An investigation of the grain yield adaptation of advanced CIMMYT wheat lines to water stress environments in Queensland. I. Crop physiological analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 965 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Cooper ◽  
DE Byth ◽  
DR Woodruff
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Physiological Analysis

Wheat improvement in Australia has made extensive use of germplasm developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). The opportunity for further yield improvement in Queensland was investigated by comparing CIMMYT lines and Queensland cultivars in irrigated and dryland environments at three locations. CIMMYT lines were identified, with greater than 20% yield advantage in individual environments and between 15 and 20% yield advantage over the six environments. The line mean repeatability for yield was moderate (0.492), with the variance component for line by environment (L x E) interaction 4.2 times that for lines. Therefore, while the CIMMYT lines expressed considerable L x E interaction, there was scope for further yield improvement. The water stress differential between the irrigated and dryland environments at the three locations strongly influenced L x E interaction for grain yield. Pre-anthesis water stress generated more L x E interaction for grain yield than post-anthesis stress. At the two locations where pre-anthesis water stress was severe in the dryland environment, there was no association (P > 0.05) between yield under irrigated and dryland conditions. However, at the location where there was little pre-anthesis stress and a degree of post-anthesis stress there was a strong association (P < 0.01) between yield under irrigated and dryland conditions. Grain yield was positively associated with the yield component grain number per unit area in all environments. Grain weight showed little L x E interaction across environments and the majority of L x E interaction for grain yield resulted from L x E interaction associated with grain number per unit area. Grain number per unit area was positively associated with the component grains per fertile tiller but not tiller number per unit area. Grains per fertile tiller was in turn positively associated with total dry matter at anthesis; however, there was no direct association between total dry matter at anthesis and grain number per unit area. There was a weak association between days to anthesis and grain yield in four of the six environments.

Plant population and shading studies in barley

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Willey ◽  
R. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Ear Development ◽  
Development Period ◽  
Lower Production

SUMMARYTwo barley experiments are described in which a range of plant populations were shaded during different periods of development. Shading during the ear development period caused considerable reductions in grain yield, largely by reducing the number of grains per ear. Shading during the grain-filling period caused no reduction in grain yield. It is suggested that under conditions of these experiments there was probably a potential surplus of carbohydrate available for grain filling and that grain yield was largely determined by the storage capacity of the ears. The importance of the number of grains per ear as an indicator of individual ear capacity is emphasized.The effects of plant population on grain yield and its components are also examined. It is concluded that the number of grains per ear is the component having greatest influence on the decrease in grain yield at above-optimum populations and attention is again drawn to the possible importance of ear capacity. It is argued that on an area basis the number of grains per unit area may give a good indication of ear capacity. Examination of this parameter shows a close relationship with grain yield per unit area for both the shading and population treatments. It is particularly evident that a decrease in grain yield at high populations was associated with a comparable decrease in the number of grains per unit area. It is suggested that this decrease in grain number may be due to a lower production of total dry matter during ear development rather than an unfavourable partitioning of this dry matter between the ear and the rest of the plant. This lower production of total dry matter is attributed to the crop growth rates of the higher populations having reached their peak and then having declined before the end of the ear development period. This crop growth rate pattern, through its effect on grain number per unit area, is put forward as the basic reason why, in the final crop, grain yield per unit area decreases at above-optimum populations.

Growth and yield of sorghum lines extracted from a population for differences in osmotic adjustment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tangpremsri ◽  
S Fukai ◽  
KS Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Difference

From 47 S2 lines which had been extracted from a random mated population of sorghum, eight lines for a glasshouse experiment and four lines for a field experiment were divergently selected for variation in osmotic adjustment, and were grouped into two, High and Low osmotic adjustment (OA). Both the glasshouse and field experiments examined whether osmotic adjustment modified the plants' response to soil water deficit and also whether grain sink demand for assimilates, varied by removal of 50% spikelets, affected osmotic adjustment. In each experiment, there were well-watered control and water stress treatments. In both experiments, the dawn osmotic potential in the High OA group was always lower than in the Low OA group under water limiting conditions, and the difference was significant after anthesis. The difference in osmotic potential was about 0.1 MPa in the field and up to 0.25 MPa in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse experiment, removal of 50% spikelets at anthesis significantly decreased osmotic potential during grain filling, suggesting that osmotic adjustment is influenced by the availability of assimilates in the leaves. Under well-watered conditions, the two groups behaved very similarly in terms of maximum leaf area, green leaf area retention during grain filling, total dry matter production, grain yield and grain number in both experiments. Under water-limiting conditions, the High OA group produced larger maximum leaf area and had better leaf retention during grain filling. Despite similar water use, total dry matter was also significantly higher in the High OA group though the difference was small. Grain number was also greater in this group in both experiments, whereas grain yield was significantly higher in the High OA group in the field, but not in the glasshouse where severe water stress developed more rapidly. It is concluded that the adverse effect of water stress can be reduced by adopting sorghum genotypes with high osmotic adjustment. However, selection for high osmotic adjustment needs to ensure that osmotic adjustment is not solely due to small head size.

