Plant and soil diagnostic tests for assessing the phosphorus status of seedling Macadamia integrifolia

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Aitken ◽  
PW Moody ◽  
BL Compton ◽  
EC Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Proteoid Root ◽  
Soil Solution P ◽  
Bray 1

Seedling macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia cv. Hinde) were grown in pots in two glasshouse experiments for 23 weeks. Experiment 1 comprised ten soils at two P levels (nil and a rate calculated to be non-limiting to growth) with six replications. Experiment 2 consisted of another two soils with eight rates of added P (0-2560 mg P per 4 L pot) and six replications. Whole plant tops were harvested, dried and weighed, and leaves analysed for P. In addition, leaves from Experiment 2 were analysed for Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. Roots were recovered from the soils, separated into proteoid and non-proteoid root material, dried and weighed. Control (nil added P) soils were analysed for soil solution P and Colwell, Olsen, Bray 1 and 0.005 M CaCl2 extractable P. At 90% of maximum whole plant top growth, P concentration in the leaf was 0.08%. When the leaf Fe/P ratio < 0.07 in Experiment 2, there was a significant yield depression associated with symptoms of severe iron chlorosis. Critical soil P levels at 90% of maximum whole plant top growth were 50, 23 and 29 mg kg-1 for Colwell, Olsen and Bray 1 extractable P, respectively. It was not possible to define a critical CaCl2 extractable P or soil solution P concentration because of the large increase in relative growth with a small increase in these parameters. Proteoid root growth (as a percentage of total root weight) decreased with increasing level of soil phosphorus, and there were very few proteoid roots at >100 mg kg-1 Colwell extractable P. Applying P to maintain high soil test levels (>100 mg kg-1 Colwell extractable P) would have detrimental effects on proteoid root development.

scholarly journals Soil Phosphorus Status and Environmental Risk

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 797B-797
Author(s):  
P.R. Johnstone ◽  
T.K. Hartz*
Keyword(s):  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
Test Technique ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Membrane Technique ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Highly Correlated

Heavy P fertilization in the Salinas Valley of California has increased soil P concentration to levels of environmental concern. To determine the correlation of various soil test procedures with P pollution potential from agricultural land in this region, soil was collected from 30 fields, most in long-term vegetable rotations. Soils were analyzed for bicarbonate-extractable P (Pbc), calcium chloride-extractable P (Pcc), bio-available P (Pba, by an anion-resin membrane technique), and %P saturation (Psat, by an enrichment technique). The soils were then exposed to a simulated irrigation event, and soluble P concentration in runoff determined. In a separate experiment the effect of cover cropping on sediment and soluble P concentration in runoff was investigated; containers of six soils were planted with oats (Horteum vulgare L.), and then compared to containers of fallow soil. Pcc, Pba and Psat were all highly correlated (r = 0.86, 0.89 and 0.90, respectively) with Pbc, which ranged from 15-177 mg·kg-1. Soluble P concentration in runoff was highly correlated with all measures of P status (r = 0.98, 0.93, 0.85 and 0.83 for Pcc, Pba, Psat and Pbc, respectively). These results suggest that while Pbc, the standard agronomic measure of soil P status, is a useful indicator of P pollution potential, Pcc (a simple laboratory procedure that could be adapted as an on-farm `quick test' technique) may be superior for that purpose. Across soils, cover cropping reduced soluble P concentration in run-off by 41%, and sediment in the runoff by 85%.

scholarly journals Soil Temperature Influences the Response of Lettuce to Phosphorus

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 864A-864
Author(s):  
B.R. Gardner ◽  
C.A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Soil Solution P

Lettuce is planted in the southwestern U.S. desert from September through December and harvested from November through April each year. During this period mean soil temperatures range from 7 to 30C. Lettuce produced on desert soils shows a large yield response to P. Soil solution P is replenished by desorption from the labile soil P fraction and this process is temperature sensitive. A field study was conducted over 6 years to evaluate the response of lettuce to soil solution P levels under different ambient soil temperature regimes. The soil temperatures under which lettuce was grown were varied each year by altering planting dates. Soil solution P levels were established and maintained each season using P sorption isotherm methodology. Lettuce responded to P in all experiments. Phosphorus levels required for maximum yield varied with each experiment. Soil P levels required for optimal yield were best correlated to mean soil temperatures during the last 20 days before harvest. Lettuce accumulates over 70% of its P during the heading stage of development and it is likely that during this period of rapid growth and nutrient uptake, solution P becomes limiting when soil temperatures are cool.

MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS TO BARLEY ROOTS GROWING IN SOIL

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. OMANWAR ◽  
J. A. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Major Process ◽  
Apparent Diffusion ◽  
Soil Solution P ◽  
P Movement ◽  
Diffusion Mass

A plant growth room experiment was conducted using seven soils of Alberta with a treatment of 300 ppm of P on four of the soils. The contributions to the movement of P to the roots were calculated according to the method of Barber and co-workers, with some modifications. Results of the experiment showed clearly that movement by mass flow was the most important process of P transport to roots in soils treated with 300 ppm of P. Apparent diffusion was found to be the major process of P movement to roots in untreated soils, which included two soils with naturally high levels of available P. Root interception was found to be of least importance in P movement to roots. Since the concentration of P in soil solution affected the amounts of P reaching the roots by diffusion, mass flow or root interception, the importance of the determination of soil solution P is emphasized. A correlation of 0.86 was obtained between the yield and soil solution P concentration of the untreated soils.

Phosphorus in zero tension soil solution as influenced by long-term fertilization of corn (Zea mays L.)

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Q. Zhang ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Organic P ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

Phosphorus from fertilized agricultural land may contribute to ground or surface water inputs and accelerate eutrophication. With increases in soil P saturation and organic P in long-term fertilized soils, soil P leaching losses may increase. The effect of long-term P fertilization (6 to 11 yr) on inorganic and organic P in soil solutions at zero tension was studied on two soils, a Chicot sandy clay loam (Grey Brown Luvisol) and a Ste. Rosalie clay (Humic Gleysol). Soil solution samples were collected using a cylinder technique and analyzed for total dissolved P (TDP), dissolved inorganic P (DIP), and dissolved organic P (DOP). Levels for DIP ranged from 0.15 to 1.01 mg P L−1 and TDP ranged from 0.33 to 1.19 mg P L−1 in the Chicot soil. In the Ste. Rosalie soil, values of DIP ranged from 0.04 to 0.23 mg P L−1 and TDP ranged from 0.15 to 0.36 mg P L−1. Increasing fertilizer P applications from 44 kg ha−1 to 132 kg ha−1 increased DIP and TDP in soil solutions in both soils. There was no effect of P fertilization rate on DOP values. Soil P movement below 45 cm during the non-growing season was estimated at 633 to 2732 g ha−1 yr−1 in the Chicot soil and from 312 to 974 g ha−1 yr−1 in the Ste. Rosalie soil. Soil solution DIP was found to be linearly related to soil P extractable with 0.5 M NaHCO3, but levels of NaHCO3-extractable P required to produce 0.05 mg P L−1 DIP varied with soil, ranging from 70 to 110 mg P kg−1 soil. The critical level of extractable P has to be considered in association with soil type to predict potential water contamination. Key words: Continuous corn, long-term fertilization, soil solution, dissolved inorganic and organic P, NaHCO3 extractable P

Soil phosphorus tests I: What soil phosphorus pools and processes do they measure?

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Moody ◽  
Simon D. Speirs ◽  
Brendan J. Scott ◽  
Sean D. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Soil Solution P ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Soil P Tests ◽  
P Supply

