Incidence of ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and diversity of associated alkaloid concentrations among naturalised populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
A. Leonforte ◽  
P. J. Cunningham ◽  
J. R. Walsh ◽  
D. I. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Mutualistic Association

The mutualistic association between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and the ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii (Latch, Christensen and Samuels) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, previously assigned to the genus Acremonium, is known to have a major impact on pasture and animal production. The perennial ryegrass ecotypes Victorian and Kangaroo Valley are the most widely sown varieties of grass in Australian pasture. The incidence of ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) in these ecotypes, and the production of alkaloids associated with theryegrass endophyte, are largely unexplored. Fifty-six populations of Victorian and 45 of Kangaroo Valley were sampled from old pasture within the recognised zones of naturalisation of both ecotypes. All of the 101 populations examined were infected with ryegrass endophyte. The mean ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) frequency for plants within the populations of the Victorian and Kangaroo Valley ecotypes was 88% and 93%, respectively. Alkaloid concentrations were determined from infected plants for 39 Kangaroo Valley populations and, in a separate study, for 24 Victorian populations. Ergovaline concentration was above the critical level of 0.4 mg/kg (above which clinical symptoms are observed) for 10% of the Kangaroo Valley populations and 17% of the Victorian populations. For lolitrem B, all Victorian populations were below the critical level of 1.8 mg/kg, but 28% of the Kangaroo Valley populations had mean concentrations above the critical level, 1.8 mg/kg. Concentrations for individual plants were <5 mg/kg for ergovaline, <6 mg/kg for lolitrem B, and <48 mg/kg for peramine. Within each ecotype examined, significant variation (P < 0.05) in the mean concentrations of ergovaline, lolitrem B, and peramine was found between the populations of naturalised perennial ryegrass. Mean concentrations for some of the various naturalised populations were higher than that observed in some of the control cultivars. Low ergovaline and lolitrem B concentrations observed for individual genotypes indicate scope for selecting grass endophyte combinations characterised by optimum production of alkaloids.

scholarly journals Determination of the toxic threshold of lolitrem B in cattle eating endophye-infected perennial ryegrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 399-402
Author(s):  
L. Blythe ◽  
C. Estill ◽  
J. Males ◽  
A.M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) straw is used as a feed for livestock and horses. Some straw is infected with the endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, which produces lolitrem tremorgens. Ingesting of the toxin produces clinical "ryegrass staggers." A 28 day feeding trail was conducted using 61 Black Angus, pure and crossbred cattle. The cattle were fed one of three levels of lolitrem B in chopped perennial ryegrass straw ranging from 0 ppb up to 3058 ppb. Four Japanese Wagyu crossbred cattle were fed chopped ryegrass straw containing 1400 ppb lolitrem B. The cattle were evaluated and scored twice a day for clinical signs of gait difficulties. Cattle consuming 1400 ppb lolitrem B did not show any overt clinical signs. After 14 days, 7 out of 15 cattle in the 1954 ppb lolitrem B group showed clinical signs of ataxia, stiffness, and tremors as seen in ryegrass staggers. All of the cattle in the positive control group of up to 3058 ppb lolitrem B with a 4 week mean of 2574 ppb developed clinical signs of staggers. None of the Wagyu cattle at 1400 ppb lolitrem B developed clinical signs. A dose response curve was developed based on the results of this study coupled with a prior study for use in the testing laboratory. Keywords: lolitrem B, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, endophyte fungus, Neotyphodium lolii, cattle, threshold levels

scholarly journals Variation in the reproductive development of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Wims ◽  
J.M. Lee ◽  
L. Rossi ◽  
D.F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Flowering Behaviour ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Plant breeding has manipulated the flowering behaviour of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by developing later-heading cultivars. However, the impacts of breeding on the intensity and temporal distribution of flowering are not known. This study compared the reproductive development of 23 perennial ryegrass cultivar/endophyte combinations. In the Waikato and Canterbury, two replicate plots were closed from grazing and tillers were collected every two weeks over a 10-week period during late spring and early summer. Plant development stage was determined for each tiller using a quantitative scale, which was then used to calculate the mean stage count of each cultivar. The rate and timing of reproductive development differed among cultivars. Mid-maturing cultivars matured earlier at both sites compared with late- and very late-maturing cultivars. While the intensity of flowering was similar between maturity groups, the temporal distribution of flowering varied: the late- and very late-maturing cultivars had lower proportions of reproductive tillers early in the season. Keywords: Lolium perenne L., reproductive development, flowering behaviour

scholarly journals Progress in breeding sheep for resistance to ryegrass staggers

