A simulation model of kenaf for assisting fibre industry planning in northern Australia. V. Impact of different crop traits

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Muchow ◽  
PS Carberry
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Growth Simulation

The production potential of rainfed kenaf in the Northern Territory (NT) (latitude 12-15�S.) has been assessed using a growth simulation model for the cultivar Guatemala 4. However, this raises the important question of how well-suited is this cultivar, and what are the likely yield gains which might be obtained by breeding or selecting a different cultivar. Answering these questions with conventional experimentation would be expensive, given the variable yield response among seasons associated with rainfall variability in the NT. Accordingly, the kenaf growth simulation model NTKENAF was used in conjunction with long-term climatic data for two sites in the NT to assess the value of different plant traits relative to Guatemala 4, that are potential selection criteria in plant breeding. Extending the duration from sowing to flowering resulted in relatively small gains in stem yield over Guatemala 4, but substantial yield losses were predicted by using an earlier flowering cultivar. Increasing the efficiency of water use (higher transpiration efficiency) greatly increased yield, and was the most risk-efficient crop improvement strategy. Unfortunately, the prospects for improving transpiration efficiency of kenaf by plant breeding remain uncertain. Increasing the amount of water available for crop growth by greater extent of soil water extraction had little effect on yield in this water-limited environment. Changing the yield potential of kenaf by altering the photosynthetic capacity (higher radiation use efficiency) was risk-efficient in some situations, but the mean yield change was relatively small. It is concluded from the simulation analysis, that the standard cultivar Guatemala 4 is well-suited to the NT environment.

scholarly journals Model Simulasi dan Visualisasi Prediksi Potensi Hasil dan Produksi Kedelai di Jawa Timur

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Bambang S. Koentjoro ◽  
Imas S. Sitanggang ◽  
Abdul Karim Makarim
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Growth Simulator

<p>The prediction of national soybean yield and production could be improved its accuracy by integrating a simulation model and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The objective of this research was to integrate a simulation model with a GIS, to predict the potential yield and production of soybean in the soybean production centers of East Java. This study was conducted from December 2013 till May 2014. The approach used in this study was a systems approach using a simulation model as solution to the problem. The model is SUCROS.SIM (Simple Universal Crops Growth Simulator), which was written using Powersim software and Spreadsheet in order to be fully integrated with GIS. The initial phase of the integration process between SUCROS.SIM and GIS are as follows (a) model validation, using input data of soybean plant assimilate partitioning, (b) climatic data (solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures) collected from the climatological station (BMKG) Karangploso Malang and (c) observation data of soybean yields of two varieties (Wilis and Argomulyo) at Muneng Experiment Station. It was found that the coefficients of determination of simulation model of soybean yield potential (R2) range from 0.945-0.992 and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) values range from 0.11 to 0.25 t/ha. The average of soybean yield potential and production in 2012 at soybean production centers of East Java were 1.94 t/ha and 293,459 ton, respectively. The conclusion is SUCROS.SIM valid to be integrated with GIS.</p>

New and novel genetic tools for improving crops.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (028) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penna Suprasanna
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
New Novel ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

Abstract The basic tenet of crop improvement is the novel genetic variability that is achieved through selection, hybridization, mutation and recombination. The new technological innovations of plant breeding offer scope for transforming crop improvement with more precision and resolution. Advances in genomic-based tools and high-throughput phenotyping have enabled the analysis of genetic variation and identification of molecular signatures of agronomic traits. Molecular markers and molecular-marker-assisted breeding have facilitated the speedy selection of new, novel genetic combinations in breeding for high-yielding, stress-tolerant and nutritionally enriched crops. Transgenic methods have revolutionized modification for stress tolerance and higher productivity, and several genetically modified crops are under cultivation. Availability of genome sequencing platforms and genomic resources has significantly contributed to accessing novel genes and validating their functions. Genome-editing tools and recent advances of prime editing are now accessible for precise genetic alteration of plant traits. The new plant breeding tools will certainly foster development of highly productive, improved crop varieties for achieving food security and climate resilience.

A simulation model of kenaf for assisting fibre industry planning in northern Australia. IV. Analysis of climatic risk

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Carberry ◽  
PS Carberry ◽  
RC Muchow ◽  
RC Muchow ◽  
RL McCown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Sowing Dates

The establishment of a pulp and paper industry based on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in semi-arid northern Australia requires clear demonstration of the long-term production potential of kenaf in this region. Owing to the high rainfall variability both within and among seasons, it would be difficult to assess the potential of a new dryland industry from traditional experimentation. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to assess the climatic risks to dryland kenaf production in the Northern Territory (NT) using the kenaf simulation model NTKENAF, which has been developed and validated for this climatic zone. The kenaf model was run, using long-term historical weather data, to determine optimal sowing strategies and expected yields at four representative sites in the NT. In the NT, a codict existed between sowing early, with resulting long duration and high yield potential, but high probability of plant mortality, and sowing later, with more reliable plant population, but shorter duration and lower yields. A general recommendation over all sites was for a sowing window extending from the start of November to mid-December each year; lower yields were simulated for earlier sowing dates due to problems with crop establishment, and for later sowing dates due to crop growth extending past the end of the wet season in most years. However, in circumstances of high rainfall prior to November, there was a yield advantage at several sites from sowing early. Over the 100 years of climatic data for Katherine (14� 28'S.) and sowing when 30 mm rainfall occurred in a 5-day period after 1 November, simulated stem yields for kenaf ranged from 800 to 17200 kg ha-1, with a mean stem yield of 8673 kg ha-1 and coefficient of variation of 42%. At the higher rainfall site of Douglas Daly (13� 48'S.), over 21 seasons and using the same sowing criterion, stem yields ranged from 4490 to 19 200 kg ha-1, with a mean stem yield of 12 509 kg ha-1 and coefficient of variation of 27%. Simulated stem yields were higher at the wettest site of Adelaide River (13� 06'S.) and lowest at the driest site of Larrimah (15� 36'S.). In the planning of a potential kenaf industry in the northern Australia, this research study has provided the essential information of yield probability distributions for kenaf crops grown at selected sites in the NT.

