Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on the yield of winter wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 935 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Banks ◽  
JL Davidson ◽  
H Bariana ◽  
PJ Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Natural Incidence

Yield responses were measured of six winter wheats to field infections with Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). In addition to the natural incidence of virus, the range of infection levels was widened by aphicide spraying of some plots and the addition of artificially propagated viruliferous aphids to others. Significant grain yield losses attributable to natural infections by BYDV were found for all wheats despite the main infection period being in the spring. The addition of viruliferous aphids only marginally decreased yields further. Spraying with aphicides did not exclude infection but did reduce the incidence of BYDV and increase yields. A significant negative linear correlation between grain yield and percentage infection applied to each wheat genotype. The slope of the yield response appears to be a more useful measurement for comparing tolerance to BYDV of differing cereal lines than do proportional yield losses. Of the six wheats tested, Lawson, Birch 41, Birch 75, Owlet and Isis had similar tolerances to BYDV, despite substantial differences in absolute yields, while W71 was considerably more vulnerable. The mean natural incidence of BYDV in the main trial was 67%, producing an expected grain yield loss of about 2.2 t ha-1 for W71 and about 1.1 t ha-1 for the other five wheats. Effects on grain protein and potential control measures are also discussed.

Crop loss assessment studies on the effects of barley yellow dwarf virus in wheat in Victoria

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Smith ◽  
RJ Sward
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Individual Grains

The effect of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on grain yield of wheat, cv. Olympic, was determined over 3 years at three sites in Victoria in field plots inoculated with infective Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Inoculation before tillering lowered grain yields by 9-79 %, whereas inoculation at early stem extension lowered yields by only 6-9 %. There was a linear relationship between the percentage of plants infected with BYDV at an early stage of growth and grain yield at all sites. Other components of yield affected included numbers of tillers, numbers of heads with sterile terminal spikelets, grain weight per head and weight of individual grains.

Control of barley yellow dwarf virus in minimum-till and conventional-till autumn-sown cereals by insecticide seed and foliar spray treatments

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. KENNEDY ◽  
J. CONNERY
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Insecticide Spray

SUMMARYThe control of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and its aphid vectors in minimum tillage (MT) and conventionally tilled (CT) winter barley by insecticide seed and foliar spray treatments was investigated in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Similar investigations were undertaken on winter wheat in 2004, 2005 and 2006. Aphids numbers in autumn and BYDV in spring on barley and wheat were significantly lower on MT relative to CT crops, in two of the six seasons. An insecticide spray at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 25 significantly reduced aphids and virus in both MT and CT crops in three of the six seasons of the study. An additional spray at GS 22 provided no benefit. Aphids were significantly fewer in three of the six seasons on crops grown from insecticide treated seeds, relative to untreated seeds. Both MT and CT barley sprayed at GS 25 had significantly fewer aphids than the seed treatment in one of the three seasons. Seed-treated MT and CT barley had significantly less BYDV than controls but significantly more than crops sprayed at GS 25. CT wheat grown from insecticide-treated seed had significantly less BYDV than controls. Overall, CT barley grown from insecticide-treated seed had 6-fold more BYDV than the sprayed crop, while untreated barley had 22-fold more than the spray treatment. In MT barley, the comparable values were 3- and 10-fold respectively. BYDV was almost exclusively the MAV strain. The grain yield for insecticide-sprayed CT barley was significantly greater in two of three seasons than that for untreated plots. In general, MT and CT barley receiving an insecticide spray had greater grain yield than barley grown from insecticide-treated seed, with differences being significant in one of three seasons. It is concluded that BYDV in MT and CT cereals is better controlled by applying a pyrethroid insecticide spray between GS 23 and 25, in autumn, than by treating the seed with a nitroguanidine-type insecticide. In MT crops, a single spray between GS 23 and 25 will give effective control of MAV-type BYDV.

scholarly journals Barley yellow dwarf virus infection affects physiology, morphology, grain yield and flour pasting properties of wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shormin Choudhury ◽  
Philip Larkin ◽  
Holger Meinke ◽  
M. D. Hasanuzzaman ◽  
Peter Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Pasting Properties ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is a phloem-limited virus that is persistently transmitted by aphids and causes significant yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of BYDV in wheat on physiological and morphological traits, yield attributes and pasting properties of flour, and to determine any differences for these traits between susceptible and resistant genotypes under BYDV infection. Significant impact on physiological and morphological traits and yield was observed in plants inoculated at the 2-leaf stage (Zadoks scale, Z12), with a greater impact in the three susceptible genotypes than in the resistant genotype. Yield reduction with inoculation at Z12 was 18–49%, and yield reduction with inoculation mid tillering (Z25) was 6–31%. There was a significant reduction in effective tiller number with both inoculation times, but 1000-kernel weight was affected only with early inoculation. Pasting properties were little affected by BYDV infection, with genotype having a larger effect than infection. Grain yield showed negative correlation with tissue-blot immunoassay and visual symptom score, and positive correlation with all gas-exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf area and biomass weight. The results suggest that stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements are suitable for assessment of BYDV infection and for screening BYDV of susceptible and resistant wheat genotypes.

