Sulfonylurea herbicides applied to acidic sandy soils: movement, persistence and activity within the growing season

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blacklow ◽  
PC Pheloung
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Late Application ◽  
Lime Addition

Chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron were applied to the surface of acidic, sandy loam at a low rainfall site in 1989 (129 mm June-October) and a high rainfall site in 1990 (217 mm July-August). Four environments were obtained by early and late application times and lime addition in 1989 and by a wetter site in 1990. The pH of the surface 10 cm was 4.9 in 1989, 5.8 in 1990 and 6.5 after the addition of limestone in 1989. The plots were left fallow or sown, prior to herbicide applications, to wheat (cv. Kulin). Hourly averages of rainfall, soil and air temperature were recorded. The temperature range was 2.7�C to 23.2�C. The soil profiles were sampled on 5 to 7 occasions and herbicide residues were determined by a laboratory bioassay (sensitivity >0.4 8g kg-1 soil). Chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron were detected to 300 mm in the wetter environment but neither herbicide was as mobile in the profile as water. More herbicide moved to the lower layers of the profile in the higher pH environment. The half-lives for residues ranged from 12 to 28 days. Shoot biomass of wheat seedlings was suppressed by both herbicides but grain yields were unaffected. The residues failed to prevent reinvasion of the wheat plots by weeds, notably Arctotheca calendula.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

SOIL CONDITIONERS—THEIR EFFECT ON COARSE-TEXTURED SOILS, CROP YIELDS AND COMPOSITION

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
R. M. Holmes ◽  
S. J. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
The Third ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
The Stability

Crop response to soil structural changes caused by soil conditioner amendments was studied in several different sandy soils of New Jersey. The response varied with the crop and treatment. Those chemicals that were slightly hydrophobic were most effective and generally crop response was greatest on these treatments. Cations such as Na may be added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, and this may result in reduced uptake of other nutrients such as Mg. and K. Except for this effect, conditioners did not reduce nutrient uptake by plants. When elements such as Na and N are added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, there may be an increased uptake of these nutrients.Catalin and VAMA conditioners produced a dry surface mulch which appeared to reduce evaporation. Moisture reserves were, therefore, preserved through a drought and this resulted in increased growth of crops over those grown on other treatments. Cultural practices destroyed the stability of the conditioned aggregates, since in most cases the effect had largely disappeared by the third growing season. Chemicals which were effective in soil aggregate stabilization were also effective as anti-crustants when crusting was a problem.

scholarly journals Modelling of Soil Respiration in Hungary

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc Ács ◽  
H. Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Time Periods

The climatology of soil respiration in Hungary is presented. Soil respiration is estimated by a Thornthwaite-based biogeochemical model using soil hydrophysical data and climatological fields of precipitation and air temperature. Soil respiration fields are analyzed for different soil textures (sand, sandy loam, loam, clay loam and clay) and time periods (year, growing season and months).  Strong linear relationships were found between soil respiration and the actual evapotranspiration for annual and growing season time periods. In winter months soil respiration is well correlated with air temperature, while in summer months there is a quite variable relationship with water balance components. The strength of linear relationship between soil respiration and climatic variables is much better for coarser than for finer soil texture.

Root and shoot biomass and mycorrhizal development of white spruce seedlings naturally regenerating in interior Alaskan floodplain communities

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Krasny ◽  
K. A. Vogt ◽  
J. C. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios ◽  
Root And Shoot Biomass

Root and shoot biomass and mycorrhizal development were examined for white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings naturally regenerating in four floodplain communities in the boreal forest. Mean seedling biomass was highest in the open community and lowest in the spruce community. Seedlings growing in the open community had higher root:shoot ratios (0.50) compared with seedlings growing in the willow (0.34), alder (0.20), and spruce (0.24) communities. Essentially all short roots of spruce seedlings growing in all four communities were infected by mycorrhizal fungi throughout the growing season.

