &nbsp;

The use of oats in diets for dairy cows as a means of reducing the saturated fatty acid content of milk fat

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
P.A. Martin ◽  
P.C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

It is well established that the proportion of saturated fatty acids in cows milk fat can be reduced by dietary inclusion of fats containing a large proportion of C18 fatty acids. Regardless of the individual C18 acids added to the diet, because unsaturated C18 fatty acids are biohydrogenated in the rumen it is principally the amount of 18:0 absorbed by the animal which is increased. This leads to increased mammary uptake and desaturation of 18:0 and to the secretion in milk of greater amounts of 18:0 and 18:1 fatty acids. Intramammary synthesis of 6:0-16:0 fatty acids is concurrently reduced. Of the cereals grown in the UK, oats contain relatively large amounts of C18 fatty acids. For this reason we have examined the potential of dietary inclusion of oats as a simple and inexpensive means of manipulating milk fat composition. In a previous experiment in which hay-based diets were given replacement of barley with oats reduced the saturated (6:0-18:0) fatty acids in milk fat from 753 to 619 g/kg and increased the monounsaturated fatty acids from 211 to 344 g/kg milk fat.

scholarly journals Fatty acids and composition of their important groups in milk fat of Czech Pied cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pešek ◽  
E. Samková ◽  
J. Špička
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

In 2003, 2004 and 2005 milk fat composition was determined three times in 55 dairy cows of Czech Pied cattle housed in a byre with stanchions and fed under conditions usual on Czech production farms. Fatty acids were determined by a gas chromatographic method, 26 acids out of the total 37 acids observed in chromatograms were identified. The highest proportions were observed for palmitic acid (29.25 &plusmn; 2.98%), oleic acid (24.47 &plusmn; 3.27%), myristic acid (12.14 &plusmn; 1.80%) and stearic acid (8.91 &plusmn; 2.44%). The proportions of saturated, unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were 64.71 &plusmn; 4.18, 31.96 &plusmn; 4.20 and 27.45 &plusmn; 3.42% of total acids, respectively. The total proportion of nutritionally undesirable lauric, myristic and palmitic acid was 45.26 &plusmn; 4.77%, while that of the desirable group of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 4.51 &plusmn; 1.09%. The observed relatively wide ranges of the individual groups of fatty acids indicate that it is possible to improve the milk fat composition in Czech Pied cows. &nbsp;

The evaluation of cattle foods and diets in terms of the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids: II. Roughages and succulents

1965 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Bath ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
The Individual

Information on the effect of the inclusion of typical farm foods in the diets of cattle on the ruminal concentrations of the individual volatile fatty acids (V.F.A.'s) is limited. The most extensive investigations are those of Balch & Rowland (1957) and Shaw and his co-workers (see Shaw, 1961), which have given values for a variety of hay and concentrate diets. Few figures are available for other types of cattle foods. The present paper describes a study of the V.F.A.'s in the rumen of dairy cows given various roughages or succulent foods, including a range of herbages of different species and at different stages of growth.

Studies of the secretion of milk of low fat content by cows on diets low in hay and high in concentrates: VII. The effect of administration of volatile fatty acids to cows giving normal milk and milk of low fat content

1959 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Balch ◽  
S. J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Daily Administration ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Sodium Propionate

1. The administration of 0·5–1·5 kg. sodium acetate to cows in which the milk fat percentage had been reduced by diets low in hay and high in concentrates usually brought about an appreciable improvement in fat percentage. The extent of the response varied from slight to complete. The Reichert value of the milk fat fell with diets low in hay, but was raised by administration of acetate.2. The daily administration of 500 g. sodium acetate to cows receiving diets containing normal levels of hay and concentrates according to their milk yields did not affect the milk fat content.3. The daily administration of 414 g. sodium propionate did not restore fat percentages lowered by the diets low in hay. Butyrate appeared, in a test with one cow, to possess the restorative properties of acetate.4. With diets containing either 50 lb. silage as the sole roughage or 60 lb. fodder beet and only 6 lb. hay, fat percentages were the same as with a normal diet containing 16 lb. hay.

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