scholarly journals Physiology of Pea Fruits III. Changes in Starch and-Starch Phosphorylase in the Developing Seed

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donflla H Turner ◽  
JF Turner
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Starch Phosphorylase ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Starch Formation ◽  
Pea Seed

During the growth of pea seeds there is a period in which the starch content rises rapidly and the sucrose content falls. This paper describes a study of the control of this starch synthesis. A method was developed for the assay of starch phosphorylase in peas and the changes in enzyme activity during development of the pea seed were followed. Over most of the period of development a linear relationship existed between the rate of starch synthesis and starch phosphorylase activity. It is suggested that the activity of starch phosphorylase may be a major factor in controlling the rate of starch formation in the pea. The rate of starch synthesis began to decrease when the pea ceased to gain water and the linear relationship then no longer held. The bearing of these observations on sugar--starch relationships and on the general problems of growth is discussed.

scholarly journals Physiology of Pea Fruits

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Turner
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Starch Formation ◽  
Pea Seed

Changes in UDPG pyrophosphorylase and ADPG pyrophosphorylase and a number of other constituents were followed during the growth of the pea seed. At all stages of development of the seed UDPG pyrophosphorylase activity was much higher than ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. During the period of starch formation there was a similarity in the changes in starch and UDPG pyrophosphory-lase and ADPG pyrophosphorylase. The maximum rate of starch synthesis coincided with the maximum activity of ADPG pyrophosphorylase. The results are consistent with the biosynthesis of starch from ADPG but do not preclude the participation of UDPG as substrate in this process. It is suggested that UDPG pyrophosphorylase may provide a source of glucose I-phosphate from sucrose for ADPG formation.

scholarly journals Physiology of Pea Fruits IV. Changes in Sugars in the Developing Seed

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Turner ◽  
Donella H Turner ◽  
JB Lee
Keyword(s):  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Chromatographic Methods ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Pea Seed ◽  
Galactose Content

Paper chromatographic methods were developed for the estimation of sugars in plant tissues and were used to follow changes in some individual sugars during the development of the pea seed. Sucrose was the predominant sugar present in the seeds and there were smaller quantities of fructose, glucose, and galactose. The amounts of fructose and glucose were approximately equal at all stages of develop. ment. The sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents of the seed increased in the early stages of development but decreased during the phase of rapid starch synthesis. The galactose content increased to a maximum at a later state than the other sugars estimated. The concentrations of sucrose, fructose, and glucose in the seeds were compared with the concentrations in the leaves, stems, and hulls. The possible significance of the changes in sugars in relation to the metabolism of the pea seed is discussed.

scholarly journals Silencing GhAGPL1 Reduces the Quality and Quantity of Corms and Cormels in Gladiolus

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Seng ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
Jiahui Liang ◽  
Fengqin Zhang ◽  
Qiuyan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Gladiolus Hybridus ◽  
Rate Limiting

Starch accumulation is important during com development. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is the rate-limiting enzyme in starch synthesis. AGPL is the large subunit of AGPase. Here, we isolated and characterized the large subunit of AGPase gene GhAGPL1 in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus). GhAGPL1 was highly expressed in sink organs (cormels and corms). The expression of GhAGPL1 was induced by glucose, sucrose, and mannitol, and it was repressed by abscisic acid (ABA). Overexpression of GhAGPL1 in the arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) apl1 mutant resulted in complementation of AGPase activity and thus starch synthesis. Silencing GhAGPL1 in gladiolus decreased the transcript level of GhAGPL1 and GhSus, and resulted in the reduction of AGPase activity and starch content in gladiolus corm and cormel. Meanwhile, sucrose content was higher in GhAGPL1-silenced corm. Surprisingly, silencing GhAGPL1 in gladiolus produced smaller corms and fewer number of cormels. Overall, GhAGPL1 contributed to the quality and quantity of gladiolus corms and cormels.

scholarly journals Sweet Corn Research around the World 2015–2020

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Pedro Revilla ◽  
Calli M. Anibas ◽  
William F. Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Endosperm Starch

Modern sweet corn is distinguished from other vegetable corns by the presence of one or more recessive alleles within the maize endosperm starch synthesis pathway. This results in reduced starch content and increased sugar concentration when consumed fresh. Fresh sweet corn originated in the USA and has since been introduced in countries around the World with increasing popularity as a favored vegetable choice. Several reviews have been published recently on endosperm genetics, breeding, and physiology that focus on the basic biology and uses in the US. However, new questions concerning sustainability, environmental care, and climate change, along with the introduction of sweet corn in other countries have produced a variety of new uses and research activities. This review is a summary of the sweet corn research published during the five years preceding 2021.

