Reduced growth and yield of wheat with conservation cropping. I. Field studies in the first year of the cropping phase

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Kirkegaard ◽  
JF Angus ◽  
PA Gardner ◽  
W Muller
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Direct Drilling

An experiment was conducted on a red earth at Harden, N.S.W., to investigate the effects of tillage and stubble management on the growth and yield of wheat in the first year of conservation cropping. Treatments involved stubble-management systems of incorporation, burning or retention combined with tillage systems of either direct drilling or minimum tillage. The experiment was conducted on an oat stubble of 3.9 t ha-1. Direct drilling and stubble retention both reduced seedling growth by 15%, compared to cultivated and stubble burnt treatments, but had no effect on plant density or tillering. The effects on shoot growth were additive and persisted until maturity, leading to grain yields which varied from 2.16 t ha-1 for the stubble-mulched, direct-drilled treatment to 3.20 t ha-1 for the burned-stubble, minimum-till treatment. Direct drilling reduced the total root length in the profile (0-160 cm) at anthesis by 40%, but there was no effect of stubble retention. Reduced shoot growth and rooting depth on direct-drilled and stubble-retained treatments reduced the recovery of water and mineral N by the crop and increased the leaching of mineral N below the root zone. Early shoot growth reductions on direct-drilled plots were not related to levels of soil water, mineral nitrogen (N) or soil temperature. Reduced shoot growth was associated with increased severity of Rhizoctonia in some direct drilled plots, but growth reductions often occurred in the absence of obvious symptoms. High soil strength (>2 MPa) in the top 10 cm of soil may have contributed to reduced growth, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. Reduced growth associated with the presence of stubble was not caused by immobilization of N or increased leaf disease, although reduced soil temperatures may have been partly responsible.

Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Control in Processing Peas (Pisum sativum) and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Mcnevin ◽  
R. Gordon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Field studies in 1978 and 1979 evaluated the effectiveness of single and combination herbicide treatments in processing peas (Pisum sativumL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] for the control of wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL.). Eight treatments that included dinitroaniline herbicides controlled wild proso millet adequately through the entire growing season of the early-planted peas (approximately 60 days). Wild proso millet emergence and growth in untreated peas was suppressed by the early emergence, rapid growth, and high plant density of the drill-planted crop. Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.8 kg/ha stunted pea growth and was the only treatment that reduced yields significantly. No herbicide treatment evaluated in soybeans controlled wild proso millet adequately for the entire growing season without reducing soybean growth and yield. Treatments containing dinitroaniline herbicides, which controlled wild proso millet in peas and resulted in good yield, did not perform similarly in soybeans.

scholarly journals Modelling plant yield and quality response of fresh-market spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to mineral nitrogen availability in the root zone

2018 ◽  
pp. 248-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Massa ◽  
Luca Incrocci ◽  
Luca Botrini ◽  
Giulia Carmassi ◽  
Cecilia Diara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield And Quality

Spinach is one of the most important green-leafy vegetables, consumed worldwide, and its intake is beneficial for human beings. In this crop, produce yield and quality are closely related to plant nitrogen (N) nutrition. A precise supply of N is also essential for high environmental and economic sustainability. Main aims of the work were: i) to establish relationships between produce yield or quality and mineral N availability in the root zone; and ii) to define an optimal mineral N level to be maintained in the root zone for spinach. Eight experiments were carried out during a four-year-long period under typical Mediterranean climate conditions. Different amounts of N fertilisers were supplied leading to twenty different levels of mineral N in the root zone. Experimental measurements included climate parameters, plant growth, tissue and soil analyses, produce yield and quality indicators. A segmented linear model significantly represented the relationship between crop yield (1.7 to 21.7 t ha–1) and soil mineral N concentration (7.6 to 41.0 mg kg–1). Basing on this model, an optimal mineral N threshold was fixed at 23.4 mg kg–1. Above this threshold, crop yield did not show any significant variations as well as tissue characteristics and produce quality. Plants grown under suboptimal N levels showed reduction in growth, tissue mineral (nutrients) content, and SPAD index. The proposed models could be implemented in fertilisation protocols for the optimization of N supply and the estimation of spinach growth and yield.

scholarly journals Planting-hole Amendments Modify Growth and Fruiting of Apples on Replant Sites

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
J. Beulah ◽  
E.J. Hogue ◽  
R. Utkhede
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Replant Problem ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cu Nutrition

The effects of various nonfumigant planting-hole treatments on growth and yield of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were measured during the first 3 years after planting. Eight orchards diagnosed as having a replant problem were monitored. First-year shoot growth, the number of blossoms in the second year (inmost orchards), and first-year trunk cross-sectional area increment (TCAI) in 50% of test orchards were increased by monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer+ peat, MAP+ mancozeb, or MAP + peat + a bacterial antagonist. By the end of year 3, TCAI generally was not affected by treatments, but treatments resulted in more blossoms by the third season in two of seven orchards that blossomed in the second season. Cumulative yield after 3 years increased significantly in only three orchards, with the best treatment, MAP+ peat, resulting in cost recovery in only one orchard. Inadequate K or Cu nutrition may have reduced growth in some of the orchards, which were characterized by a wide range in yields, independent of planting-hole treatment.