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 431-431
Author(s):  
C.A. Morris ◽  
N.C. Amyes
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Clinical Cases

Ryegrass Staggers (RGS) is predominantly a summer/autumn metabolic disorder of ruminants, caused by ingestion of the toxin lolitrem B. The toxin is produced by an endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) found in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). In clinical cases of RGS, animals experience neuromuscular uncoordination when under stress, e.g. when mustered by sheep dogs. Experiments with a standardised RGS scoring system show that resistance/susceptibility in sheep has a moderate/high heritability (0.37 ± 0.05). An AgResearch flock was established in 1993, with two lines bred for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to RGS. Annually, lambs are scored for susceptibility, when both lines graze together on high endophyte pastures, and are mustered by sheep dogs. In 2005 and 2006, 2% and 6.5% of R-line lambs, respectively, showed clinical staggers, compared with 94% and 91% of S-line lambs (P

scholarly journals Toxic Indole Diterpenes from Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass Lolium perenne L.: Isolation and Stability

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Reddy ◽  
Myrna A. Deseo ◽  
Vilnis Ezernieks ◽  
Kathryn Guthridge ◽  
German Spangenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Flash Chromatography ◽  
Preparative Hplc ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Lolitrem B

The most potent of the indole diterpenes, lolitrem B, is found in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with the endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii (also termed LpTG-1). Ingestion causes a neurological syndrome in grazing livestock called ryegrass staggers disease. To enable the rapid development of new forage varieties, the toxicity of lolitrem B and its biosynthetic intermediates needs to be established. However, most of these indole diterpenes are not commercially available; thus, isolation of these compounds is paramount. A concentrated endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass seed extract was subjected to silica flash chromatography followed by preparative HPLC and purification by crystallization resulting in lolitrem B and the intermediate compounds lolitrem E, paspaline and terpendole B. The four-step isolation and purification method resulted in a 25% yield of lolitrem B. After isolation, lolitrem B readily degraded to its biosynthetic intermediate, lolitriol. We also found that lolitrem B can readily degrade depending on the solvent and storage conditions. The facile method which takes into consideration the associated instability of lolitrem B, led to the purification of indole diterpenes in quantities sufficient for use as analytical standards for identification in pastures, and/or for toxicity testing in pasture development programs.

scholarly journals Mode of action of tremorgens

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 363-364
Author(s):  
S.C. Finch ◽  
W.L. Imlach ◽  
J. Dunlop ◽  
A.L. Meredith ◽  
R.W. Aldrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Endophyte Infection

Ryegrass staggers is a neurotoxic disorder of livestock grazing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii. Ryegrass staggers was first reported in 1880 (Anonymous 1880) although at this stage the cause of the observed tremorgenic disorder was unknown. The presence of an endophyte within perennial ryegrass was first recognised in 1935 (Neill 1941) but it was not until 1981 that the correlation between endophyte infection and the incidence of ryegrass staggers was established (Fletcher & Harvey 1981; Mortimer et al. 1982). The tremorgenic compound, lolitrem B, produced by the endophyte was then isolated and implicated in the disease (Gallagher et al. 1981, 1982, 1984). The future then seemed clear: eradicate the endophyte and solve the ryegrass staggers problem. Endophyte-free plots, however, showed little growth and suffered severe damage from the larvae of Argentine Stem Weevil (Mortimer et al. 1982). The correlation between endophyte levels, weevil numbers and tiller damage was then made (Prestidge et al. 1982) and a few years later the beneficial effects of endophyte were shown to be due to peramine, an antifeedant produced by the fungus (Gaynor & Rowan 1986; Rowan et al. 1986).

