scholarly journals Ionic Relations of Cells of Chara Australis II. The Indiffusible Anions of the Cell Wall

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Dainty ◽  
AB Hope ◽  
Christine Denby
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Chara Australis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ionic Relations ◽  
Isolated Cell

Studies of isolated cell walls from Ohara australi8 have been extended to measure the concentration of the endogenous anions of the wall and the pK of the acids which ionize to give these anions. The conce'ntration of in diffusible anions in the wall is O� 8 equiv/l when the external concentration of cations is 20 mN but may be higher when it is greater than this. The mean pK of the acids from which the wall anions are derived is 2� 2.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGES OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Phage Antibody ◽  
Group A ◽  
Phage Receptor ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid Capsule ◽  
Isolated Cell

The host ranges of bacteriophages for group A, types 1, 6, 12, and 25 and group C streptococci have been determined. The findings indicate that the susceptibility to these phages is primarily a group-specific phenomenon, although it is modified by several factors such as the hyaluronic acid capsule, lysogeny, and possibly the presence of surface proteins. Phage antibody studies indicate that while the group A phages are antigenically related, they are distinct from the group C phage. This is in agreement with the observation that group A phages are not specific for their homologous streptococcal types. The purified group C carbohydrate inactivates group C phage but not the group A phages, thus suggesting that the carbohydrate, a component of the cell wall, may serve as the phage receptor site. It has not been possible to inactivate the group A phages with group A carbohydrate. Phage lysis of groups A and C streptococci is accompanied by fragmentation of the cell wall since the C carbohydrate has been identified serologically and chemically in the supernate of centrifuged lysates. The immediate lysis of groups A and C hemolytic streptococci and their isolated cell walls by an accesory heat-labile lytic factor in fresh group C lysates is also described.

scholarly journals Ionic Relations of Cells of Ohara Australis I. Ion Exchange in the Cell Wall

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Dainty ◽  
AB Hope
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Donnan Free Space ◽  
Isolated Cell

Measurements of ion exchange were made between isolated cell walls of Ohara australis and an external solution. Comparison between intact cells and cell walls showed that nearly all the easily exchangeable cations are located in the cell wall. The wall is hown to consist of "water free space" (W.F.S.) and "Donnan free space" (D.F.S.); the concentration of in diffusible anions in the D.F.S. is about O� 6 equivjl. This finding is contrary to past suggestions that the D.F.S. is in the cytoplasm of plant cells.

A relationship between cell wall composition and mutant morphology in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 809-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiu-Sheng Wang ◽  
Marvin N. Schwalb ◽  
Philip G. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Morphological Mutants ◽  
Mutant Forms ◽  
Isolated Cell

Mechanically isolated cell walls of normal homokaryons and the morphological mutants thin and puff were fractionated and hydrolyzed by chemical procedures. The yields of fractionated materials and the glucose/hexosamine ratios of acid hydrolysates were determined. Results of statistical analyses of the values obtained from these determinations indicated that single-gene mutations causing the thin and puff mutant forms of this fungus produce specific differences in the composition of cell walls.

Ion behaviour in plant cell walls. III. Measurement of the mean charge separation distance and the linear charge density parameter in delignified Sphagnum russowii cell walls

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Richter ◽  
Jack Dainty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Charge Separation ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Cation Binding ◽  
Density Parameter ◽  
Linear Charge Density ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Charge

According to the Manning condensation theory, the structure of cation-binding uronates in the cell wall can influence ionic behaviour. Assuming the theory is valid, we measured, in cation-binding experiments, the dimensionless linear charge density parameter and the mean charge separation distance in the fully ionized delignified Sphagnum russowii cell wall. Our charge separation estimate, 1.00 ± 0.02 nm, indicates that approximately 1.3 neutral sugars are interpolated between the uronic acids in the polyuronate chains of the cation exchanger. This compares well with chemical data of isolated wall fractions from another Sphagnum species reported by other workers. The charge density parameter estimate, 0.71 ± 0.02, implies that univalent cations never condense, whereas cations with two or more positive charges condense when the degree of ionization of the fixed (wall) charges is high enough. Key words: ion exchange, cell wall, charge density.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF L FORMS AND PROTOPLASTS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Freimer ◽  
Richard M. Krause ◽  
Maclyn McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
M Protein ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell ◽  
Streptococcal Strain

L forms of Group A streptococci have been isolated by the use of penicillin gradient agar plates. Osmotically fragile protoplasts of Group A streptococci have been obtained by the use of Group C phage-associated lysin which lyses Group A streptococci and their isolated cell walls. Membranes surrounding these enzymatically derived protoplasts have been isolated, and chemical and immunological studies indicate that they are free of cell wall carbohydrate and M protein. The streptococcal protoplasts reproduce as colonies which are morphologically indistinguishable from streptococcal L forms. Evidence is presented to show that these two streptococcal derivatives are serologically and physiologically related to each other as well as to the parent streptococcal strain from which they were isolated.