β-Amyrin Synthase1 Controls the Accumulation of the Major Saponins Present in Pea (Pisum sativum)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Vernoud ◽  
Ludivine Lebeigle ◽  
Jocelyn Munier ◽  
Julie Marais ◽  
Myriam Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Saponin Biosynthesis ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Pea Seed

Abstract The use of pulses as ingredients for the production of food products rich in plant proteins is increasing. However, protein fractions prepared from pea or other pulses contain significant amounts of saponins, glycosylated triterpenes which can impart an undesirable bitter taste when used as an ingredient in foodstuffs. In this paper, we describe the identification and characterization of a gene involved in saponin biosynthesis during pea seed development, by screening mutants obtained from two Pisum sativum TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) populations in two different genetic backgrounds. The mutations studied are located in a gene designated PsBAS1 (β-amyrin synthase1) which is highly expressed in maturing pea seeds and which encodes a protein previously shown to correspond to an active β-amyrin synthase. The first allele is a nonsense mutation, while the second mutation is located in a splice site and gives rise to a mis-spliced transcript encoding a truncated, non-functional protein. The homozygous mutant seeds accumulated virtually no saponin without affecting seed nutritional or physiological quality. Interestingly, BAS1 appears to control saponin accumulation in all other tissues of the plant examined. These lines represent a first step in the development of pea varieties lacking bitterness off-flavours in their seeds. Our work also shows that TILLING populations in different genetic backgrounds represent valuable genetic resources for both crop improvement and functional genomics.

scholarly journals Assessment of physiological potential of stored pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Mielezrski ◽  
Julio Marcos-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Cold Chamber ◽  
Pea Seed

Research on pea seed storage and the identification of efficient seed vigor tests for this species is still insufficient, especially for cultivars that produce wrinkled seeds used for consumption in natura. The objective of this study was to verify the accuracy of tests to assess the physiological potential of pea seed lots stored in different environments. Four seed lots of two cultivars, 'Telefone Alta' (indeterminate growth habit) and 'Itapuã' (determinate growth habit) were stored under different environmental conditions for 8 months: a) laboratory uncontrolled b) dry and cold chamber (10 ºC and 30% RH), c) controlled environment (20 ºC and 70% RH). Seed vigor (accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling length and seedling emergence) was evaluated initially and after four and eight months storage. Results showed that the use of seed lots of high initial physiological potential is fundamental for guaranteeing the desired performance of pea seeds during storage. Wrinkled pea seeds should be stored between harvest and sowing in an environment in which the sum of the relative humidity (%) and temperature (°C) does not exceed 70. Physiological potential of pea seeds should be evaluated by at least two vigor tests; consideration to accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests is recommended.

scholarly journals PERUBAHAN KADAR RAFINOSA, GLUKOSA, MANOSA, ARABINOSA DAN SUKROSA WHEAT POLLARD AKIBAT LAMA STEAM DAN PENAMBAHAN AIR YANG BERBEDA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Bambang Sulistiyanto ◽  
Sri Kismiati ◽  
Cahya Setya Utama
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Feed Material ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Mean

Wheat pollard is a waste of the wheat industry and many contain non starch polisacharida (NSP) that interfere with the chicken digestive tract. NSP in wheat pollard can be removed by heating, so it can be used by microbes in the digestive tract of poultry. Utilization of NSP by microbes will result in short chain fatty acids (SCFA), namely acetic acid, propionate and butyrate which have a positive effect on the digestive tract of poultry. The purpose of this study is to examine changes in levels of rafinose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and sucrose in wheat pollard into a source of functional feed for poultry. The benefit of research is to know the technique / manufacture of functional feed material from wheat pollard. The material used in the research is wheat pollard and aquades by using autoclave tool. The design used was a complete randomized design of 2x3 factorial pattern with 3 replications. The first factor is the duration of steam 30 and 60 minutes while the second factor is the addition of water (0, 30 and 60%). The results showed that the addition of water and the duration of different steam strongly influenced (p <0.001) and had interactions on rafinose, mannose, arabinose, sucrose and glucose parameters. The mean of water addition factor increased rafinose level from 1.11+0.03% to 29+0.02% while steam duration decreased raffinose content from 1.99+0.01% to 1.90+0.04%. Glucose levels increased in water addition factor and steam duration from 0.25+0.01% to 1.06+0.12% and 0.54+0.03% to 0.63+0.07%. The mean of water addition factor decreased the mannose level from 0.19+0.01% to 0.06+0.02% and the steam duration increased the manosa level from 0.09+0.01% to 0.15+0.01%. Levels of arabinose increased in water addition factor and steam duration from 0.30+0.03% to 0.98+0.01% and 0.54+0.02% to 0.70+0.04%. The average water addition decreased the sucrose content from 1.80+0.09% to 1.55+0.04% and the steam duration increased the sucrose content from 1.48+0.04% to 1.72+0.03%. The research conclusions that the steam treatment and the addition of water greatly affect the changes of rafinose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and sucrose in wheat pollard and potentially as functional feed. Recommendations that can be given by researchers is the source of feed ingredients that have high starch content should be processed before it is given to poultry so it has a functional value and improve the digestibility of the feed material.

