Feed utilization, energy expenditure and nitrogen metabolism in working female buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
E Teleni ◽  
R Pieterson ◽  
G De'ath
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Four 36-months-old female buffaloes, with a mean liveweight of 345 kg, were used in a study designed to estimate the effect of work (3 h/day) on feed utilization, energy expenditure and nitrogen metabolism. The animals were studied under ambient temperatures and relative humidities ranging from 25.3 to 32.5'C and 45 to 82% respectively, and were fed rice straw (0.8% nitrogen) ad libitum, supplemented with cottonseed meal at 500 g head-1 day-1 to result in a dietary nitrogen content of 1.15%. Work did not affect the digestibility of the feed but tended to reduce (P=0.054) ad libitum intake of its organic matter. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were increased during work from 37.7 to a peak of 40.8�C and from 40 to a peak of 130 counts/min respectively. The ratio of working : resting metabolic rate, as calculated from CO2 entry rates, was approximately 2.6. Estimates of energy expenditures from CO2 entry rates showed increases in the working animal by 2.3 to 2.7 times the resting values. Nitrogen balance was reduced in the working animal owing to increased catabolism of amino acids and the resultant increased excretion of urea via the urine. Urea entry rate was increased in the working animal, but the proportion of this that was estimated to be transferred to the digestive tract was not different from that in the non-working animal, although the amount transferred was greater in the working animal. It is suggested that increased muscular activity in the working animal would tend to reduce ad libitum intake of organic matter of a roughage such as rice straw, but could increase digestibility of organic matter possibly through reduction in the rate of passage of digesta and/or through increased amount of urea transferred to the rumen containing lower than an optimal level of ammonia. The increased catabolism of amino acids associated with increased muscular activity is likely to result in a reduced nitrogen balance due to the likely increased urea excretion via the urine. It is also suggested that CO2 entry rate could offer a reasonable estimate of energy expenditure in the resting and the working animal.

Digestion of pasture plants by sheep. V. Studies with subterranean and berseem clovers

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ad Libitum

Subterranean and berseem clovers, harvested at early and late stages of maturity, were dried and offered to sheep ad libitum, or at about 90 % of ad libitum intake. Feed consumption and the times spent in ruminating and eating were measured when the forages were offered ad libitum and several aspects of digestion were studied at the restricted level of feeding. The effects of maturity on (i) forage chemical composition, (ii) nutrient digestibility, (iii) parameters relating to the movement of digesta through the stomach, (iv) ruminal volatile fatty acid production, (v) the molar proportions of individual amino acids in abomasal digesta and peripheral blood plasma, (vi) nitrogen balance, and (vii) the time and energy expenditure in ruminating and eating, were generally the same with these clovers as has been observed previously with grasses. Substantial amounts of nutrients were derived from forages harvested in the immature state, the consumption of which provided about 1200 g organic matter per day. It was calculated that under conditions of ad libitum feeding about 500 g of volatile fatty acids was produced in the rumen and 160-230 g of crude protein was digested in the intestines per day. High mean values for nitrogen balance were obtained with immature subterranean clover but the variation between sheep was large. The levels of amino acids in blood plasma were also exceptionally high with this diet. The data obtained on the digestion of immature clover forages were compared with those obtained previously with immature grass forages. The patterns of digestion were generally very similar for both types of forages and any differences observed could usually be ascribed to the higher feed intake with the clovers. The forages had similar capacities to furnish volatile fatty acids in the rumen and digested crude protein in the intestines. The calculated energy expenditure in eating and ruminating, however, was slightly lower for the clovers. The data were interpreted to indicate that if immature clovers are superior to immature grasses in promoting animal production, the superiority cannot be attributed to an inherent capacity of clovers to provide the animal with a more favourable balance of nutrients.

Effect of intraruminal infusion of urea on the response in voluntary food intake by sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Six mature Merino sheep received three treatments in a randomized block design experiment. The treatments were: chopped oaten hay diet at 90% of ad libitum intake without urea (L); the ciet offered at the same level as for L with urea infused into the rumen at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (LU); and the diet offered at 90% of the ad libitum intake achieved with urea infused at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (HU). Sheep given HU consumed 37% more (P < 0.01) organic matter (OM) than those fed L or LU, but the apparent digestibility of OM did not vary (59.2-61.8%) between treatments. The addit onal food consumption was associated with c. 20% increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of OM in the reticulorumen and significantly higher (by 10-35%; P < 0.05) fractional outflow rates of most dietary and microbial constituents of digesta. The fractional digestion rate of potentially digestible plant cell walls was not affected by urea, but the flow of microbial non-ammonia nitrogen from the abomasum was enhanced (L, 7.0; LU, 8.2; HU, 12.5 g day-1; P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the stimulatory effect of urea upon food intake was associated with the provision of additional microbial protein for digestion in the intestines, rather than changes in the rate or extent of organic matter fermentation in the reticulorumen.

