Estimates of food intake using slow-release devices and carcass composition of Angus cows from a control line and a line selected for increasing yearling weight

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Morris ◽  
NG Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Release Devices

Data from cows in two Angus lines, established in 1971 and comprising a yearling weight selection line (AS1) and its contemporary control (ACO), were recorded over three periods per year to estimate food intakes at pasture in a 3-year study begun in 1991. In each period, daily organic matter intake (DOMI) was estimated using chromic oxide slow-release devices. In total, 126 cows were included over an average of 2.6 periods each. Forty-six cows were slaughtered after weaning to determine if there were any line differences in body composition. The repeatability of DOMI estimates was 0.46�0.04, whilst the value between cows was 0.24�0.05. The AS1 cows were 15.0% heavier and ate 10.5% more than the ACO cows (P < 0.001). Estimated intakes per unit body weight or per unit metabolic body weight did not differ between lines. Adjusted calf weaning weights at 6 months of age per unit DOMI of the dam were 20.2 and 19.4 kg/kg respectively ( P < 0.05), a 4.1% increase by the AS1 line. The AS1 cows had 17.7% (P < 0.001) heavier carcasses than ACO cows. When adjusted to equal hot carcass weight on a log-log basis, AS1 cows had significantly more bone and less fat ( P < 0.01) than ACO cows. Kidney weights, but not heart or liver weights, were significantly greater for AS1 cows than for ACO cows (P < 0.01) when adjusted to a constant empty live weight. It was concluded that the cow-calf pairs in the AS1 line had a 4% greater calf weaning weight per unit of DOMI by cows than those in the ACO line, and differences were associated with cows which had relatively larger kidneys, more % bone and less % carcass fat soon after weaning.

scholarly journals The accretion of copper and of zinc by the foetuses of prolific ewes

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Williams ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
I. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Growth Equations ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Cu And Zn

1. The amounts of copper and zinc in the foetuses of ewes carrying from one to four lambs were measured at different stages of gestation and estimates were made of the amounts of these metals in their livers.2. The accretion of Cu and Zn could be described by growth equations of the Gompertz form, from which could be derived estimates of the instantaneous and fractional rates of deposition of these metals in the foetal body.3. Between the 80th and 144th day of gestation the instantaneous rates of deposition of the metals increased exponentially, and at the end of pregnancy were calculated to be 0.24 and 2.0 mg Cu and Zn/d respectively in the triplet lamb foetus. The corresponding total accretions were estimated to be 10 and 69 mg respectively.4. The fractional rates of live-weight gain and of deposition of Cu were similar and decreased at similar rates; that of Zn deposition decreased much more slowly.5. The proportion of whole-body Cu estimated to be in the liver was always greater than 50 %. The amount of Zn in the liver remained constant and contributed 72 % of the total body Zn at 80 d but only 8 % at 144d.6. The relative amounts of Cu and of Zn accrued per unit body-weight gain were not constant during the development of the foetus. As foetal numbers increased the amounts of each metal deposited in the foetus decreased more rapidly than did foetal weight.7. The results are discussed in relation to the demands for Cu and Zn during pregnancy in sheep.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb:II. The effect of dietary protein concentration, feeding level and sex on body composition at two live weights

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Andrews ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Extract Content

SUMMARY1. In an experiment with ninety-nine lambs the effects on the body composition of male and female lambs were examined when five diets containing different concentrations of crude protein (in the range 10–20%) were given at three levels of feeding and lambs were slaughtered at two live weights (27·5 and 40 kg).2. With lambs slaughtered at 27·5 kg there were significant increases in the rate of both nitrogen and fat retention with increases in levels of feeding. There were also linear increases in the rate of protein deposition and decreases in fat deposition with increases in the concentration of crude protein. This effect was particularly marked at the high level of feeding.3. With lambs slaughtered at 40 kg live weight there were also linear increases in fat and in nitrogen deposition with increasing feeding level but the effect of increasing the protein concentration on increases in nitrogen retention departed from linearity.4. While at 27·5 kg there were no significant effects of feeding level on nitrogen and ether-extract content of the bodies at slaughter, with animals slaughtered at 40 kg there was a significant linear decrease in ether-extract content with increasing feeding level and a corresponding linear increase in nitrogen content with increased level of feeding.5. Male lambs deposited more nitrogen and less fat than females. This was true of both rate of deposition and of carcass composition at 40 kg live weight.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage offered to young steers: Effects on growth, body composition and nutrient efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SANDERSON ◽  
M. S. DHANOA ◽  
C. THOMAS ◽  
A. B. McALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Growth and efficiencies of nitrogen and energy utilization for growth by 72 young British Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 110 kg) offered a well preserved, formic acid-treated, perennial ryegrass silage with and without supplements of fish meal were examined. Silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50, 100 or 150 g fish meal/kg silage dry matter (DM) and each diet was offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM/kg LW/day. Treatments were imposed over a period of 132 days. Body component weight gains were determined by comparative slaughter.Increasing the level of either feeding or fish meal increased rates of empty body weight gain linearly (P<0·001) and curvilinearly (P<0·05) respectively. Fish-meal supplementation increased rates of ash and crude protein gain (P<0·001) but, in comparison with the curvilinear response to increasing level of feeding (P<0·001), had small linear effects on fat gain (P>0·01). Consequently, in terms of whole body composition, animals given fish meal were leaner than animals offered silage alone. Fish-meal supplementation had no significant effect on the composition of the carcass but increased the concentration of protein in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.The increase in nitrogen intake associated with feeding fish meal resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization as level of fish meal increased. Nitrogen intake required for maintenance was estimated to be 1·054 g/kg LW0·75. In spite of marked differences in the composition of the empty body-weight gain, there was no evidence to support an effect of fish meal on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for growth (kf) which was estimated to be 0·346 on the basis of data scaled by LW0·75. ME intake required for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to be 0·536 and 0·502 MJ/kg LW0·75 for silage alone and the 150 g fish-meal level respectively.