The phosphorus (P) status of 535 surface soils from all states of Australia was assessed using the following soil P tests: Colwell-P (0.5 m NaHCO3), Olsen-P (0.5 m NaHCO3), BSES-P (0.005 m H2SO4), and Mehlich 3-P (0.2 m CH3COOH + 0.25 m NH4NO3 + 0.015 m NH4F + 0.013 m HNO3 + 0.001 m EDTA). Results were correlated with soil P assays selected to estimate the following: soil solution P concentration (i.e. 0.01 m CaCl2 extractable P; Colwell-P/P buffer index); rate of P supply to the soil solution (i.e. P released to FeO-impregnated filter paper); sorbed P (i.e. Colwell-P); mineral P (i.e. fertiliser reaction products and/or soil P minerals estimated as BSES-P minus Colwell-P); the diffusive supply of P (i.e. P diffusing through a thin gel film, DGT-P); and P buffer capacity (i.e. single-point P buffer index corrected for Colwell-P, PBICol). Across all soils, Colwell-P and BSES-P were highly correlated with FeO-P (r = 0.76 and 0.58, respectively). Colwell-P was moderately correlated with mineral P (r = 0.24), but not solution P. Olsen-P and Mehlich-P were both highly correlated with FeO-P (r = 0.80 and 0.78, respectively) but, in contrast to Colwell-P and BSES-P, also showed moderate correlations with soil solution P (r = 0.29 and 0.34, respectively) and diffusive P supply (r = 0.31 and 0.49, respectively). Correlation coefficients with mineral P were r = 0.29 for Olsen-P and r = 0.17 for Mehlich-P. Soils were categorised according to their pH, clay activity ratio, content of mineral P and CaCO3 content, and the relationships between the empirical soil P tests examined for each soil category. Olsen-P and Colwell-P were correlated across all soil categories (r range 0.66–0.90), and a widely applicable linear equation was obtained for converting one soil test to the other. However, the correlations between other soil tests varied markedly between soil categories and it was not possible to develop such widely applicable conversion equations. Multiple step-up linear regressions were used to identify the key soil properties affecting soil solution P, P buffer capacity, and diffusive P supply, respectively. For all soil categories, solution P concentration (measured by CaCl2-P) increased as rate of P supply (measured as FeO-P) increased and P buffer capacity decreased. As an assay of sorbed P, Colwell-P alone did not significantly (P > 0.05) explain any of the variability in soil solution P, but when used in the index (Colwell-P/P buffer index), it was highly correlated (r = 0.74) with CaCl2-P. Soil P buffer capacity was dependent on different properties in different soil categories, with 45–65% of the variation in PBI accounted for by various combinations of Mehlich-Al, Mehlich-Fe, total organic C, clay content, clay activity ratio, and CaCO3 content, depending on soil category. The diffusive supply of P was primarily determined by rate of P supply (measured as FeO-P; r range 0.34–0.49), with significant (P < 0.05) small improvements due to the inclusion of PBICol and/or clay content, depending on soil category. For these surface soil samples, key properties of pH, clay activity ratio, clay content, and P buffer capacity varied so widely within individual Australian Soil Orders that soil classification was not useful for inferring intrinsic surface soil P properties such as P buffer capacity or the relationships between soil P tests.

Factors affecting the change in extractable phosphorus following the application of phosphatic fertiliser on pasture soils in southern Victoria

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
C. J. P. Gourley ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
N. C. Uren ◽  
M. C. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
High Organic Carbon Content

Nine pasture soils from high rainfall zones of southern Victoria were analysed for a range of chemical and physical properties before receiving a single application of P fertiliser in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), or TSP and lime (5 t/ha) at amounts ranging from 0 to 280 kg P/ha. Soils were analysed for bicarbonate-extractable P concentration, using both the Olsen P and Colwell P methods, 6 and 12 months after fertiliser application. A strong positive linear relationship existed at all sites between the amount of P applied and both the Olsen P and Colwell P concentrations. The slopes of these relationships measured the change in extractable P concentration (Δ EP) per unit of P applied, whilst the inverse of the ΔEP value indicated the amount of P fertiliser required above maintenance to increase the extractable P concentration by 1 mg/kg. These values ranged from 5 to 15 kg P/ha, depending on soil type. The ΔEP measured by the Olsen (Δ EP Olsen ) method was closely related to selected soil properties and P sorption measures, whilst the ΔEPColwell values were also closely related to selected soil properties and P sorption measures, but only when one particular site, an acidic sand, with a high organic carbon content was excluded from the analysis. In general, simple, direct measures of soil P sorption could allow the estimation of ΔEP values on different soil types. The application of P in the form of SSP resulted in a trend for higher ΔEP values than occurred with TSP. This difference was significant on 3 sites (P < 0.05), but depended on the method of extraction and the time after fertiliser application. The application of lime significantly (P < 0.001) increased soil pH (H2 O and CaCl 2 ) and decreased the concentration of exchangeable Al, 6 months after treatments were applied, but generally had little impact on ΔEP values.

Soil phosphorus buffering measures should not be adjusted for current phosphorus fertility

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
C. J. P. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Soil phosphorus (P) sorption is an important and relatively stable soil property which dictates the equilibrium between sorbed and solution P. Soil P sorption measures are commonly adjusted for the effect of current P fertility on the amount of P a soil sorbs. In the case of highly fertilised agricultural soils, however, this adjustment is likely to be inappropriate as it may mask changes in a soil’s capacity to sorb P, which could affect future P fertiliser applications. A study was undertaken to compare adjusted or unadjusted methods of measuring P sorption using 9 pasture soils sampled from southern Victoria which had previously received P fertiliser and lime. The P sorption assessment methods included: P sorption isotherms, P-buffering capacity (PBC) measures (slope between equilibrium P concentration of 0.25 and 0.35 mg P/L), and single-point P-buffering indices (PBI), with methods either adjusted or unadjusted for current P fertility. A single application of 280 kg P/ha, 6 months before sampling, resulted in a general negative displacement of unadjusted P sorption isotherm curves, indicating reduced P sorption on 8 of the 9 soils. Adding the Colwell extractable P concentration to the amount of P sorbed before calculating the slope (PBC+ColP), tended to negate this fertiliser effect and, in 2 of the 9 soils, resulted in a significant increase in PBC+ColP values. Increasing rates of P fertiliser application (up to 280 kg P/ha) resulted in a consistent trend to decreasing PBI values (unadjusted for Colwell P), which was significant at 4 of the 9 sites after 6 months. However, only minimal changes in PBI values were determined when PBI was adjusted for current P fertility (PBI+ColP). Phosphorus sorption properties appeared reasonably stable over time, although 2 soils, both Ferrosols, indicated significant linear increases in PBI values when these sites remained unfertilised for 30 months. Lime significantly increased both PBI and PBI+ColP values at all sites 6 months after application, but the effect generally diminished after 30 months, suggesting PBI measurements should not be taken immediately after liming. These results demonstrate that unadjusted measures of P sorption are more likely to accurately reflect changes in soil P sorption capacity following P fertiliser applications and suggest that the unadjusted PBI be used in commercial soil testing rather that the currently adjusted PBI+ColP.