scholarly journals Leptin Responsiveness in Chronically Decerebrate Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (10) ◽  
pp. 4623-4633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. S. Harris ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness ◽  
Harvey J. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Leptin Receptors ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Peripheral infusions of physiological doses of leptin decrease body fat mass, but it is not known whether this results from direct effects on peripheral tissue or activation of central leptin receptors. In this study, we infused chronically decerebrate (CD) rats, in which the forebrain was surgically isolated from the caudal brainstem, with 60 μg leptin/d or PBS for 14 d from ip mini-osmotic pumps. The CD rats were tube fed an amount of food equivalent to the intake of ad libitum-fed intact controls or 75% of this amount to account for their reduced energy expenditure. Control rats fed ad libitum or tube fed 75, 100, or 125% of their ad libitum intake also were peripherally infused with leptin or PBS. CD rats had a lower serum testosterone, energy expenditure, and lean body mass compared with controls but had increased levels of adiponectin and leptin and were obese. Leptin increased body fat and decreased energy expenditure during the light period in 100%-fed CD rats, but not 75%-fed CD rats. Leptin decreased body fat of ad libitum- and 100%-fed but not 75%-fed or 125%-fed intact controls. Energy expenditure did not change in any control group. These results show that leptin can change body fat independent of a change in food intake or energy expenditure, that the forebrain normally prevents leptin from inhibiting energy expenditure through mechanisms initiated in the caudal brainstem or peripheral tissues, and that the leptin response in both intact and CD rats is determined by the energy status of the animal.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. IV. The intake and digestion of mature ryegrass

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Additional Protein ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Daily Gain

Intake and digestion studies were conducted with sheep fed on ryegrass hay containing 6% crude protein and having an organic matter digestibility of 58%. The intake of ryegrass was little affected when additional protein was provided both as a dietary supplement and as an infusion per abomasum. When supplements containing adequate amounts of protein and minerals were given, the intake of the hay was still comparatively low at 780 g organic matter per day. Grinding and pelleting the diet of hay + supplements permitted a higher feed intake. It was concluded that feed intake was limited by the resistance of the organic matter of the hay to removal from the rumen. Digestion studies were conducted at a level of feeding equal to approximately 90% of the ad libitum intake. The quantity of organic matter apparently digested in the stomach was equal to 60% of the organic matter digested in the alimentary tract; about 80% of the digestion of fibre took place in the stomach. There was a net daily gain of 7.5 g of nitrogen during the passage of digesta through the stomach, and part of this gain appeared to be due to the passage of endogenous nitrogen into the rumen. The apparent digestibility in the intestines of nitrogen that left the stomach in digesta was 73%; 1.6 g of nitrogen was apparently digested in the intestines per 100 g organic matter intake. Values of certain parameters relating to the movement of digesta through the stomach were similar to those previously recorded with a low quality cereal hay.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. II. The digestion of ryegrass at different stages of maturity

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 963 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Ryegrass harvested at various stages of maturity was dried and offered to sheep either ad libitum or at approximately 90% of the ad libitum intake. Feed consumption and the times spent by the sheep in ruminating and eating were measured when the forages were offered ad libitum, and several aspects of digestion were studied when the level of feeding approached 90% of ad libitum intake. The chemical composition of the grasses and the apparent digestibility of the constituents showed the usual changes with maturity. As the grass matured, there was a tendency for: (i) the rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum to increase relative to the flow from the rumen, (ii) the concentration of organic matter in digesta leaving the abomasum to decrease, (iii) the quantity of nitrogen leaving the stomach in digesta per unit intake of dietary nitrogen to increase, and (iv) the sheep to spend more time in ruminating and eating per unit feed intake. No differences attributable to maturity were observed in: (i) the rate of flow of digesta from the rumen, (ii) the retention time of a water-soluble marker in the rumen, (iii) rumen volume, (iv) the distribution of the digestion of organic matter and carbohydrate between the stomach and intestines, and (v) the apparent digestion of nitrogen in the intestines. Although the quantity of nitrogen provided by 100 g of forage organic matter decreased with maturity from 4.3 to 1.2 g, the corresponding change in the quantity of nitrogen, in forms other than ammonia, apparently digested in the intestines was only 2.6 to 1.5 g. It was calculated, after making several assumptions, that the net energy value of the metabolizable energy derived from volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen and from amino acids digested in the intestines was little affected by the stage of maturity. On the other hand, after making assumptions about the energy costs of ruminating and eating, it was calculated that the proportion of the metabolizable energy used in ruminating and eating could increase from 5% with the immature grass to 13% with mature grass. Intraruminal infusion of propionic acid did not increase the sheep's intake of one forage that provided a relatively small quantity of propionic acid during ruminal digestion.

scholarly journals Feeding value of low quality grass silage supplemented with maize silage for sheep