The effects of litter size, sex, age, body weight, dam age and genetic selection for cold resistance on the physiological responses to cold exposure of scottish blackface lambs in a progressively cooled water bath

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Stott ◽  
J. Slee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTThe resistance to body cooling of 594 newborn Scottish Blackface lambs was measured in a water bath during a programme of upwards and downwards genetic selection. Cold resistance was defined as the time taken for rectal temperature to fall to 35°C in the water bath.Upwards selection produced increased cold resistance which was genetically associated with increased skin thickness, increased total body insulation and greater persistence of high metabolic rate during cold exposure. The first two correlated responses to selection were more pronounced in twins than in singles.High cold resistance was phenotypically, but not genetically, associated with greater body weight, increased coat depth and higher levels of cold-induced metabolic rate (heat production). Single lambs showed higher weight-adjusted metabolic rates and higher cold resistance than twins. Singles recovered from hypothermia faster than twins in the low selection line only.Female lambs showed higher metabolic rate (whether weight-adjusted or not) and greater total body insulation than males. Their greater cold resistance was not quite significant. Increasing age (range 0·3 to 36 h) was associated with a small but significant decline in cold resistance.Thermoneutral metabolic rate was proportional to body surface area, whereas peak metabolic rate was proportional to body weight such that peak metabolic rate per unit body weight was independent of changes in body weight. These findings are discussed in relation to lamb survival.

Body composition of Romney-Southdown cross and Merino sheep foetuses at a constant age and a constant body weight

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Australian Merino

1. Body shape and carcass composition have been measured in a dated series of Romney-Southdown cross and Australian Merino sheep foetuses.2. Large differences in shape exist between the two breed groups and these result from growth rate differences in certain components of the bone and muscle tissue.3. Carcass composition at any particular foetal weight, however, is more uniform. In relation to body weight, the Merino has a higher proportion of bone in the body but the proportion of muscle is the same in both breed groups. Nevertheless, the distribution of muscle tissue is changed as there s i a higher proportion of muscle in the hind limb of the Romney-Southdown cross.

The effects of quantity and duration of milk feeding on the intake of concentrates and growth of castrated male Saanen kids to slaughter

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
J. E. Cook ◽  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Weaning Age

AbstractTo examine the possibility of reducing milk substitute costs in artificial rearing of goat kids, 36 castrated male Saanen kids at 2 days of age were randomly allocated across six treatments in a 2×3 factorial design experiment. Milk substitute was provided for the kids over a period of 28 or 39 days, and daily levels of milk substitute dry matter (DM) intake were 0·140,0·176 or 0·272 kg.Increasing the level of milk substitute offered had no significant effect on intake of concentrate up to weaning, but did significantly reduce the total intake of concentrate through to slaughter. Weaning after 39 days, as opposed to 28 days, also significantly reduced the total intake of concentrates. However, there was no difference when the same total quantity of milk substitute was consumed over different periods. Increasing the daily intake of milk substitute significantly increased daily live-weight gain to weaning, but tended to increase the time taken by kids to regain their weaning weight following cessation of milk substitute intake. However, milk substitute level and weaning age did not significantly affect overall daily live-weight gain or the length of time taken to reach 28 kg.Eight additional kids were slaughtered at 2 days of age to develop regression equations relating initial body composition to live weight. These relationships were similar to others published for 2-day-old Saanen kids. Treatments had no significant effect on overall rates of fat, crude protein, water, ash and energy gain or on final body composition, carcass weight or carcass composition when kids were slaughtered at a live weight of 28 kg. These data suggest that savings in milk substitute may be achieved by reducing the weaning age and/or the daily intake level.