scholarly journals Flower and pod development, grain-setting characteristics and grain yield in Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) in response to pre-anthesis foliar application of paclobutrazol

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245554
Author(s):  
Chunfeng Zheng ◽  
Chunzeng Liu ◽  
Wei Ren ◽  
Benyin Li ◽  
Yuhu Lü ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Astragalus Sinicus ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Chinese Milk Vetch

The number of grains per unit land area is the most important grain yield component in Chinese milk vetch. Flower and pod survival seem to be critical determinants of grain number, which is related to the number of fertile flowers and pods during the anthesis period. Flower and pod growth are frequently considered the key determinants to establish grain number. The objective of this study was to explore the influences of paclobutrazol on flower and pod development, grain-setting characteristics and grain yield in Chinese milk vetch under different concentrations of foliar spray and try to explore the physiological regulatory mechanisms. Field experiments were carried out during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons at the Dayuzhuang experimental field. The experiment involved the Chinese milk vetch cultivar “Xinzi No. 1” and six levels of foliar application of paclobutrazol, 0, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mg L-1, in treatments CK, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. Foliar spray was applied once, at the squaring stage. In comparison with the CK treatment, all of the paclobutrazol treatments yielded, to various degrees, increased values of the number of inflorescences per unit area, number of pods per unit area, grain-setting rate of pods, and number of grains per pod in all six inflorescence layers, with the largest increases observed in the T3 treatment. In the T3 treatment compared with the CK treatment, from the first to sixth inflorescence layers, the number of inflorescences per unit area was increased by 34.07–58.97%, the number of pods per unit area was increased by 39.69–68.35%, the grain number per pod was increased by 44.31–53.69%, and the grain-setting rate of pods was increased by 1.84–4.89%. An analysis of yield composition revealed that the paclobutrazol spray treatment had little impact on the grain weight of Chinese milk vetch. The correlations between the concentration of paclobutrazol spray and the grain yield of Chinese milk vetch reached a significant level. Grain yield was highest at the paclobutrazol concentration of 373.10 mg/L. The inflorescence contents of gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were reduced, whereas that of cytokinin (CTK) was increased, by foliar application of paclobutrazol (400 mg L-1, T3 treatment) relative to CK treatment during the stages of flowers and pods developing into grains.

Contribution of osmotic adjustment to grain yield in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench under water-limited conditions. I. Water stress before anthesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Santamaria ◽  
MM Ludlow ◽  
S Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Maturity Groups

The contribution of osmotic adjustment to grain yield in Sorghum bicolor (L.) subjected to water stress before anthesis was studied using six entries. Three of the entries (Goldrush, E57, and DK470) were selected for high osmotic adjustment and the other three (Texas 6 1 OSR, Texas 67 1, and SC 219-9-1 9-1) for low osmotic adjustment, and divided into early, intermediate and late maturity groups. Entries were either well watered, or subjected to a 41-day period of water shortage prior to anthesis and well watered for the remainder of their growth. Entries selected for higher osmotic adjustment developed higher levels of osmotic adjustment during the pre-anthesis stress period than those selected for low osmotic adjustment in intermediate and late maturity groups, but not in the early group. However, the level of osmotic adjustment was not related to the maturity group, when water stress was imposed at the same developmental stage. Entries with high osmotic adjustment produced higher grain yields than those with low osmotic adjustment. The response varied from 15% for the mean of all maturity groups to 34% for the mean of intermediate and late groups, where there were significant differences in osmotic adjustment. The higher mean grain yield was due mainly to a larger grain number (19%). Even though entries with high osmotic adjustment bad a greater root length, soil water extraction and dry matter production during the pre-anthesis stress period, there was no significant difference in dry matter yield at physiological maturity between low and high osmotic adjustment groups. Consequently, the higher mean grain yield was related solely to a higher harvest index (27%), which was associated with a higher distribution index (25%) and a higher grain number (19%). A detailed analysis is given of the mechanisms by which osmotic adjustment contributed to grain yield in plants subjected to a pre-anthesis stress.