Relationship between phosphorus fractions and properties of highly calcareous soils

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Adhami ◽  
Hamid Reza Memarian ◽  
Farzad Rassaei ◽  
Ehsan Mahdavi ◽  
Manouchehr Maftoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Fractionation Procedure ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content

Inorganic phosphorus (P) sequential fractionation schemes are applicable techniques to interpret soil P status. The present study was initiated to determine the origin of various P fractions in highly calcareous soils. Inorganic P forms were determined by a sequential fractionation procedure extracting with NaOH (NaOH-P), Na citrate-bicarbonate (CB-P), Na citrate 2 times (C1-P and C2-P), Na citrate-ascorbate (CAs-P), Na citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD-P), Na acetate (NaAc-P), and HCl (HCl-P). Results showed that NaOH-P was negatively correlated with active iron oxides. CB-P was positively correlated with silt content and negatively related to citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extractable Fe (Fed). This result illustrates the weathering effect on Ca-P, with Ca-P content declining as a consequence of weathering. A negative correlation was observed between C1-P and citrate ascorbate extractable Fe (FeCAs). Second citrate extractable P (C2-P) was negatively related to calcium carbonate equivalent and positively related to hydroxylamine-hydrochloride and neutral ammonium acetate-hydroquinone extractable Mn (Mnh and Mnq). Fine silt (Fsilt) was the most influential factor affecting CAs-P. It seemed citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate extractable Al (Ald), Mnh, and Mnq have been sinks for CBD-P, while free iron oxide compounds (Feo, Fec, and FeCAs) were a major contributing factor for the formation of NaAc-P. Stable P compounds (HCl-P) of highly calcareous soils originated from coarse silt (Csilt) and hydroxylamine-hydrochloride extractable Mn (Mnh).

Agronomic and environmental soil test phosphorus in manured and non-manured Manitoba soils

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kimaragamage ◽  
O O Akinremi ◽  
D. Flaten ◽  
J. Heard
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Test Phosphorus ◽  
Bray 1 ◽  
Water Extractable

Quantitative relationships between soil test phosphorus (STP) methods are needed to guide P management especially in manured soils with high P. Our objectives were: (i) to compare amounts of P extracted by different methods; (ii) to develop and verify regression equations to convert results among methods; and (iii) to establish environmental P thresholds for different methods, in manured and non-manured soils of Manitoba. We analyzed 214 surface soil samples (0–15 cm), of which 51 had previous manure application. Agronomic STP methods were Olsen (O-P), Mehlich-3 (M3-P), Kelowna-1 (original; K1-P), Kelowna-2 (modified; K2-P), Kelowna-3 (modified; K3-P), Bray-1 (B1-P) and Miller and Axley (MA-P), while environmental STP methods were water extractable (W-P), Ca Cl2 extractable (Ca-P) and iron oxide impregnated filter paper (FeO-P) methods. The different methods extracted different amounts of P, but were linearly correlated. For an O-P range of 0–30 mg kg-1, relationships between O-P and other STP were similar for manured and nonmanured soils, but the relationships diverged at higher O-P levels, indicating that one STP cannot be reliably converted to another using a single equation for manured and non-manured soils at environmentally critical P levels (0–100 mg kg-1 O-P). Suggested environmental soil P threshold ranges, in mg P kg-1, were 88–118 for O-P, 138–184 for K1-P, 108–143 for K2-P, 103–137 for K3-P, 96–128 for B1-P, 84–111 for MA-P, 15–20 for W-P, 5–8 for Ca-P and 85–111 for FeO-P. Key words: Phosphorus, soil test phosphorus, manured soils, non-manured soils, environmental threshold

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