scholarly journals Yield Losses Caused by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV Infection in Wheat and Barley: A Three-Year Field Study in South-Eastern Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 645
Author(s):  
Narelle Nancarrow ◽  
Mohammad Aftab ◽  
Grant Hollaway ◽  
Brendan Rodoni ◽  
Piotr Trębicki
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is transmitted by aphids and significantly reduces the yield and quality of cereals worldwide. Four experiments investigating the effects of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) infection on either wheat or barley were conducted over three years (2015, 2017, and 2018) under typical field conditions in South-Eastern Australia. Plants inoculated with BYDV-PAV using viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) were harvested at maturity then grain yield and yield components were measured. Compared to the non-inoculated control, virus infection severely reduced grain yield by up to 84% (1358 kg/ha) in wheat and 64% (1456 kg/ha) in barley. The yield component most affected by virus infection was grain number, which accounted for a large proportion of the yield loss. There were no significant differences between early (seedling stage) and later (early-tillering stage) infection for any of the parameters measured (plant height, biomass, yield, grain number, 1000-grain weight or grain size) for either wheat or barley. Additionally, this study provides an estimated yield loss value, or impact factor, of 0.91% (72 kg/ha) for each one percent increase in natural BYDV-PAV background infection. Yield losses varied considerably between experiments, demonstrating the important role of cultivar and environmental factors in BYDV epidemiology and highlighting the importance of conducting these experiments under varying conditions for specific cultivar–vector–virus combinations.

Role of winter-active aphids spreading Barley yellow dwarf virus in decreasing wheat yields in a Mediterranean-type environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Thackray ◽  
Laura T. Ward ◽  
Monica L. Thomas-Carroll ◽  
Roger A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Virus Incidence ◽  
Aphid Vectors ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

In the grainbelt of south-western Australia, which experiences Mediterranean-type climatic conditions, 3 field experiments with wheat were sown in autumn, 2 at Site A over 2 years and 1 at Site B in the first year only. These experiments related both activity of aphid vectors (migration into and colonisation of wheat) and the spread of infection with Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) serotype PAV to wheat grain yield and quality. Incidences of BYDV serotype RMV and Cereal yellow dwarf (CYDV) were mostly low and BYDV serotype MAV was not distinguished. Rhopalosiphum padi was the predominant vector species but small numbers of R. maidis and Sitobion miscanthi were also present. Repeated insecticide spray applications began at different times in the different experimental treatments. These sprays killed or repelled aphid vectors, thereby preventing further virus spread from the time they were first applied. At both sites, migrant aphids were caught flying into the wheat throughout the winter period. Peak numbers of colonising aphids ranged from 0 to 99/0.5-m transect of crop. BYDV-PAV incidence ranged from 0.1 to 58% of plants and yields ranged from 1.9 to 8.6 t/ha. First aphid arrival was earlier, and virus spread and resulting yield losses greater at Site A. At this site, in treatments where repeated insecticide sprays did not start until 8 weeks after crop emergence (WAE), virus incidence and subsequent yield losses were significantly greater than when the regular applications started at emergence. However, delaying the start of sprays beyond 8 weeks had no further effect on virus spread. Since aphid numbers were very low up to 8–10 WAE, yield losses were due entirely to virus infection of plants during this early growth period. Variation in BYDV-PAV incidence explained 81 or 91% of the variation in yield gaps in the 2 years at Site A where, for each 1% increase in virus incidence, there was a yield decrease of 55 or 72 kg/ha. It also explained the variation in seed weight (88%) and protein content (69%), but not in seed screenings. At Site B, virus spread started too late to cause significant yield or quality losses. These results show that wheat yields are decreased substantially in a Mediterranean-type environment, when aphids immigrate early into wheat crops and remain active throughout the winter-growing period, spreading virus infection at young plant growth stages.

scholarly journals Yield reduction of oat cultivars in relation to disease development caused by barley yellow dwarf virus

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Peltonen-Sainio ◽  
R. Karjalainen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

The effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on the development, grain yield and yield components of oat cultivar Veli and breeding lines Hankkija 78152 and 78033 were studied in two years. Cultivar differences to BYDV infection were best observed at a low infection level. Single tiller analysis indicated close correlation between symptom severity and reduction in main yield components. Early infection caused greatest yield losses in all cultivars. BYDV strongly reduced both plant height and harvest index. Mild infection reduced the grain yield by 2—8 %, but severe infection by 36—41 %. The number of grains and panicle weight were strongly reduced, but the 1000-grain weight was only slightly affected after severe BYDV-infection. Implications of these results for disease control are discussed.