Contribution of Stem Dry Matter to Grain Yield in Wheat Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Pheloung ◽  
KHM Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Field experiments were conducted in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia in a dry year with and without irrigation (1987) and in a wet year (1988), comparing three cultivars of wheat differing in height and yield potential. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of remobilisable stem dry matter to grain dry matter under different water regimes in old and modern wheats. Stem non-structural carbohydrate was labelled with 14C 1 day after anthesis and the activity and weight of this pool and the grain was measured at 2, 18 and 58 days after anthesis. Gutha and Kulin, modern tall and semi-dwarf cultivars respectively, yielded higher than Gamenya, a tall older cultivar in all conditions, but the percentage reduction in yield under water stress was greater for the modern cultivars (41, 34 and 23%). In the grain of Gamenya, the increase in 14C activity after the initial labelling was highest under water stress. Generally, loss of 14C activity from the non-structural stem dry matter was less than the increase in grain activity under water stress but similar to or greater than grain activity increase under well watered conditions. Averaged over environments and cultivars, non-structural dry matter stored in the stem contributed at least 20% of the grain dry matter.

Growth and yield studies of Lupinus angustifolius and L. albus in Victoria

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Boundy ◽  
TG Reeves ◽  
HD Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of serial planting on dry matter production, leaf area, grain yield and yield components cf Lupinus angustifoiius (cvv. Uniwhite, Uniharvest and Unicrop) and L. albus (cv. Ultra) was investigated in field plots at Rutherglen in 1973 and 1974. Delayed planting reduced dry matter production of all cultivars, and leaf area for Ultra. Differences in dry matter partitioning were observed between the late flowering Uniharvest, and the early flowering Unicrop and Ultra. In Uniharvest, delayed plantings resulted in a greater proportion of total dry matter being produced during the flowering phase, whereas the reverse was true for Unicrop and Ultra. The later flowering cultivars showed marked grain yield and yield component reduction with later sowing. Yields were reduced by 160.6 kg/ha and 222.5 kg/ha for each week's delay in sowing Uniharvest and Uniwhite, respectively. This effect was offset in the early flowering cultivars by greater development of lateral branches. In addition, when Unicrop and Ultra were planted in April, pod and flower abortion on the main stem resulted from low temperatures at flowering time. Optimum sowing time was early April for Uniwhite and Uniharvest, and early May for Unicrop and Ultra. Excellent vegetative growth under ideal moisture conditions highlighted the poor harvest indices of lupins and the scope for genetic improvement in the genus.

The growth and yield of uniculm and tillered barley over a range of sowing rates

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute

The growth and yield of two lines of uniculm barley, WID-103 and WID-105, were compared over a range of sowing rates (50-400 kg/ha) with the commercial varieties Galleon and Schooner. The experiments were conducted at Strathalbyn, S.A., in 1986, 1987 and 1988 and at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in 1987. A third tillered variety, Clipper, was included in the comparison in 1988. Over the three years plant populations measured early in the season ranged from 39/m2 to 709/m2, and grain yields from 97 to 41 1 g/m2. Dry matter production at ear emergence increased with greater plant density, and both the tillered varieties and the uniculm lines showed similar responses to higher sowing rates. At maturity, dry matter production of the tillered barleys was greater than or equal to that of the uniculms and the harvest indices (HIs) of the two types were similar. Consequently, grain yields of the tillered types were greater than or equal to the yields of the uniculms. Over the four experiments the tillered varieties had a 6% higher yield. The number of ears/m2 was the yield component most affected by plant density in both the tillered and uniculm barleys. The uniculm lines had more spikelets/ear, but tended to set fewer grains/spikelet and produce smaller kernels. The experiments failed to demonstrate any advantage of the uniculm habit to the grain yield of barley. These results differ from previous experiments that showed that a uniculm line, WID-101, had a higher yield than the tillered variety Clipper. It is suggested that the uniculm habit per se was not the cause of this higher yield, but its higher HI resulted in it outyielding Clipper. Current varieties, however, have HIs similar to the uniculm lines and yield equally to or more than the uniculm barleys examined. To further improve the grain yield of uniculm barley, greater dry matter production is necessary as the HIs of these lines are already high.