Growth and yield responses of rice to carbon dioxide concentration

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Baker ◽  
L. H. Allen ◽  
K. J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Yield Responses

SUMMARYRice plants (Oryza salivaL., cv. IR30) were grown in paddy culture in outdoor, naturally sunlit, controlled-environment, plant growth chambers at Gainesville, Florida, USA, in 1987. The rice plants were exposed throughout the season to subambient (160 and 250), ambient (330) or superambient (500, 660, 900 μmol CO2/mol air) CO2concentrations. Total shoot biomass, root biomass, tillering, and final grain yield increased with increasing CO2concentration, thegreatest increase occurring between the 160 and 500 μmol CO2/mol air treatments. Early in the growing season, root:shoot biomass ratio increased with increasing CO2concentration; although the ratio decreased during the growing season, net assimilation rate increased with increasingCO2concentration and decreased during the growing season. Differences in biomass and lamina area among CO2treatments were largely due to corresponding differences in tillering response. The number of panicles/plant was almost entirely responsible for differences in final grain yield among CO2treatments. Doubling the CO2 concentration from 330 to 660 μmol CO2/mol air resulted in a 32 % increase in grain yield. These results suggest that important changes in the growth and yield of rice may be expected in the future as the CO2concentration of the earth's atmosphere continues to rise.

Chemical ecology of Eragrostis plana helps understanding of the species’ invasiveness in an agroecosystem community

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Henrique von Hertwig Bittencourt ◽  
Michelangelo Muzell Trezzi ◽  
Sirlei Dias Teixeira ◽  
Lisandro da Silva Bonome ◽  
Aline Garcias de Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Inhibitory Response ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Species Invasiveness ◽  
Infested Field

South African lovegrass (Eragrostis plana Nees) is an aggressive and difficult-to-control species in grazing areas of the south of South America, whose invasion capacity is increased by its phytotoxic capability. The objectives of this work were to identify and quantify chemicals produced by the plant shoots, to evaluate the inhibitory capability of plant extracts on development of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and to determine the spatial distribution of phenolics in rhizosphere soil in an infested field. Extracts were obtained by exhaustive extraction of dry shoot biomass, using solvents in increasing order of polarity. Soil samples contained in the rhizosphere were collected from an infested field. Bioassays for determination of phytotoxicity of extracts on lucerne and wheat seedlings were conducted in a completely randomised design with four replicates. The extracts showed suppressive, stimulating or neutral effects on the development of the radicle, shoots, and total lucerne and wheat seedlings, with greater phytotoxicity, generally, of ethyl acetate and methyl alcohol extracts. In the shoot extracts, nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified: caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, rutin. Of these, four were identified in the soil: catechin, epicatechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid. Catechin, epicatechin and ferulic acid showed similar distribution patterns in the soil profile, with higher concentrations detected on the surface and on the side opposite the plant crown, which indicates release by the decomposition of tissues deposited on the soil surface. Coumaric acid showed higher concentrations on the surface and in the deeper layer of the soil next to the plant, indicating release both from decomposition of the shoots and from the root system. Future work may explore the phytotoxicity of the analytes identified, either isolated or in admixture, using dose curves and an inhibitory response to target plant species.

Yield response of potatoes to variable nitrogen management by landform element and in relation to petiole nitrogen – A case study

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Moulin ◽  
Y. Cohen ◽  
V. Alchanatis ◽  
N. Tremblay ◽  
K. Volkmar
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
N Concentration

Moulin, A. P., Cohen, Y., Alchanatis, V., Tremblay, N. and Volkmar, K. 2012. Yield response of potatoes to variable nitrogen management by landform element and in relation to petiole nitrogen – A case study. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 771–781. Recent increases in the cost of fertilizer N have prompted producers to assess the potential to vary inputs within fields and during the growing season to produce the highest marketable yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). A study was conducted from 2005 to 2007 near Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, to assess the spatial variability of potato yield in upper, middle and lower landform elements on a sandy loam soil in response to a range of N fertilizer rates applied in the spring or in combination with an application during the growing season. There was no clear trend with respect to the effect of landform on potato yield. Nitrogen fertilizer increased total and marketable yield relative to the control at rates from 75 to 225 kg ha−1in split applications or applied at seeding. No significant interaction between landform and fertilizer treatment was observed. Petiole N concentration, determined late in the growing season, was correlated with potato yield though the correlation varied considerably between years. Petiole leaflet N concentration was affected by fertilizer on most sampling dates, but decreased with time during the growing season. We conclude that although N fertilizer could be applied during the growing season based on petiole leaflet N concentration deficiencies in mid-July, there is no clear difference in potato yield due to split application relative to spring applications of N fertilizer at rates of 75 kg ha−1or greater based on landform elements for potato production, likely due to the short growing season in western Canada.