A comparison of the occurrence of aphids and barley yellow dwarf virus in minimum-till and conventional-till autumn-sown cereals

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. KENNEDY ◽  
J. G. McDONALD ◽  
J. CONNERY ◽  
G. PURVIS
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Ct System ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

SUMMARYWinter barley was sown by conventional-tillage (CT) and minimum-tillage (MT) cultivation over three seasons. Each cultivation treatment was split so that straw was incorporated into the soil during cultivation in one split, while the other did not receive straw. Aphid occurrences in autumn and incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in spring were compared. Similar investigations on winter wheat were made over a further three seasons. The method of cultivation affected the number of aphids on barley and wheat plants in autumn and on wheat heads in summer; MT had fewest aphids. Soil incorporation of straw during cultivation had a similar effect. Method of cultivation affected the incidence of BYDV disease, with MT having least infection. Straw-treated cereal plots had fewer aphids and less BYDV than no-straw plots. Aphids and virus reached damaging levels only in the first barley crop. In this season, MT barley had significantly fewer aphids (48% fewer) and significantly less BYDV (71% less) than CT. Straw-treated plots within the CT system had rather similar aphid infestation and BYDV incidence as no-straw plots. Barley grown in the MT system with straw added had significantly fewer aphids (68%) than in the case when no straw was added. Overall, aphids in autumn were significantly fewer on MT relative to CT cereals in three of the six seasons and significantly fewer on straw relative to no-straw plots in two seasons. Aphids on wheat heads in summer were significantly fewer in MT relative to CT plots in one of the three seasons. Aphids on heads were also significantly fewer on straw-treated plots within each system of cultivation in two seasons, while MT wheat with straw had significantly fewer aphids/head than those without straw in one season. BYDV was lower each season in MT barley and wheat when compared with CT crops. These differences were significant for two of the three seasons in which each crop was grown. There was a lower incidence of virus in straw-treated plots than in no-straw plots. This effect was significant for one of the three seasons in which barley and wheat were grown. Plant and tiller density did not differ significantly between MT and CT barley either with or without straw incorporation. Plant density of wheat in autumn was significantly lower for straw-treated plots relative to no-straw plots in one season. Wheat head density was lower for MT relative to CT in one season, while MT with straw had significantly fewer heads than CT plots with straw in two seasons. BYDV significantly reduced grain yield only in 2001/02 when incidence of the disease was high. Grain yield in 2001/02 was 0·95 t/ha (16%) greater for MT barley, due to less BYDV, than for CT. Straw-treated CT barley outyielded no-straw plots by 0·45 t/ha, while the comparable value for the MT system was 0·3 t/ha. The combined effect of MT plus straw had a 1·24 t/ha (21%) yield advantage over CT without straw.It is concluded that MT cereals sown at the same time as CT crops in autumn have a lower risk of aphid infestation and BYDV infection than CT crops. The soil incorporation of straw further enhances the beneficial impact of MT in reducing aphids and virus.

scholarly journals Quantification of Yield Losses Caused by Barley yellow dwarf virus in Wheat and Oats

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 769-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. McKirdy ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
F. W. Nutter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Grain yield data obtained from five field experiments in Western Australia from 1992 to 1994, in which insecticide applications suppressed the spread of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in wheat and oats, were used to quantify the relationships between incidence of BYDV and yield gaps, 500-seed weight, and percent shriveled grain. Yield gaps ranged from 0 to 2,700 kg/ha, and the relationship between yield gap and incidence of BYDV was always linear. Single point yield loss models revealed that BYDV infection explained most of the variation in yield gaps. There was a significant linear relationship between incidence of BYDV and 500-seed weight for wheat, but not for oats. The percent shriveled grain always increased with an increase in incidence of BYDV in wheat but not in oats. Cost-benefit relationships were determined for the return on investment when deploying imidacloprid-treated seed and/or one or two foliar applications of pyrethroid insecticides to reduce incidence of BYDV and to decrease the yield gaps in wheat and oats due to BYDV.

The separate and combined effects of barley yellow dwarf virus and take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) on the growth and yield of wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Sward ◽  
JF Kollmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

The single and combined effects of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and the take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat, cv. Condor, were determined in field and glasshouse trials. Before and after tillering, aphids with BYDV were fed on plants growing in soil with different proportions of dead and live inoculum of Ggt. Each pathogen reduced grain yield and increased the number of deadheads. In a number of cases, especially in the field, the combined effect of BYDV and Ggt was greater than a simple additive effect of either pathogen alone. Grain yield per plot and grain weight per head were each reduced, whilst the incidence of deadheads was increased, particularly following infection with BYDV after tillering. A possible mechanism to explain the interaction of the two pathogens is discussed.

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