The fate of acetyl groups and sugar components during the digestion of grass cell walls in sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jane Morris ◽  
J. S. D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sodium Ethoxide ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cell Wall Preparation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Isolated Cell

SummaryThe digestibilities of grass cell wall constituents determined in a digestion trial were compared with those obtained by suspending various isolated cell wall preparations in nylon bags in the rumen of a sheep. Particular attention was paid to acetyl groups and to individual sugars, which were determined in both cases by gas liquid chromatography.For dried grass and hay in the digestion trial the cell wall constituents showed digestibilities decreasing in the following order: arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, acetyl, lignin.For a leaf cell wall preparation derived from all cell types except mesophyll, the nylon bag technique allowed the same order of digestibilities; rhamnose and uronic acids were also measured and found to be rapidly digested. Mesophyll cell walls placed in nylon bags were more readily digested than non-mesophyll. All the sugars, and also acetyl groups, were digested to the same extent.In a grass cell wall preparation isolated from sheep faeces, tested similarly, xylose and glucose were digested to the same extent, but acetyl groups were less digested.Removal of acetyl groups, using sodium ethoxide, which left the sugar composition and lignin content unchanged, increased the digestibility particularly of the cell walls from faeces.The results are discussed with reference to the relationship between cell wall composition and digestibility.

scholarly journals Mobility Limitations of Bound Polygalacturonase in Isolated Cell Wall from Tomato Pericarp Tissue

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Rushing ◽  
Donald J. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Active Cell ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Mobility Limitations ◽  
No Release ◽  
Autolytic Activity ◽  
Isolated Cell

Enzymically active cell wall isolated from mature-green and ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. `Rutgers') fruit was employed to investigate the mobility of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15). Cell walls from mature-green `Rutgers' fruit or from the ripening mutant rin, which alone exhibits little or no release of pectin, were unaffected by the addition of enzymically active cell wall from ripening `Rutgers' fruit, indicating that PG is either not transferred at all or is not transferred to sites of pectin hydrolysis. The quantity of pectin released by the addition of soluble PG to enzymically active wall depended on the quantity of enzyme added. Similar data were obtained using purified PG2. Pectin solubilization from all wall isolates exhibiting enzymically mediated pectin release diminished with time; however, transfer to fresh buffer initiated a resumption of autolytic activity, indicating that an inhibitor is released during the course of pectin hydrolysis.

Chemical analysis of isolated cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria and determination of the cell wall to cell mass ratio

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert van der Wal ◽  
Willem Norde ◽  
Bernd Bendinger ◽  
Alexander J.B Zehnder ◽  
Johannes Lyklema
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Isolated Cell

The Hydraulic Conductivity and Volumetric Elastc Modulus of Cells and Isolated Cell Walls of Nitella and Chara spp.: Pressure and Volume Effects

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Zimmermann ◽  
E Steudle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Pressure Dependence ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
P Value ◽  
Volume Dependence ◽  
Cell Turgor ◽  
Cell Volumes ◽  
Isolated Cell

The hydraulic conductivities (L*p) and the volumetric elastic moduli (e) of N. flexilis, C. intermedia and C. fragilis were determined by means of direct cell turgor measurements. For large cell volumes (V) the function e = f(P), where P = pressure, is a hyperbola. For small cell volumes e is nearly independent of pressure and the absolute e values are smaller than those obtained for larger volumes. This volume dependence of the volumetric elastic modulus was also verified by measurements of the elastic properties of isolated cell walls of N. Jlexilis under conditions where the lengths of the cell wall tubes prepared from each cell were varied. The volume dependence of e, which is unexpected within the framework of Hooke's law, can be explained by assuming that two different intrinsic moduli e*1 and e*2 are applicable to different cell regions with volumes V*1 and V*2. The quantities e*1 and V*1 are related to the cylindrical part, and e*2 and V*2 to the small node or end regions of the internode. With this assumption the overall e is then given by: e = (e*1e*2V)/(e*2V*1 + e*1 V*2) ? e*1e*2 V /(e*2 V + e*1 V*2) . This indicates that for very large cells e has a saturation value equal to e*1, while for smaller volumes the influence of e*2 will become predominant. The value of e*1 was calculated to be about 7.5 x 10*7 Pa* and that of e*2 to be about 10*6 Pa. Since for small cells the overall volumetric elastic modulus e is mainly determined by e*2, the weak pressure dependence of e in such cells reflects a weak pressure dependence of e*2. On the other hand, the strong pressure dependence of e in large cells points to a strong pressure dependence of e*1. The direct determination of the elastic properties of the end regions of the internodes, which was not possible up to the present, is of great importance for growth and growth regulation. The hydraulic conductivity of Nitella and Chara spp. was found to be independent of cell volume, but dependent on the cell turgor pressure. The L*p values were constant at high pressures, but increased on approaching the plasmolytic points. In contrast, the L*p value of the isolated cell wall of N. flexilis was constant over the whole pressure range 0-8 x 10*5 Pa and amounted to (6.9 � 1.3) x 10-*l2 ms-� Pa-�. Since the L*p value in the living N. flexilis cell increased to 4 x 10-*12 ms-� Pa-� at a pressure of 5 x 10*4 Pa it can be concluded that the cell wall becomes the rate-limiting barrier for water flow and that the hydraulic conductivity of the cell membranes must be remarkable at low pressures. The increase in L, in the low pressure range is not caused by artificial leakages or by leakages through the plasmodesmata, since no water flow across plasmodesmata could be detected.

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