scholarly journals Variation of Water-Soluble Carbohydrates and Grain Yield in Iranian Cold Barley Promising Lines Under Well-Watered and Water Stress Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Soleiman Mohammadi ◽  
Reza Kas Nazani ◽  
Ayda Hosseinzadeh Mahootchi ◽  
Keiwan Ftohi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate promising lines in terms of grain yield and water-soluble carbohydrates remobiliza-tion, an experiment with fifteen promising lines and two checks was carried out under full irrigation and terminal water stress conditions at Miyandoab Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station. Mobilized dry matter content and remobilization percentage from shoot to grain under water deficit (177mg)(11.2%) were greater than those under well watering condition. The lowest (110 mg) and the highest (260mg) mobilized dry matter to grain were obtained for C-79-18 and C-83-15lines, respectively. Water deficit reduced grain yield of barley genotypes by 200-1600 kg/ha, and mean grain yield reduction was 800 kg/ha. Line 14 with 5.880and 5.300t/ha grain yield in favorable and water stress conditions was superior to the other lines. Under water deficit condition, line 14 had greater grain yieldby20% and 38% than the Bahman and Makouee cultivars, respectively. The results showed that greater grain yield in tolerant lines under water deficit was due to remobilization of unstructured carbohydrates from shoot to grain. Thus, it seems that selection of lines with higher translocated dry matter and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilate in grain filling under water stress, the suitable way for achieving genotypes with high grain yield under water stress condition.

Studies of grain production in Sorghum vulgare. II. Sites responsible for grain dry matter production during the post-anthesis period

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS Fischer ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matter Production

The relative contributions of different photosynthetic sites to the filling of the grain in grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare cv. Brolga) were estimated by measuring the 14C in the grain after exposing various leaves and the head to radioactive carbon dioxide. Methods for preventing photosynthesis were also used. Of the grain yield, 93% was due to assimilation by the head and upper four leaves. The head contribution of 18 % was due equally to direct assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and to reassimilation of carbon dioxide released within the grain by respiration of material translocated from the leaves. The remaining 75 % was equally assimilated by the upper four leaves, the flag leaf being the most efficient contributor per unit area and the third uppermost leaf the least efficient. The percentage contributions to the grain by the flag leaf and fourth leaf, estimated from the decrease in grain yield when they were shaded, agreed closely with the estimates obtained by using 14CO2.

scholarly journals Identification and characterization of a natural polymorphism in FT-A2 associated with increased number of grains per spike in wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Glenn ◽  
Junli Zhang ◽  
Gina Brown-Guedira ◽  
Noah DeWitt ◽  
Jason P. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike

Abstract Key message We discovered a natural FT-A2 allele that increases grain number per spike in both pasta and bread wheat with limited effect on heading time. Abstract Increases in wheat grain yield are necessary to meet future global food demands. A previous study showed that loss-of-function mutations in FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) increase spikelet number per spike (SNS), an important grain yield component. However, these mutations were also associated with reduced fertility, offsetting the beneficial effect of the increases in SNS on grain number. Here, we report a natural mutation resulting in an aspartic acid to alanine change at position 10 (D10A) associated with significant increases in SNS and no negative effects on fertility. Using a high-density genetic map, we delimited the SNS candidate region to a 5.2-Mb region on chromosome 3AS including 28 genes. Among them, only FT-A2 showed a non-synonymous polymorphism (D10A) present in two different populations segregating for the SNS QTL on chromosome arm 3AS. These results, together with the known effect of the ft-A2 mutations on SNS, suggest that variation in FT-A2 is the most likely cause of the observed differences in SNS. We validated the positive effects of the A10 allele on SNS, grain number, and grain yield per spike in near-isogenic tetraploid wheat lines and in an hexaploid winter wheat population. The A10 allele is present at very low frequency in durum wheat and at much higher frequency in hexaploid wheat, particularly in winter and fall-planted spring varieties. These results suggest that the FT-A2 A10 allele may be particularly useful for improving grain yield in durum wheat and fall-planted common wheat varieties.

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