scholarly journals Triple null mutations in starch synthase SSIIa gene homoeologs lead to high amylose and resistant starch in hexaploid wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Schoen ◽  
Anupama Joshi ◽  
Vijay K Tiwari ◽  
Bikram S. Gill ◽  
Nidhi Rawat
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Individual Genome ◽  
Mutant Genotype ◽  
Knock Out

Abstract Background: Lack of nutritionally appropriate foods is one of the leading causes of obesity in the US and worldwide. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) provides 20% of the calories consumed daily across the globe. The nutrients in the wheat grain come primarily from the starch composed of amylose and amylopectin. Resistant starch content, which is known to have significant human health benefits, can be increased by modifying starch synthesis pathways. Starch synthase enzyme SSIIa, also known as starch granule protein isoform-1 (SGP-1), is integral to the biosynthesis of the branched and readily digestible glucose polymer amylopectin. The goal of this work was to develop a triple null mutant genotype for SSIIa locus in the elite hard red winter wheat variety ‘Jagger’ and evaluate the effect of the knock-out mutations on resistant starch content in grains with respect to wild type. Results: Knock-out mutations in SSIIa in the three genomes of wheat variety ‘Jagger’ were identified using TILLING. Subsequently, these loss-of function mutations on A, B, and D genomes were combined by crossing to generate a triple knockout mutant genotype Jag-ssiia-∆ABD. The Jag-ssiia-∆ABD had an amylose content of 35.70% compared to 31.15% in Jagger, leading to ~118% increase in resistant starch in the Jag-ssiia-∆ABD genotype of Jagger wheat. The single individual genome mutations also had various effects on starch composition. Conclusions: Our full null Jag-ssiia-∆ABD mutant showed a significant increase in RS without the shriveled grain phenotype seen in other ssiia knockouts in elite wheat cultivars. Moreover, this study shows the potential for developing nutritionally improved foods in a non-GM approach. Since all the mutants have been developed in an elite wheat cultivar, their adoption in production and supply will be feasible in future.

Action of nitric oxide on the physiological potential and biochemical mechanisms of pea seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Coelho Sekita ◽  
Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias ◽  
Daniel Teixeira Pinheiro ◽  
Aparecida Leonir da Silva ◽  
Antônio César Batista Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Water Control ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Germination Vigor ◽  
Pea Seed

Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) can act in biochemical pathways of the germination process; however, there is little information about how it acts on the performance of pea seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of NO on pea seed germination and vigor. Pea seeds cv. Itapuã 600 obtained from three seed lots with different levels of physiological quality were sown in a substrate moistened with water (control) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) solution, a NO donor (50 μM), to assess germination, vigor, activity of antioxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and amylase activity. NO application does not alter pea seed germination, but it increases vigor. It is more effective in seeds with lower physiological potential. In addition, NO leads to reduction in oxidative stress, favors the translocation of reserves to the embryo, and has potential for use in the treatment of pea seeds to increase seed vigor.

scholarly journals Determination of the minimum drop height of the spherical grains in the solution of the treater

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Viktor Saitov ◽  
Vyacheslav Farafonov ◽  
Aleksey Saitov ◽  
Tatyana Malykh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Drop Height ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Minimum Height ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Spherical Grains ◽  
Pea Seed

One of the main reserves for increasing grain production is the use for sowing high-quality seeds, purified from impurities and pathogens. One of the main ways to protect the seed from various diseases is dressing. The most effective way to protect seeds from disease is wet dressing with the simultaneous release of grain impurities. To develop a device for cleaning and dressing seeds by density using a wet method, an estimate was made of the minimum height of the fall of the grain needed to overcome the surface tension of the liquid. As objects of research, pea seeds were used, having a shape close to a spherical. Therefore, a spherical grains with a density ρz = (1.15-1.45)·103 kg/m3 and a diameter of 2rz = (3.5-10.9)·10-3 m was taken as a model of pea seed. We study the fall of individual spherical grains with minimal (2rzmin = 3.5·10-3 m) and maximum (2rzmax. = 10.9·10-3 m)) linear dimensions that have a density ρz = 1.15; 1.25; 1.35 and 1.45·103 kg/m3. Drop occurs on the surface of the water (ρzh = 1.0·103 kg/m3) and the aqueous solution of the etchant (ρzh = 1.03; 1.06; 1.09; 1.12 and 1.15·103 kg/m3), with Corresponding coefficients σ of surface tension (0.0727; 0.0755; 0.0771; 0.0786; 0.0801, 0.0816 N/m) and hydrodynamic drag coefficients c = 0.4 (0.5 for ρzh = 1.12·103 and 1.15·103 kg/m3). The process of dressing grain is considered at a temperature of 20 °C. It was established that the minimum drop height h to overcome the surface tension of the dressing solution with all spherical grains should be 15.5·10-3 m.

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