Effects of a restricted diet during mid pregnancy of ewes on uterine and fetal growth and lamb birth weight

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Holst ◽  
CJ Allan ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nutritional Restriction

A moderate below maintenance nutritional restriction was applied to pregnant ewes for 4 weeks commencing at either 79, 87 or 95 days post coitus. Measurements were made after slaughter at the end of each restricted period and at Day 144 of pregnancy on the uterus and fetus of restricted and control ewes. Lambs were weighed at birth. Overall there was no significant difference in the response of ewes to timing of restriction but there was a response to restriction. Dietary restriction reduced fetal growth rate, girth size, crown rump length (CRL) and weight of other fetal tissues. Though reduced, girth size and CRL maintained their normal relationship with fetal weight. Growth rates of fetuses on all treatments were similar during refeeding. The largest effect of nutritional restriction on the reproductive tract occurred in lower fetal membrane weights at 144 days of pregnancy (mean of restricted group 595 g v. 761 g controls). At that time, previously restricted ewes also had an increased number of cotyledons but decreased average weight of cotyledons compared to control ewes. Fetal weight at Day 144 was significantly correlated with girth and CRL (P < 0.01) and placental weight (P < 0.05) but not with weight of fetal membrane or cotyledons. Birth weights of single and twin lambs from the restricted ewes were similar to that of the controls and appeared to be unaffected by the restriction. Small differences in the gestation length of ewes bearing twin lambs may have helped to overcome the deficit in fetal weight observed at Day 144 in ewes bearing single lambs. It was concluded that ewes respond to dietary restriction followed by improved forage availability with changes in maternal and fetal growth patterns that presumably interact to produce viable lambs.

First-trimester fetal growth discordance and development of preeclampsia in dichorionic twin pregnancies

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Maric ◽  
Natasha Singh ◽  
Keith Duncan ◽  
Guy J. Thorpe-Beeston ◽  
Makrina D. Savvidou
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Twin Pregnancies ◽  
Control Study

AbstractTo investigate the relation between first-trimester fetal growth discrepancy, as assessed by crown-rump length (CRL) at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation, and subsequent development of preeclampsia (PE) in dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancies. The association between inter-twin CRL and birth weight (BW) discrepancy was also investigated.This was a retrospective, case-control study of DCDA twin pregnancies. Inter-twin CRL discrepancy was calculated as 100×(larger CRL–smaller CRL)/larger CRL. BW discordance was calculated as 100×(larger BW–smaller BW)/larger BW.The study included 299 DCDA pregnancies that remained normotensive and 35 that subsequently developed PE. There was no significant difference in the inter-twin CRL discrepancy between pregnancies complicated by PE and those that were not [3.2%, interquartile range (IQR): 0.5–4.5% vs. 3.3%, IQR: 1.4–5.5%; P=0.17]. There was a positive correlation between inter-twin CRL and BW discrepancy but only in pregnancies that remained normotensive (P<0.001). In women that subsequently developed PE, there was no association between inter-twin CRL and BW discordance (P=0.54).In unselected DCDA twins, first-trimester CRL discrepancy is not different between pregnancies that subsequently develop PE and those that remain normotensive. Furthermore, in pregnancies that are complicated by PE, the association between inter-twin CRL and BW discrepancy appears to be lost.

scholarly journals Exogenous GH infusion to late-gestational fetal sheep does not alter fetal growth and metabolism

2000 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Bauer ◽  
JE Harding ◽  
BH Breier ◽  
PD Gluckman
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Significant Difference

The role of GH in the regulation of fetal growth and metabolism in late gestation is not well defined. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous GH infusion on fetal growth and feto-placental metabolism in the normally growing late-gestation fetal sheep. Eleven fetuses received pulsatile GH infusion (3.5 mg/day) for 10 days while 12 control fetuses received vehicle. The GH infusion was given as a continuous infusion (2.5 mg/day) plus an additional pulsatile component (30 pulses equivalent to 1 mg/day) designed to mimic the natural pattern of GH secretion. Fetal GH infusion raised the circulating fetal concentrations of GH threefold, but did not change fetal concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3, insulin or ovine placental lactogen. GH-treated fetuses had blood urea concentrations 15% lower than controls (P<0.05) and glucose uptake 18% lower per kg fetal weig! ht (P=0.06). There were no other differences attributable to fetal GH infusion in feto-placental metabolism, placental function or placental blood flow. GH-treated fetuses were larger than controls at postmortem (weight+13%, P<0.01; girth+5%, P<0.01; crown-rump length+3%, P<0.05). However, there were no differences between groups in measures of fetal growth (increment in chest girth and hindlimb length). GH-treated fetuses had heavier mothers and when maternal weight was included as a covariate in the analysis, there was no significant difference between treatment groups that could be attributed to GH treatment. GH infusion to normal fetal sheep does not appear to have a significant effect on feto-placental metabolism or fetal growth.

