Inoculation with root nodulating bacteria reduces the susceptibility of Medicago truncatula and Lupinus angustifolius to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and addition of nitrate partially reverses the effect

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Wahyuni ◽  
JW Randles
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Acetylene Reduction Activity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Virus Content

The susceptibility of Medicago truncatula ssp. truncatula (barrel medic) cv. Jemalong and Lupinus angustifolius (lupin) cv. Illyarrie and Gungurru to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was reduced by prior inoculation of seedlings with commercial strains of root nodulating bacteria (Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium, respectively). This effect was observed both with strains of CMV originating from legumes and with strains originating from non-legumes. The virus content of the nodulated plants which were successfully inoculated was not markedly affected by nodulation, indicating that nodulation affected susceptibility to inoculation, and not the ability of CMV to replicate. In lupins, the reduction in susceptibility followed mechanical and graft inoculation of plants with virus. The effect was first noted at about the time that acetylene reduction activity (ARA) was first detected and just before nodules appeared. Virus-infected lupins showed a delay in the development of nodules and a reduced ARA, compared with uninfected plants, indicating that there was a two-way interaction between the virus and Bradyrhizobium. Different growth conditions did not affect the ARA values, the severity of symptoms or the susceptibility of lupin to CMV. A minimum level of nitrate was required for medic growth both with and without the root nodulating bacteria. The addition of higher levels of nitrate to the nutrient solution partially reversed the effect of the nodulating bacteria, in that it increased the susceptibility of the plants. Medics not inoculated with Rhizobium and supplied with a high concentration of nitrate were the most susceptible to CMV. In a test to compare competent with incompetent bacteria, Rhizobium strain 1021 (which fixes N2) and its mutant, Rm 1491 (which does not fix N2), did not differ in their effect on susceptibility. Aggregates of virus particles and crystals of virus were found in nodule cells of medic plants, but virus particles and bacteroids were not found in the same cell. Individual and aggregated virus particles were commonly located along the cell wall of cells free of bacteroids. It is concluded that infection by root nodulating bacteria and external nitrogen supplementation have opposite effects on the susceptibility of barrel medic and lupin to CMV, and that CMV, in turn, reduces the effectiveness of the symbiosis between these bacteria and their host. Nodulation has little effect on virus replication, and both virus and bacteroids occur in the same nodule tissue.

Effects of sowing seed with different levels of infection, plant density and the growth stage at which plants first develop symptoms on cucumber mosaic-virus infection of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius)

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Bwye ◽  
RAC Jones ◽  
W Proudlove
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Sowing Seed

During 1990-92, narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) cv. Gungurru, were grown in six field experiments in which plots were sown with healthy seed or seed that carried 0.5-5% infection with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Seed-infected plants were the primary source for subsequent virus spread by aphids. The rate of CMV spread and the extent of infection in plots depended on the level of infection in the seed sown, the proportion of infected seeds that successfully developed into established plants and the time of arrival and number of aphid vectors. In general, higher seed infection levels, better establishment of seed-infected plants and early aphid arrival favoured greater virus spread, yield loss and infection in the harvested seed. In 1991, in two experiments, late arrival of aphids resulted in minimal CMV spread, no effect on yield and much less infection in the harvested seed than in the seed sown. In the other four experiments, significant yield losses (25-42%) always resulted when seed with 5% or 3% infection was sown. Sowing 1% infected seed resulted in significantly decreased yields in two experiments, while 0.75% and 0.5% infected seed caused significant losses in one experiment (16-19% losses). Yield decreases were due to both fewer seeds being formed and decreased seed size. Levels of infection in harvested seed did not exceed 15%. In a further field experiment in 1991, individual plants that developed CMV symptoms before initiation of flowering or during flowering had significantly smaller yields than those that developed symptoms after flowering had finished. In four field experiments during 1990-91, 10-15% CMV-infected lupin seed was sown at rates of 20-150 kg ha-1 to generate a range of plant densities. The numbers of seed-infected plants were recorded at different times. The extent of loss of seed-infected plants due to shading by neighbouring healthy plants depended on plant density and the time when canopy closure developed. Where no canopy formed there was little or no loss of seed-infected plants, while early canopy formation at high plant density was most effective in removing them. Current-season spread was also decreased by early canopy formation and high plant density, but this effect was smaller when aphids arrived early. This work supports recommendations for management of CMV infection in lupins by sowing seed with low infection (<0.5%) to minimize infection sources, and sowing early at high seeding rates to remove seed-infected plants through improved canopy formation.

scholarly journals Lack of Seed Coat Contamination with Cucumber mosaic virus in Lupin Permits Reliable, Large-Scale Detection of Seed Transmission in Seed Samples

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna C. O'Keefe ◽  
David I. Berryman ◽  
Brenda A. Coutts ◽  
Roger A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Content ◽  
Seed Coats

Sowing seed stocks with minimal virus content provides a key control measure in preventing damaging epidemics of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in crops of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). A seed testing service provides an estimate of percent CMV infection based on a dry seed test in which bulked subsamples of ungerminated seed are ground to a fine powder for testing. When enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used, CMV antiserum that gave low background optical density (A405) values with extracts of powder from subsamples of healthy seed provided greatest accuracy, readily detecting one infected seed in subsamples of 100 seeds. In comparative ELISAs on duplicate subsamples from eight different seed stocks, germination and dry seed tests always gave similar percent infection values. When seed coats were separated from the embryos of CMV-infected and healthy lupin seeds before testing by ELISA, the virus was only detected in embryos from infected seeds and never in their seed coats. Treatment with trisodium phosphate did not alter the low ELISA optical density (A405) values obtained with seed coats separated from infected seeds. Therefore, seed coat contamination with CMV is lacking in lupin, justifying large-scale routine use of a dry seed test to estimate percent virus infection in commercial seed samples.