scholarly journals Performance of lambs and the incidence of staggers and heat stress on two perennial ryegrass cultivars over three summers in the Manawatu

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
S.J. Bluett ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
T.N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Lamb Growth

Three lamb growth experiments were carried out at Massey University, Palmerston North, from 1995 to 1998 to evaluate the nutritive value and endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) status of a new perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar (Aries HD). Aries HD was specifically selected for improved organic matter digestibility over summer and early autumn. Lamb liveweight gain on 'Aries HD' compared to a control cultivar 'Yatsyn 1' perennial ryegrass was higher in the summer of 1995/96 (104 vs 84 ± 4.6 g/day, P=0.1028), similar in two consecutive summers, 1996/97 (116 vs 111 ± 5.1 g/day, P=0.6542), and 1997/98 (71 vs 73 g/day ± 10.6 g/day, P=0.7350). The nutritive value (invitro organic matter digestibility, neutral detergent fibre and nitrogen content) of Aries HD and Yatsyn 1 pastures was similar. Lambs grazing Yatsyn 1 were more severely affected by ryegrass staggers than lambs grazing Aries HD, although the concentrations of lolitrem B in grazed herbage were similar. The concentration of ergovaline in Aries HD in association with endophyte was about half that in Yatsyn 1 in association with endophyte. Ergovaline may have acted synergistically to increase the toxicity of lolitrem B and the severity of staggers in lambs grazing Yatsyn 1 pastures. There was some indication that heat stress symptoms were more severe in lambs forced to graze lower into the sward. The effect of management and alkaloid concentration is likely to have a larger impact on lamb performance than small differences in nutritive value between cultivars of highendophyte perennial ryegrass. Keywords: alkaloids, animal performance, Aries HD, endophyte, heat stress, Lolium perenne, Neotyphodium lolii, perennial ryegrass, ryegrass staggers, Yatsyn 1

Colchicine-induced heritable modification of chiasma frequency and distribution in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutful Hassan ◽  
R. Neil Jones
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Chiasma Frequency ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Chromosome Behaviour ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Chiasma Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heritable Effects

One-week-old seedlings of inbred lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were given a 3-h period of treatment with 0.2% colchicine, and this treatment was found to have heritable effects on chromosome behaviour at meiosis. The mean pollen mother cell chiasma frequency was reduced, and there was a corresponding increase in the number of univalents per cell and also changes in cell and bivalent variances. Patterns of chiasma distribution within bivalents were also modified. The effects were seen in the generation in which the treatment was given and they were also observed in the following sexual generation.Key words: chiasmata, colchicine, Lolium perenne, meiosis, perennial ryegrass.

Ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) alkaloids and mineral concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from southwest Victorian pasture

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
J. R. Walsh ◽  
P. A. Cross ◽  
N. M. McFarlane ◽  
M. A. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration

On all of 120 farms in south-west Victoria that were selected at random and sampled during autumn and winter over 2 years, perennial ryegrass was present in the pasture and tested positive for the presence of the naturally occurring ryegrass endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii (mean frequency 78%). Ryegrass staggers were reported on 33% (1999) and 43% (2000) of the surveyed farms. Clinically significant concentrations of lolitrem B were detected in perennial ryegrass samples with concentrations in the range 0–4.44 mg/kg. Concentration exceeded 1.8 mg/kg in 37% of pastures indicating an inherent, widespread problem for livestock farmers. Concentration was independent of endophyte frequency, pasture age, pasture height, annual rainfall and origin of sown cultivar. Ergovaline was detected in most of the perennial ryegrass samples with concentrations up to 3.90 mg/kg. In 1999, the mean concentration of ergovaline was 0.76 (± 0.70) mg/kg with 33% of pastures having a level >0.4 mg/kg, the level associated with heat stress in cattle. In 2000, sampling was carried out later in the year than for the 1999 survey and the mean concentration of ergovaline was 0.12 (± 0.10) mg/kg; 3% of samples exceeded 0.4 mg/kg. The mean concentration of peramine was 13.7 (± 6.6) mg/kg in the 1999 survey and 4.2 (± 5.1) mg/kg in the 2000 survey. Mineral analysis indicated that perennial ryegrass nutrition was inadequate with regard to phosphorous on 17% of the dairy pastures and on 37% of the sheep/beef pastures. Potassium was deficient in perennial ryegrass on 5 and 37% of dairy and sheep/beef pastures respectively. For perennial ryegrass in sheep/beef pastures, 25% were deficient in sulphur. For lactating cattle having only perennial ryegrass as a food source, phosphorous and copper concentrations in the grass were inadequate on 80% of the pastures. Calcium, zinc, magnesium, potassium and sulphur concentrations in perennial ryegrass were also inadequate on some pastures. However, with 1 exception, the ratio [K/(Ca+Mg) expressed as equivalents] was less than 2.2, the level associated with the development of hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) was therefore unlikely to be a major cause of the staggers syndrome. Lolitrem B was negatively correlated with grass potassium concentration (P<0.001). Ergovaline was negatively correlated with date of sampling (P<0.001). Peramine concentration was positively correlated with endophyte frequency, the potassium and sodium concentrations in perennial ryegrass and negatively correlated with date of sampling. The need for research on the economic impact and management of pasture contaminated with ryegrass endophyte toxins is discussed.

Effect of bacterial fertilizers on the properties of a pseudomyceliar chernozem soil and on the biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Jakab ◽  
János Kátai ◽  
Magdolna Tállai ◽  
Andrea Balláné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

A tenyészedényes kísérletünket a DE AGTC MÉK Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet tenyészházában állítottuk be 2010. május 27-én. A kísérletben Debrecen-Látókép környékéről származó mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajt alkalmaztunk, amely az alábbi jellemzőkkel rendelkezett: KA: 37,5; leiszapolható rész: 51%; pH(KCl): 5,5; pH(H2O): 6,6; Hu%: 2,8; AL-P2O5: 140 mg·kg-1; AL-K2O: 316,3 mg·kg-1. Az adatok alapján a kísérleti talaj gyengén savanyú, vályog kötöttségű, közepes nitrogén- és foszfor-, valamint jó kálium-ellátottsággal rendelkezett. A kísérletben kontroll-, műtrágya-, valamint szalmakezelést alkalmaztunk, melyeket bizonyos kombinációkban három különböző baktériumkészítménnyel (Bactofil A, EM-1, Microbion UNC) egészítettünk ki. A kísérletet három ismétlésben véletlenblokk elrendezésben állítottuk be. A tesztnövény angolperje (Lolium perenneL.) volt. A kísérlet kezdetétől számított 8. héten a talaj-, valamint a növényminták begyűjtésére került sor. Meghatároztuk a növényminták száraztömegét, a növény foszfor- és káliumtartalmát, valamint a talajminták nitrát-, valamint AL-oldható foszfor- és káliumtartalmát. Eredményeink alapján főbb megállapításaink a következők: – Az angolperje száraztömegét a műtrágyakezelés szignifikánsan növelte. A hatás a tápelem-ellátottság javulásával magyarázható. – A növény foszforkoncentrációja a műtrágyázás következtében csökkent, amelyet a hígulási effektussal magyarázhatunk. – A növény káliumkoncentrációját a műtrágya-, valamint a műtrágya+baktériumtrágya kezelések szignifikánsan serkentették. – A talaj nitráttartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a műtrágyakezelés kivételével minden kezelésben. – A talaj AL-P2O5-tartalma az NPK-műtrágyázás és az EM-1 kezelés következtében statisztikailag igazolható mértékben megnövekedett, míg az AL-K2O-tartalom kizárólag a szalmakezelés hatására nőtt. A baktériumkészítmények önmagukban alkalmazva általában nem eredményeztek jelentős változást a vizsgált paraméterekben, azonban a készítmények szerves/ásványi anyagokkal kombinált adagolása esetében különböző mértékben befolyásolták a vizsgált mutatókat.

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