scholarly journals Peri-Conceptional undernutrition in twin bearing ewes: Effect on early fetal growth and birth weight

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Ricardo Vicente-Pérez ◽  
Yolanda Osorio-Marín ◽  
María De los Angeles López-Baca ◽  
Leonel Avendaño-Reyes ◽  
Abelardo Correa-Calderón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Nutritional Restriction ◽  
Mating Time

A total of 48 Katahdin x Pelibuey multiparous ewes were used to evaluate the e ect of nutritional restriction (40 %) before (30 d, RT), after (50 d, TR) or both periods (80 d, RR) compared with a control group on maternal body status, early fetal growth and lamb birth weights. Only twin bearing ewes were selected at d 50 of pregnancy for fetal measurements by ultrasonography and record of birth weight. Compared with control ewes, lower (p < 0.05) weight and body condition score had RT and RR ewes at mating time, likewise, TR and RR ewes at d 50 post-conception. There were mainly di erences between fetuses from control and RT ewes, being higher (p < 0.05) the vesicular, abdominal and fetal area, as well as crown-rump length and birth weight for RT fetuses. In conclusion, preconception undernutrition positively altered the early fetal growth and lamb birth weights in hair ewes pregnant with twins. 

scholarly journals 273.Insulin-like growth factor treatment of pregnant guinea pigs during early pregnancy promotes fetal growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
A. N. Sferruzzi-Perri ◽  
J. A. Owens ◽  
J. S. Robinson ◽  
C. T. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Igf I

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is an important regulator of growth in many tissues and is abundantly expressed in the placenta during pregnancy. Gene ablation studies performed in mice have shown that IGF-II deficiency results in both impaired fetal and placental growth, whereas deficiency in IGF-I reduces fetal growth only. Conversely, maternal IGF supplementation in early pregnancy in the guinea pig increases placental and fetal size by mid pregnancy. This study aimed to determine whether these anabolic effects persist into late pregnancy after cessation of treatment. On Day 20 of pregnancy, mothers were anaesthetised and a mini osmotic pump was implanted subcutaneously, to deliver 1mg/kg/day IGF-I (n = 7), IGF-II (n = 9) or vehicle (n = 7) for 17 days. Guinea pigs were killed on Day 62 of pregnancy (term ~67 days). Fetal and placental weights, and maternal and fetal body composition, were measured. Total litter size was unaffected by IGF treatment; however, IGF-II increased the number of viable fetuses by 26% (P = 0.01). After adjusting for the number of viable pups per litter, maternal IGF treatment increased fetal growth by increasing abdominal circumference, crown-rump length and fetal weight (fetal weight: IGF-I 79+/–2.5 g; IGF-II 78+/–2.6 g; vs vehicle 68+/–2.5 g, P = 0.02). IGF treatment did not alter absolute or relative fetal organ weights. IGF-I reduced placental weight by 9% and IGF-II increased it by 9%, but not significantly. IGF-I increased the fetal weight�:�placental weight ratio (19+/–0.9 vs 15+/–0.9, respectively P = 0.043). IGF treatment did not affect maternal weight gain during pregnancy nor net carcass weight; however, IGF-I reduced maternal lung and adipose tissue weights. In conclusion, maternal IGF-II treatment during early pregnancy improved fetal growth into late gestation, possibly by modulating placental efficiency. As poor placental development is implicated in fetal growth restriction, increasing maternal IGF abundance in early to mid pregnancy may be a potential therapeutic approach to placental insufficiency.

scholarly journals Associations of Longitudinal Fetal Growth Patterns With Cardiometabolic Factors at Birth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Shuan Huang ◽  
Qiao-Zhu Chen ◽  
Si-Yu Zheng ◽  
Rema Ramakrishnan ◽  
Ji-Yuan Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Femur Length ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
Cardiometabolic Factors ◽  
In Pregnancy