Improving the performance of canola in retained wheat stubble

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Bruce ◽  
M. H. Ryan ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
J. Pratley
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Early Effects

Four field experiments investigated strategies to reduce the negative effects of surface-retained wheat stubble on the emergence, growth, and yield of canola. All experiments compared 3 stubble treatments: (1) no stubble (stubble removed or burnt); (2) stubble-spread (6 t/ha wheat stubble evenly distributed on the surface); and (3) stubble-inter-row (6 t/ha stubble distributed on the inter-rows only). Seedling emergence was reduced in the presence of evenly spread stubble compared with no stubble, and the emerged seedlings had longer hypocotyls, reduced leaf number, and reduced biomass. Reduced shoot growth was not associated with lower shoot N concentration. These early effects on shoot growth persisted at 3 of the 4 sites, resulting in average yield reductions of 26% (range 0–59%) in the stubble-spread treatments compared with no stubble. Restricting stubble to the inter-rows resulted in an initial reduction in seedling growth compared with no stubble, but this difference had diminished by flowering. The yield for the stubble inter-row treatment was similar to no stubble at 2 sites and intermediate between no stubble and stubble-spread at the other 2 sites, with an overall yield reduction of 5.3% compared with no stubble. The results indicate that the negative effects on canola performance of surface-retained wheat stubble can be largely eliminated by adopting sowing techniques that push wheat stubble away from the seeding row and onto the inter-row. This provides a viable option to stubble burning and maintains the benefits of stubble retention.

scholarly journals The effect of the intensity and method of pruning on the growth and yield of the apple variety ’Idared’ under conditions of ecological and integrated growing systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dremák ◽  
I. Gonda ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
J. Nyéki
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
The Third ◽  
Made In

Summary: On the Experimental Farm of the Debrecen University at Pallag, a factorial experiment has been started at springtime of 2008 on an orchard of 12 year old apple trees ’Idared’ grafts on M 26 understocks. The first factor was the growing system (integrated versus ecological), the second was the intensity of pruning (strong versus moderate thinning of the crown), whereas the third was the method of pruning (shortening versus thinning of individual shoots). Measurements have been concentrated on shoot growth, flower initiation, fruit set and accumulated yield of two successive seasons. The following conclusions are made.– In the ecological growing system, strong thinning proved to be beneficial for growth as well as for fruit bearing. – Strong thinning combined with shortening of shoots diminished yield in the first year, whereasmoderate thinning combined with shortening of shoots caused favourable growth and fruit bearing.– In the ecological growing system, the moderate shoot growth was associated with better flower initiation, which increases the chances of alternate yielding.– According to our results, the flower initiation of the ‘Idared’ was stimulated univocally by the thinning of shoots regardless of the intensity of pruning.The right choice of the intensity and method of pruning is a decisive moment of a successful yield in the ecological apple growing system

scholarly journals FERTIGATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREE GROWTH, CROPPING, AND DRY WEIGHT PARTITIONING

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 620b-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Robinson ◽  
W. C Stiles ◽  
A. N. Lakso
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Total Tree

In two field studies with `Redchief Delicious'/MM.106, 'Empire'/M.9/MM.106 and 'Mutsu'/M.9/MM. 106 trees on fertile silt loam soils, trickle irrigation increased vegetative growth during the first three years and resulted in a 16%-20% increase in cumulative yield over the first five years. When fertilizer was injected into the irrigation water weekly from mid-April until the end of June, tree growth was further increased and cumulative yield was improved an additional 11%-15% for a total of 27%-35% greater yield than the non-irrigated trees. In these studies, ground fertilization did not improve growth or yield unless trickle irrigation was also applied. However, ground fertilization was not as effective as fertigation. Irrigation and fertigation increased the dry weight of roots by 23% and that of shoots by 36% in the first year resulting in a 10% reduction in the root/shoot ratio. Total tree dry weight was increased by 30% if trees were planted early (April 14) but only 14% if trees were planted late (June 10). Early planting resulted in 17% greater cumulative yield than trees planted late. Initial tree caliper also had a significant effect on early growth and yield with large caliper trees yielding 12% more than the small caliper trees. The interaction of planting date, tree caliper and fertigation resulted in a 50%-70% increase in yield during the first five years.