The effect of alfalfa mosaic virus on productivity of annual barrel medic, Medicago truncatula

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Dall ◽  
JW Randles ◽  
RIB Francki
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Pot Trials

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) infection of the annual barrel medic, Medicago truncatula, has been shown to cause significant reductions in growth and productivity in field and pot trials. The degree of reduction was dependent on the medic cultivar and the virus isolate. In some experiments herbage production was reduced by more than 50%. Although infection did not appear to be associated with significant changes in root growth, root nodulation of infected plants was about one-third less than that of healthy plants. Two AMV isolates showed different effects on seed production. Infection with one virus isolate was associated with a 15-30% decrease in seed production, and the virus was detected in more than 2% of seed from the infected plants, whereas the other isolate failed to reduce seed yield and did not appear to infect any seeds.

Structural and biological properties of Cucumber mosaic virus particles carrying hepatitis C virus-derived epitopes

2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nuzzaci ◽  
I. Bochicchio ◽  
A. De Stradis ◽  
A. Vitti ◽  
A. Natilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Virus Particles

scholarly journals Cucumber mosaic virus pada Tanaman Lada di Yogyakarta dan Bangka Belitung

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Emerensiana - Uge ◽  
Sri Sulandari ◽  
Sedyo - Hartono ◽  
Susamto - Somowiyarjo
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Long Time

Cucumber mosaic virus on Black Pepper in Yogyakarta and Bangka BelitungPepper  (Piper  nigrum)  is  spice  crop  which  has  been  cultivated  a  long  time  ago  in  Indonesia. Stunting is one of disease on pepper caused by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The research aimed to diagnose the biological, morphological and nucleaic acid characters of CMV on pepper in Yogyakarta and Bangka Belitung. CMV infection on pepper in both area (Putat dan Kleben village, Yogyakarta and Air Buluh village, Bangka Belitung) showed typical symptoms such as mosaic, narrow leaves and stunting. The disease incidence and disease severity of stunting disease are varies. The virus able to transmitted by cutting, grafting and mechanically on Nicotiana tabacum and Chenopodium amaranticolor. However, it was unable to transmitted mechanically on pepper and by Aphis gossypii. The virus particles were isometric with diameter size 28-30 nm. RT-PCR using coat protein partial gene primer successfully amplified a DNA with size ± 500 bp from all three samples. The homology of nucleotide between three isolates was 98-97%, while the highest homology of those three strains CMV  from Yogyakarta and Bangka Belitung was 98% against strains from China in Brassica chinensis. Three strains CMV from pepper were in the same group, and separated from CMV pepper lines from Indonesia and other CMV isolates. 

Effects of different cultural practices on spread of cucumber mosaic virus in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius)

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bwye ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
W. Proudlove
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Wide Row Spacing

Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) was sown in 7 field experiments to examine the effects of cultural practices on incidence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The factors investigated were row spacing, banding fertiliser below seed, straw groundover, and tillage. The seed sown carried 5–15% CMV infection. Seed-infected plants were the primary source for subsequent virus spread by aphids. Incidence of seed-infected plants and the extent of virus spread were gauged by counting numbers of lupin plants showing typical seed-borne and current-season CMV symptoms. Due to greater competition with other plants within wide than narrow rows, wide row spacing diminished the survival of seed-infected plants by 46%. Increased plant growth from banding superphosphate below seed did not significantly decrease numbers of seed-infected plants surviving. Straw spread on the soil surface suppressed final CMV incidence by 25–40% and, when applied at different rates, diminished recorded CMV incidence more at 4 than 2 t/ha and least at 1 t/ha. Where there was no straw, CMV incidence increased faster with narrow spacing than wide spacing. Soil disturbance from sowing seed with double discs instead of tynes significantly increased incidences of both seed-borne and current-season infection and diminished grain yield. Neither straw nor row spacing treatments significantly affected grain yield, but the decrease in CMV spread due to straw ground cover significantly increased individual seed weight once and overall yields were greater with straw. Myzus persicae was the main colonising aphid species but Aphis craccivora and Acyrthosiphon kondoi also colonised the lupins. There were significantly fewer colonising M. persicae in plots with 4 t/ha of straw than in those with none. This work suggests that stubble retention, minimum tillage, and wide row spacing should be included as components of an integrated disease management strategy for CMVin L. angustifolius crops.

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