BackgroundBirth weight is associated with cardiometabolic factors at birth. However, it is unclear when these associations occur in fetal life. We aimed to investigate the associations between fetal growth in different gestational periods and cord blood cardiometabolic factors.MethodsWe included 1,458 newborns from the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study, China. Z-scores of fetal size parameters [weight, abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL)] at 22 weeks and growth at 22–27, 28–36, and ≥37 weeks were calculated from multilevel linear spline models. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between fetal growth variables and z-scores of cord blood cardiometabolic factors.ResultsFetal weight at each period was positively associated with insulin levels, with stronger association at 28–36 weeks (β, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.39) and ≥37 weeks (β, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.20) compared with earlier gestational periods. Fetal weight at 28–36 (β, −0.32; 95% CI, −0.39 to −0.24) and ≥37 weeks (β, −0.26; 95% CI, −0.31 to −0.21) was negatively associated with triglyceride levels, whereas weight at 28–36 weeks was positively associated with HDL levels (β, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.20). Similar results were observed for AC. Fetal FL at 22 and 22–27 weeks was associated with increased levels of insulin, glucose, and HDL.ConclusionsFetal growth at different gestational periods was associated with cardiometabolic factors at birth, suggesting that an interplay between fetal growth and cardiometabolic factors might exist early in pregnancy.

Growth Patterns in Preterm and Term Twin Deliveries

1990 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P.M. Smith ◽  
D.M. Campbell ◽  
J. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Singleton Pregnancies

AbstractPreterm deliveries in singleton pregnancies have been shown to be associated with decreased rate of growth in utero. A total of 113 sets of twins were scanned serially at fortnightly intervals to establish fetal growth. There was no significant difference in the growth pattern in twins delivered before 37 weeks compared to those delivered after this time.

Additional effect of drinking water endocrine-disrupting compound exposure on fetal growth compared to the effect of active tobacco exposure during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
camille CARLES ◽  
Marion ALBOUY-LLATY ◽  
Antoine DUPUIS ◽  
Sylvie RABOUAN ◽  
Virginie MIGEOT
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Nested Models ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Exposure During Pregnancy

Abstract Background Active tobacco exposure during pregnancy is known to be an important determinant of fetal growth. Nitrates and atrazine metabolites in drinking water may affect fetal growth as a mixture of endocrine disruptors (ED). Our aim was to determine whether ED have an additional effect on fetal growth compared to the known and observed effect of active tobacco exposure during pregnancy. Methods A historic cohort study was carried out with a sample stratified with regard to maternity ward, drinking water exposure and year of birth. The women included were living in Deux-Sèvres, had given birth between 2005 and 2010 in three selected maternity wards, and ultrasound data from pregnancy were available in their obstetrical records. Mixed linear models were used to analyze fetal weight evolution from second trimester of pregnancy to time of birth according to drinking water exposure to atrazine metabolite and nitrate mixture and active tobacco exposure. Results We included 558 mother-neonate couples, of whom 8.5% were exposed to high doses of mixture and 20.5% to active tobacco smoking. There was no significant difference in fetal weight evolution according to drinking water mixture exposure (0.97 g; 95% CI [-3.01;4.94]) and when comparing nested models with and without drinking water mixture exposure, the likelihood ratio (LR) test was not significant (LR khi²=6.6, p=0.252). Conclusion We could not show a supplementary effect of mixture exposure on fetal growth as compared to active tobacco exposure. Further research is needed, using more precise methods to estimate ED exposure.

scholarly journals MATERNAL HEIGHT AND PRE-PREGNANCY WEIGHT STATUS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH FETAL GROWTH PATTERNS AND NEWBORN SIZE

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Pölzlberger ◽  
Beda Hartmann ◽  
Erich Hafner ◽  
Ingrid Stümpflein ◽  
Sylvia Kirchengast
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Maternal Height ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Pregnancy Weight ◽  
Newborn Size