Effects of subsurface drainage, cultivation, and stubble retention on soil porosity and crop growth in a high rainfall area

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Gardner ◽  
MF Drendel ◽  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
High Rainfall Area

Wheat, triticale, and rapeseed growth and yield were studied under various tillage (conventional, deep ripping, direct drilling) and stubble-handling (burnt, retained) regimes with and without drainage at Hamilton in south-western Victoria from 1985 to 1987. Grain yield was increased from about 2 to >4 t/ha by drainage in both years; however, effects of other treatments, although significant, were much less. Soil structure (as measured by fractional air-filled porosity at -5 J/kg) deteriorated during winter and recovered during spring and summer. A laboratory experiment showed that this variation in soil structure resulted from saturation per se and redrying. In the field, the decline in porosity was most pronounced with cultivation and the absence of drainage, but overall, the effects of stubble retention and tillage treatments were small. There was a significant positive relationship between yield and porosity on undrained areas, but not where drains were present. Drainage reduced soil structural decline during winter, while stubble retention reduced the decline in porosity in the cultivated-undrained treatment in 1987.

scholarly journals Potential of Biochar Application to Mitigate Salinity Stress in Eggplant

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1946-1955
Author(s):  
Ved Parkash ◽  
Sukhbir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Photosynthesis Rate ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Salinity Levels

Salinity stress is among the major abiotic stresses prevailing in arid and semiarid areas such as the southern high plains of the United States. In these areas, both declining quality of groundwater and cultivation practices have resulted in increased accumulation of salts in the root zone. The occurrence of excessive salts in the root zone is detrimental for plant growth and economic yield. Recently, biochar has received a great consideration as a soil amendment to mitigate the detrimental impacts of salinity stress. However, the effectiveness of biochar to mitigate the salinity stress depends on the feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature and time, soil type and properties, and plant species. Therefore, a pot experiment in a greenhouse was conducted to 1) examine the effects of salinity stress on physiology, shoot and root growth, and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), and 2) evaluate the potential of hardwood biochar and softwood biochar to mitigate the damaging effects of salinity stress on eggplant. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three salinity levels of irrigation water [S0 (control, 0.04 dS·m−1), S1 (2 dS·m−1), and S2 (4 dS·m−1)] as main-plot factor and three biochar treatments [B0 (control, non-biochar), Bh (hardwood biochar), and Bs (softwood biochar)] as subplot factor with four replications. Results showed that stomatal conductance (gS) and photosynthesis rate decreased significantly, while leaf temperature and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with increase in irrigation water salinity levels. Root growth (root length density and root surface area density), shoot growth (plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area), and yield of eggplant declined with increase in levels of salinity stress. Biochar application helped to enhance gS and photosynthesis rate, and to decrease leaf temperature and electrolyte leakage in leaf tissues of plants. This resulted in better root growth, shoot growth, and fruit yield of eggplant in treatments amended with biochar than non-biochar (control) treatment. There was no significant difference in the effect of two types of biochars (hardwood and softwood biochar) on physiology, root growth, shoot growth, and yield of eggplant. Therefore, it can be concluded that softwood and hardwood biochars could be used to minimize the detrimental impacts of salinity stress in eggplant.

Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
IB Mason ◽  
GN Howe
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Growth Differences

In a comparison of tillage treatments over a 3 year cropping phase (1982-84) following clover ley on a red-brown earth soil, long (9 months) and short (3 months) cultivated fallow gave the highest average wheat yields (2.80 t/ha). Cultivated fallow in year 1, followed by direct drill without fallow in years 2 and 3 yielded 2.66 t/ha, while direct drill without fallow every year averaged 2.43 t/ha (full disturbance at sowing) or 2.25 t/ha (minimum disturbance). Stubble retention when combined with direct drilling reduced yield further. Herbicide fallow followed by direct drilling gave the same yield as cultivated fallow in 1 year but a lower yield in another. Long fallow accumulated significantly more total soil water and mineral nitrogen in 2 years out of 3, while short fallow had no effect in any year. Plant population and early growth were reduced each year by the absence of fallow and by direct drilling, and also by residue retention; plant nitrogen and phosphorus status also tended to be reduced. In the absence of soil water differences at sowing and in the wetter 2 years, final grain yield differences, although always relatively smaller than early growth differences, were related to these differences in early growth which, it is concluded, reflect the main underlying cause of reduced yield with direct drilling. Reductions occurred even with a dry spring when direct drilled crops had clearly better soil and plant water status. In the driest year (1982) yield differences were small despite early growth differences. Sowing of all treatments was delayed in 2 years out of 3 because of top soil dryness in no-fallow plots. Some cultivated fallow crops showed a tendency to 'hay off' (i.e. markedly reduced harvest index and kernel weights) when the grain filling period was dry. The incidence of yellow leaf spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis) and root diseases, although low, was greater in direct drilled crops, even after stubble burning.

Effect of planting density on growth and yield of irrigated maize (Zea mays) in the Batinah Coast region of Oman

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Esechie
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Coast Region

SUMMARYField studies were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to investigate the effect of planting density on growth and yield of maize under irrigation in the Batinah Coast region, an arid zone in the Sultanate of Oman. Two maize cultivars, Eperon and Challenger, were grown at three densities (24000, 48000 and 74000 plants/ha). Grain yield was highest at 48000 plants/ha. Leaf area index (LAI) increased with increase in plant density but was not related to grain yield. Lodging was highly correlated with shelling percentage.

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