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VRANIC ◽  
M. KNEZEVIC ◽  
K. BOSNJAK
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of interactions between low quality grass silage (GS) dominated by orchardgrass and maize silage (MS) on ad libitum intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in wether sheep. The study consisted of four feeding treatments involving GS and MS alone and GS and MS mixtures in a ratio of 67:33 or 33:67 (dry matter (DM) basis) fed twice daily. The GS was high in DM (463 g kg–1), neutral detergent fibre (715 g kg–1DM) and acid detergent fibre (429 g kg–1DM) while low in crude protein (90.1 g kg–1DM). The DM content (g kg–1) and starch concentration (g kg–1DM) of MS were 264 and 211, respectively. The inclusion of MS into diet had positive linear effects on fresh matter ad libitum intake (kg d–1 and g kg–1M0.75d–1) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 respectively), digestibility of DM (P < 0.01), organic matter (P < 0.01), acid detergent fibre (P < 0.05), starch (P < 0.001), digestibility of organic matter in DM (D-value) (P < 0.001), nitrogen intake (P < 0.01) and nitrogen output in faeces (P < 0.01). A positive associative effect of low quality GS and MS was observed for ad libitum intake (kg d–1 and g kg–1M0.75d–1) of fresh matter (quadratic, P < 0.01), DM (quadratic, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively) and organic matter (P < 0.001), for digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, crude protein, starch and D-value (quadratic, P < 0.01), digestibility of organic matter (quadratic, P < 0.05), nitrogen intake (quadratic, P < 0.001) and nitrogen balance (quadratic, P < 0.05). It was concluded that differences between low quality GS and MS resulted in positive associative responses of GS and MS for all parameters measured (intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention).;

The utilization by preruminant lambs of isolated soya bean protein in low protein milk replacers

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
RD Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Bean Protein

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in five experiments with low protein milk replacers (0.10 of total energy as protein). Experiment 1. A diet with isolated soya bean protein (ISP) as the sole source of protein was supplemented with different amounts of DL-methionine. The ISP contained 1.06 g methionine (M) and 1.04 g cystine (C) per 16 g nitrogen (equivalent to 9.1 mg M + C per 100 kJ diet). Maximum nitrogen balance was achieved when the M + C concentration was 15.3 ? 3.7 mg per 100 kJ (equivalent to 3.8 g M + C per 16 g nitrogen). Experiment 2. The ISP diet (plus DL-methionine), was supplemented with L-valine, or L-threonine, or L-isoleucine, or L-lysine monohydrochloride, or a mixture of essential amino acids, to raise their concentration in rsp to those in whole egg proteins (g per 16 g nitrogen). There was no significant improvement in nitrogen balance as aresult of adding amino acids other than DL-methionine. Experiment 3. The ISP diet was supplemented with either DL-methionine (2.4 and 14.8 mg/100 kJ), or L-methionine (2.4 and 1 4 8 mg/100 kJ), or methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) (14.8 mg/100 kJ), or L-cystine (14 8 mg/100 kJ). Nitrogen balances were determined. It was concluded that the Dand L-isomers of methionine had similar biological activities when used to supplement ISP, and that MHA was as effective as DL-methionine. There was no significant increase in nitrogen balance with the L-cystine supplement. Experiment 4. The ISP diet (plus DL-methionine) was given to three lambs continuously for 33 days. There was no significant change in nitrogen balance with increasing age. Experiment 5. The ISP diet (diet A) and a diet of equivalent protein content based on cows' milk proteins (diet B) were supplemented with DL-methionine and given to groups of lambs over a wide range of intakes of gross energy (GE). The maximum intake of GE by lambs given the ISP diet ad libitum was 1147 kJ/day per kg0.73, an intake far lower than that which would have been taken by lambs given the cows' milk diet ad libitum. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and DM in diet A were significantly lower than those in diet B and, at the mean intake of apparently digested nitrogen of 538 mg/day per kg0.73, there were significant differences in the nitrogen balances: the values were 362 and 255 mg nitrogen/day per for the cows' milk and ISP diets respectively.

The nutritive value of diets containing different proportions of grass and heather (Calluna vulgaris L. Hull) to sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Milne ◽  
L. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Linear Decrease ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Linear Manner

SummaryFive levels of frozen grass and heather (Calluna vulgaris, L. Hull) which contained 85% of the current season's shoots, were offered to five castrated male Scottish Blackface sheep per level. The levels of grass were 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 g D.M./day, and heather was offered ad libitum after the grass had been eaten. Both the grass and heather were harvested in September. Voluntary intakes of heather increased by 0·46 g/g of additional organic matter intake (OMI) of grass between the two lowest levels of grass, but at higher levels of grass there was a highly significant (P < 0·001) linear decrease in OMI of heather of 0·57 g/g additional OMI of grass.No associative effects of grass (OM digestibility 70%) and heather (OM digestibility 44%) on OM or neutral-detergent fibre digestibility could be demonstrated. Intakes of digestible OM and nitrogen balance increased in a positive and linear manner with the proportion of grass in the diet. To meet the nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance of the sheep the diet would require to contain 50% of grass. These findings are discussed in relation to the nutrition of sheep grazing heather-dominant moorlands.

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