SummaryThe impact of maternal height, pre-pregnancy weight status and gestational weight gain on fetal growth patterns and newborn size was analysed using a dataset of 4261 singleton term births taking place at the Viennese Danube Hospital between 2005 and 2013. Fetal growth patterns were reconstructed from three ultrasound examinations carried out at the 11th/12th, 20th/21th and 32th/33th weeks of gestation. Crown–rump length, biparietal diameter, fronto-occipital diameter, head circumference, abdominal transverse diameter, abdominal anterior–posterior diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length were determined. Birth weight, birth length and head circumference were measured immediately after birth. The vast majority of newborns were of normal weight, i.e. between 2500 and 4000 g. Maternal height showed a just-significant but weak positive association (r=0.03: p=0.039) with crown–rump length at the first trimester and with the majority of fetal parameters at the second trimester (r>0.06; p<0.001) and third trimester (r>0.09; p<0.001). Pre-pregnancy weight status was significantly positively associated with nearly all fetal dimensions at the third trimester (r>0.08; p<0.001). Maternal height (r>0.17; p<0.001) and pre-pregnancy weight status (r>0.13; p<0.001), but also gestational weight gain (r>0.13; p<0.001), were significantly positively associated with newborn size. Some of these associations were quite weak and the statistical significance was mainly due to the large sample size. The association patterns between maternal height and pre-pregnancy weight status with fetal growth patterns (p<0.001), as well as newborn size (p<0.001), were independent of maternal age, nicotine consumption and fetal sex. In general, taller and heavier women gave birth to larger infants. This association between maternal size and fetal growth patterns was detectable from the first trimester onwards.

scholarly journals Relationship between placental surface area and fetal growth rate in artiodactyls and perissodactyls

Mammalia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Klisch ◽  
Lea Carisch ◽  
Marcus Clauss
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractGestation periods in mammals are generally in line with scaling laws. There are several exceptions in which species of relatively similar size and degree of neonatal maturation show a significant difference in gestation length. For example the giraffids have a very long gestation period, compared to bovids of similar size. By using published data about the placental surface area at term, we show that in ungulates this surface area is more tightly correlated to the average fetal growth rate than to fetal and placenta weight. These data suggest that, within one type of placenta, gestation length and placental surface area are associated parameters.

scholarly journals An Epidemiologic Study of the Process of Changes in Anthropometric Indices in Children Under 24 Months Based on Gender Differences in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province, Southwest Iran 2017-18: an Incidental Phenomenon or a Gender Inequality?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azizollah Pourmahmoudi ◽  
Ali Mousavizadeh ◽  
maryam dastoorpoor ◽  
Zibane Tabeshfar ◽  
Mahboobe Hosseinikia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Growth Difference ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background:An assessment of the process of changes in growth indices of children basaed on gender differences not only does provide the required information of the child's growth pattern, rather it also prepares the ground for a dynamic comparison of gender differences as a sensitive indicator of gender discrimination. The current research has been designed and implemented for depicting the growth patterns of children under two years old.Methods:Through a secondary analysis based study, the health files of 1336 children under 2 years old (700 boys and 636 girls) in the maternal and child health care system in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province in 2017 were analyzed in terms of the nutritional status and in view of underweight and skinniness (wasting) and stunting (stunted growth) based on WHO standardization indicators.Results:The average difference of weight, height and head circumference of male and female children in the early days of their birth were respectively 67 g, 0.36 and 0.37 cm. Although z standardized score charts for average weight, height, and head circumference did not show a significant difference in the course of two-year period among boys and girls, the percentage ratio of boys as compared to girls in low weight at birth, six months, one year and two years old are respectively 0.98, 1.7, 12.4 and 1.5 for weight loss index 2.4, 1.73, 2.9 and 1.9, and for the short height (stunted growth) indexes 1.3, 1.48, 1.4 and 1.6, and for the head circumference index 0.48, 2.27, 1.56 and 1.6, and these indicate a constant gap between the boys with low weight, skinny and low head circumference measure and girls.Discussion and conclusion:In spite of the closeness of weight, height and head circumference differences in newborn girls and boys, their growth difference over the two-years period was associated with boys' superiority. In other words, boys had a more desirable growth trend than girls in terms of averaging indices. On the other hand, the percentage of male children with low weight, wasting and short height in the whole course of the study was more than female subjects. The research findings not only lay an emphasis on the gap between boys and girls in view of the studied indices, but also underlines the fact that in epidemiological studies, comparisons of averages are not an appropriate approach for comparing populations, and this in turn reveals the urgent need to pay more attention to frequency-based indicators. The recent attitude shift that has occurred among Iranian familes in terms of giving much care to girls as compared to boys against the previous inverted approach seems to be one of the most important justifications for this difference in growth trend.

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