Effects of shelter, exposure and level of feeding over winter on the productivity of Welsh Mountain ewes and lambs

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Robinson ◽  
W. Brown ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYPregnant Welsh Mountain ewes were kept over winter on a hill. All were penned individually, either in a shed or out of doors. In Experiments 1 and 2 different levels of digestible organic matter (DOM) were given in each environment and in Experiment 3 only a single level was offered. In Experiment 2 all ewes were grazed together after lambing; in Experiment 3 some from each treatment were moved to a shed after lambing and their milk yields recorded between 10 and 15 days later.In a fourth experiment on low land, pregnant ewes were either housed or kept in an exposed or a sheltered paddock. All were grazed together after lambing.The results indicated that the requirement of indoors penned sheep to maintain body weight and produce a single lamb is 9·5 g DOM/kg live weight per 24 hr at 16 weeks pre-partum, rising to 15·0 g DOM/kg live weight per 24 hr at 1 week pre-partum. A 10% weight loss during pregnancy would be expected in ewes receiving 75 to 80 % of these requirements. Low intakes during pregnancy reduced wool growth and lamb birth weights.Outdoor exposure reduced pre-partum ewe weight by about 1·5 kg, and so was equivalent to a 10% reduction in daily DOM intake. The magnitude of this effect was not changed significantly by level of feeding. Exposure did not affect wool growth and its influence on lamb birth weight and growth was variable.

scholarly journals Effects of index selection on the carcass composition of sheep given eitherad libitumor controlled amounts of food

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

AbstractSheep of a line (S) selected on an index to increase lean weight and decrease fatness at an age, and a control line (C), were given a high quality food at different levels including ad libitum. Live performance was measured from about 21 to 114 kg live weight. The carcasses of each line were analysed for lean, fat and bone at three widely varying weights in both males and females. Level of feeding did not affect the extent to which S was superior to C in either the level of fatness in the carcass (0·86 as much) or the ratio of lean to fat (1·28 as much). The lean to bone ratio was slightly greater in S (1·028 of the value of C; P 0·05) and was higher on the lowest level of feeding compared with the two higher levels used (P 0·05 in one experiment on females and P 0·001 in another on males). On ad libitum feeding the S line grew 1·19 times as fast and was 1·17 times as efficient compared with C. These advantages to S decreased as level of feeding decreased to become virtually zero at the lowest level of feeding used, which allowed C to grow at only 0·53 of the rate seen on ad libitum feeding. On ad libitum feeding growth was well described by a Gompertz growth function of the form W = (Z/B) exp(-exp (G0 –B t)). The maximum growth rate is (Z/e). Line S had a value of Z that was 1·10 that of C averaged across the two sexes. A Spillman function W = W0 + (A-W0) (1-exp (-k F)) was used to describe weight, W, in terms of cumulative intake, F. It worked well for ad libitum feeding and for the two restricted regimes used. The value of the combined parameter (A k) varied across treatments in the same way as efficiency did.

Relationships between whole-body chemical composition, physically dissected carcass parts and backfat measurements in pigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
P. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Body Lipid ◽  
Large White ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

ABSTRACTLog-linear relationships between various measurements of the chemical and physical body composition of the pig were obtained in four datasets representing a range of sexes, genotypes and feeding treatments. One of these datasets (dataset 1) comprised genetic control and selection line Large White pigs. There were significant differences between datasets for most of the relationships investigated. The causes of the differences cannot be determined. Within datasets, relationships between various body components and the weight of crude protein in the whole body were unaffected by genotype or sex. The relationships of both intermuscular fat and trimmed carcass lipid with whole body lipid differed significantly between the control and selection lines in dataset 1. Fat thickness measurements taken over the m. longissimus at the last rib were less at the same body lipid in the selection line than the control line suggesting a redistribution of fat away from this area as a result of selection. Relationships between viscera, lungs and empty body weight were significantly affected by line while those between trimmed carcass, liver, kidneys and empty body weight were significantly affected by sex. Selection line pigs had less perinephric and retroperitoneal fat than controls at the same whole body fat weight and less subcutaneous fat at the same cold carcass weight. There were no significant line effects on lean or bone weight distribution. Selection line pigs had significantly less subcutaneous fat in the collar joint and more intermuscular fat in the ham. There were few significant sex effects on tissue weight distribution.

scholarly journals Effects of index selection on the performance and carcass composition of sheep given foods of different protein concentrationsad libitum

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractSheep of a line selected on an index to increase carcass lean content at 150 days of age (selected (S); no. = 90), and an unselected control line (control (C); no. = 90), were given ad libitum foods of three different protein concentrations (192, 141 and 120 g/kg dry matter). Growth was measured from about 21 to 114 kg live weight. The carcasses of each line were analysed for lean, fat and bone at three widely varying weights in both males and females. Level of protein did not affect the extent to which S was superior to C in the content of fat (0.86 as much) or lean (1.08 as much) in the carcass. The fat concentration of the carcass increased, and the lean concentration decreased, as dietary protein concentration was reduced (P < 0.01). On the highest level of protein used, the S line grew 1.17 times as fast and was 1.10 times as efficient compared with C. The extent to which growth rate in S exceeded that in C was greater on the highest level of protein used (92.3 g/day) than on the two lower protein diets (26.4 g/day). The difference of 65.9 (s.e. 18.4) g/day was significant (P < 0.01). On the diet of highest protein concentration, growth was well described by a Gompertz function. The S line had an estimated maximum growth rate 1.25 times that of the C when averaged across males and females. A Spillman function was used to describe weight in terms of cumulative intake. It worked well for all three levels of dietary protein concentration. S sheep performed better than unselected sheep on foods differing in protein concentration and over a wide range of live weights, suggesting benefits are likely within the diverse farming environments found in practice.

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