EFFICACY OF THREE DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN PROCESSING PEAS AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOILS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. N. JENSEN ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL ◽  
J. A. IVANY
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
One Year ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

The efficacy and relative persistence of dinitramine (N′,N′-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2-4-diamine), ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], and trifluralin (α,α,α -trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-diproply-p-toluidine) were studied in a series of field trials conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (P.E.I.) and on a Somerset loamy sand (N.S.). Phytotoxicity, as reflected by weed control and injury to the peas (Pisum sativum L.), was greater on the sandy soil and herbicide rates recommended for the region may reduce yields on light soil types. The margin of crop tolerance was also reduced in one year characterized by an extremely wet growing season. Under field conditions, there was little practical difference in weed control obtained with the three herbicides. Dinitramine and ethalfluralin were more persistent in the Somerset sand than in the Charlottetown sandy loam. The order of decreasing persistence was trifluralin>ethalfluralin>dinitramine, except in the Somerset sand where the persistence of ethalfluralin and trifluralin was similar. Significant detectable levels of all three herbicides remained 320 days after application.Key words: Processing peas, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, trifluralin, residue

COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY AND SOIL CONCENTRATIONS OF FALL- AND SPRING-APPLIED TRIFLURALIN IN FLAX

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. PCHAJEK ◽  
I. N. MORRISON ◽  
G. R. B. WEBSTER
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Fall Application

The efficacy of fall and spring treatments of trifluralin (α,α-trifluoro-2,6- dinitro-N, N-diproply-p-toluidine) applied to a sandy loam soil seeded to flax and the residual soil concentrations of trifluralin during the growing season were compared over 2 yr. Fall application of trifluralin at 1.12 kg/ha caused less crop injury and resulted in better green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) control than a spring application at 0.84 kg/ha. Initial soil concentrations were higher in plots treated in the fall at 1.12 kg/ha than in plots treated in the spring at 0.84 kg/ha. Six weeks after the experiments were seeded to flax and after harvest, more trifluralin persisted in the fall-treated plots. Calculated on the basis of the amount detected at the time of seeding, an average of 31 and 30% of the trifluralin persisted until after harvest in 1978 and 1979, respectively. In controlled environment studies in which yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca L. Beauv.) was seeded into soil collected six weeks after seeding, growth of the weed was reduced more in soil that was treated in the fall compared to the spring. In soil samples taken after harvest, growth of yellow foxtail was significantly reduced only in soil that had been treated the previous fall, with about a 50% reduction resulting from the 1.12-kg/ha rate and a 90% reduction occurring from the 2.24-kg/ha rate.Key words: Setaria viridis, flax tolerance, green foxtail control, trifluralin residues

Growth and biochemical characterization of associations between cyanobionts and wheat seedlings in co-culturing experiments

Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjuli Sood ◽  
Pawan Singh ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Rajendra Singh ◽  
Radha Prasanna
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root And Shoot Biomass

AbstractN2-fixing cyanobacteria are unique in their capacity to form symbiotic associations with a wide range of eukaryotic hosts belonging to different plant groups. The present study was undertaken to analyze the interactions of the cyanobiont PI 01 (from Azolla pinnata) and Nostoc PCC 9229 (from Gunnera monoika) with wheat seedlings, in co-culturing experiments. Each of the cyanobionts enhanced significantly the volume of root and shoot biomass in the experimental cultures. The transverse sections of roots in the co-cultured seedlings revealed the presence of aseriate packets of cyanobionts below the root epidermis. The investigated cyanobionts excreted amino acids (His, Met, Val) and sugars into the medium, while indoleacetic acid was detected when the cyanobionts were grown in a tryptophan containing medium. During the co-culturing, sugars and proline were detected in the extracellular filtrates. It can be hypothesized that these sugars and amino acids may serve as signal substances in the development of functional associations between the relevant cyanobionts and the wheat seedlings.

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