scholarly journals Effect of Rainfall Variability on the Maize Varieties Grown in a Changing Climate: A Case of Smallholder Farming in Hwedza, Zimbabwe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillary Mugiyo ◽  
Tedious Mhizha ◽  
Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Maize Cultivar ◽  
Maize Varieties

Rain-fed maize production has significantly declined in Zimbabwe especially in semi-arid and arid areas causing food insecurity. Erratic rainfall received associated with mid-season dry spells largely contribute to low and variable maize yields. This study involved a survey of current farmers&rsquo; cropping practices, analyses of climatic data (daily rainfall and daily minimum and maximum temperature) of Hwedza station and simulation of maize yield response to climate change using DSSAT CERES crop growth simulation model. The climatic and maize yield data was analysed using mean correlation and regression analyses to establish relationships between rainfall characteristics and maize yield in the study area. Survey results showed that maize was the staple food grown by 100% of the farming households while 8.7% also grew sorghum. The survey concludes that 56.2% of the farmers grew short season varieties, 40.2% medium season varieties and 3.6% long season varieties. The result of the correlation analysis of climatic data and maize yield showed that number of rain days had strong positive relationship (r = 0.7) with maize yield. Non-significant yield differences (p &gt; 0.05) between maize cultivar and planting date criteria were obtained. Highest yields were obtained under the combination of medium season maize cultivar and the DEPTH criterion in all simulations. The range of simulated district average yields of 0.4 t/ha to 1.8 t/ha formed the basis for the development of an operational decision support tool (cropping calendar).

scholarly journals Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5585
Author(s):  
Sajid Fiaz ◽  
Sunny Ahmar ◽  
Sajjad Saeed ◽  
Aamir Riaz ◽  
Freddy Mora-Poblete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Protein System ◽  
Breeding Techniques

A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from Prevotella and Francisella1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated.

Irrigation and crop improvement in temperate and tropical environments

1986 ◽  
Vol 316 (1537) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Seasonal Signals ◽  
The Tropics

There is a strong interaction between irrigation and crop improvement, irrigation creating new opportunities and challenges for plant breeders while depending on their progress for its full benefits to be realized. In temperate environments the primary emphasis is on raising yield potential, especially as irrigation enhances the use of agrichemical inputs. Efficiency of water and energy use through the modification of physiological processes and of sensitivity to stress at various stages of the life cycle is also sought. In tropical environments, breeding for greater yield potential and more comprehensive pest and disease resistance are still important. However, shortening the length of the life cycle, reducing its sensitivity to seasonal signals and increasing yield per day may be more important than raising yield per crop because of the scope for multiple cropping made possible by irrigation in the tropics in the absence of contraints by low temperatures.

scholarly journals Association Mapping for Improvement of Quantitative Traits in Plant Breeding Populations

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-89
Author(s):  
Umesh R Rosyara ◽  
Bal K Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Association Mapping ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Validation Of Results ◽  
Mapping Populations

DNA-based molecular markers have been extensively utilized for mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of interest based on linkage analysis in mapping populations. This is in contrast to human genetics that use of linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based mapping for fine mapping of QTLs using single nucleotide polymorphisms. LD based association mapping (AM) has promise to be used in plants. Possible use of such approach may be for fine mapping of genes / QTLs, identifying favorable alleles for marker aided selection and cross validation of results from linkage mapping for precise location of genes / QTLs of interest. In the present review, we discuss different mapping populations, approaches, prospects and limitations of using association mapping in plant breeding populations. This is expected to create awareness in plant breeders in use of AM in crop improvement activities.Key words: Association mapping; plant breeding; DNA marker; quantitative trait lociDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v2i1.5686  Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Jan.2012, Vol.2(1): 72-89

scholarly journals High-throughput phenotyping reveals a link between transpiration efficiency and transpiration restriction under high evaporative demand and new loci controlling water use-related traits in African rice, Oryza glaberrima Steud.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Affortit ◽  
Branly Effa Effa ◽  
Mame Sokhatil Ndoye ◽  
Daniel Moukouanga ◽  
Nathalie Luchaire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Oryza Glaberrima ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
African Rice ◽  
Use Efficiency

Because water availability is the most important environmental factor limiting crop production, improving water use efficiency, the amount of carbon fixed per water used, is a major target for crop improvement. In rice, the genetic bases of transpiration efficiency, the derivation of water use efficiency at the whole-plant scale, and its putative component trait transpiration restriction under high evaporative demand, remain unknown. These traits were measured in a panel of 147 African rice Oryza glaberrima genotypes, known as potential sources of tolerance genes to biotic and abiotic stresses. Our results reveal that higher transpiration efficiency is associated with transpiration restriction in African rice. Detailed measurements in a subset of highly differentiated genotypes confirmed these associations and suggested that the root to shoot ratio played an important role in transpiration restriction. Genome wide association studies identified marker-trait associations for transpiration response to evaporative demand, transpiration efficiency and its residuals, that links to genes involved in water transport and cell wall patterning. Our data suggest that root shoot partitioning is an important component of transpiration restriction that has a positive effect on transpiration efficiency in African rice. Both traits are heritable and define targets for breeding rice with improved water use strategies.

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