Effects of surface-applied phosphorus and superphosphate on the solution chemistry and phytotoxicity of subsurface aluminium: sand/solution and soil experiments

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ McLaughlin ◽  
TR James
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
P Supply

Experiments using split-root sand/solution culture and reconstituted soil profiles were undertaken to examine the influence of P supply to surface roots of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum var. Woogenellup) on root penetration into Al-toxic subsurface strata. In sand/solution culture increasing P supply to surface (0-40 mm) roots enchanced root penetration into Al-toxic nutrient solutions in the subsurface (40-100 mm), but only at low to moderate concentrations of Al. At high concentrations of Al, surface P supply had no effect on root penetration into the lower compartment. Results from the soil experiments confirmed the observations obtained in sand/solution culture. Topdressed P (as single superphosphate-SSP) enhanced root penetration into the Al-toxic subsurface stratum. Plants suffering P stress showed poor root growth in the acidic subsurface stratum. Gypsum in the SSP confounded P treatment effects at high rates of P application. The gypsum quickly dissolved and was able to move through the limited surface soil (0-40 mm, pH 5. O), to the acidic subsurface stratum, as evidenced by Ca concentrations in soil solution. This raised the ionic strength and reduced the pH of the soil solution, and raised solution Al concentrations. Under conditions of limiting leaching, and where the subsurface horizon was very acidic (pH 3.9), the gypsum in SSP caused yield reductions at high rates of application and produced a quadratic yield response curve to topdressed SSP.

Comparison of single superphosphate and superphosphate coated with bauxite residue for subterranean clover production on phosphorus-leaching soils

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Summers ◽  
Martin Clarke ◽  
Tim Pope ◽  
Tim O'Dea
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coated Granules

Bauxite residue from alumina refining was used to coat granules of single superphosphate to reduce the leaching of phosphorus in coarse, sandy soils for pastures in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia (>800 mm annual average). The impact of coating the superphosphate on the leaching of phosphorus was measured in a glasshouse experiment and the effectiveness of the fertiliser using dry herbage yield of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was measured in a field experiment. The glasshouse experiment measured the effect of coating the superphosphate with bauxite residue at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% by weight. A coating of 25% (by weight) was chosen for the field experiment. In the glasshouse experiment, the coated granules were applied to columns of soil, where subterranean clover was grown under leaching conditions. A coating of 30%, by weight, reduced leaching of single superphosphate by about half. Increasing the coating of bauxite residue also increased the phosphorus uptake and increased the plant growth. In the field trial, the effectiveness of single superphosphate with a bauxite residue coating of 25% by weight was increased on average by 100% in Year 1, 303% in Year 2, and 158% in Year 3, relative to freshly applied single superphosphate. The bauxite residue coating also increased the phosphorus content of the herbage in a similar manner to the increases in yield. Limited soil phosphorus tests showed only minor increases in the residues of phosphorus where the superphosphate had been coated with bauxite residue.

Nutrient problems in sown pasture on an acid soil. 2. Role of lime and superphosphate

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (106) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
P 16 ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium

A study was made of the role of superphosphate and lime on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) production on an infertile acid soil in pot culture. Both fertilizers increased the exchangeable calcium in this deficient soil. Lime and superphosphate were involved in nodulation of the clover plants. There was no evidence of the direct involvement of either of them in the nitrogen fixation process, but they did increase nitrogen uptake by the plants. Once the legume functioned adequately, full expression of the yield response to phosphorus on this deficient soil followed. Most efficient phosphorus use occurred at the lime 1255, superphosphate 2000 kg ha-1 level (lime 1/2, P 16). Heavy lime dressing reduced exchangeable magnesium and the phosphorus available to the plant. Aluminium and pH were involved in the effects observed. Lime reduced CaCl2-extractable aluminium and the titratable acidity in the soil. Phosphate increased the CaCl2-extractable aluminium and apparently reduced the titratable aluminium. The combined treatments reduced these three attributes and promoted increased plant growth. Increased plant growth was associated with increased aluminium uptake by the plants, which suggests that the real effect of aluminium may have been on the calcium and phosphorus uptake by the plants, rather than on the toxic nature of the element itself.

Comparing different sources of sulfur for high-rainfall pastures insouth-western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
J. S. Yeates ◽  
M. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Different Sources

The dry herbage yield increase (response) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-based pasture (>85% clover) to applications of different sources of sulfur (S) was compared in 7 field experiments on very sandy soils in the > 650 mm annual average rainfall areas of south-western Australia where S deficiency of clover is common when pastures grow rapidly during spring (August–November). The sources compared were single superphosphate, finely grained and coarsely grained gypsum from deposits in south-western Australia, and elemental S. All sources were broadcast (topdressed) once only onto each plot, 3 weeks after pasture emerged at the start of the first growing season. In each subsequent year, fresh fertiliser-S as single superphosphate was applied 3 weeks after pasture emerged to nil-S plots previously not treated with S since the start of the experiment. This was to determine the residual value of sources applied at the start of the experiment in each subsequent year relative to superphosphate freshly-applied in each subsequent year. In addition, superphosphate was also applied 6, 12 and 16 weeks after emergence of pasture in each year, using nil-S plots not previously treated with S since the start of the experiment. Pasture responses to applied S are usually larger after mid-August, so applying S later may match plant demand increasing the effectiveness of S for pasture production and may also reduce leaching losses of the applied S.At the same site, yield increases to applied S varied greatly, from 0 to 300%, at different harvests in the same or different years. These variations in yield responses to applied S are attributed to the net effect of mineralisation of different amounts of S from soil organic matter, dissolution of S from fertilisers, and different amounts of leaching losses of S from soil by rainfall. Within each year at each site, yield increases were mostly larger in spring (September–November) than in autumn (June–August). In the year of application, single superphosphate was equally or more effective than the other sources. In years when large responses to S occurred, applying single superphosphate later in the year was more effective than applying single superphosphate 3 weeks after pasture emerged (standard practice), so within each year the most recently applied single superphosphate treatment was the most effective S source. All sources generally had negligible residual value, so S needed to be applied each year to ensure S deficiency did not reduce pasture production.

Yield responses to lime of phalaris, cocksfoot, and annual pastures in north-eastern Victoria

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Ridley ◽  
DR Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Pasture Yield

Yield responses of 3 mixed grass-clover pastures [Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa (phalaris), Dactylis glomerata cv. Porto (cocksfoot), and annual grass based Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Trikkala (subterranean clover) pastures] were measured over 5 soil pH treatments at 2 sites in Victoria. One site (Beechworth) was strongly acidic [pH(CaCl2) < 4.21 to a depth of 40 cm and contained high concentrations of soil aluminium (Al). At the other site (Lake Rowan), yield responses to lime application had been measured previously, but only in Al-sensitive wheat cultivars. At Beechworth, pasture yield responses to lime were not consistent but. when observed. occurred in autumn and winter in all 3 pasture types. Phalaris pastures showed yield increases more often than cocksfoot and annual pastures. Low magnesium and calcium concentrations may have limited dry matter production, although yields were reasonable on all treatments. Where lime was applied, growth responses may have been due to alleviation of Al toxicity. At Beechworth, pasture yield was increased where lime increased pH from 4.2 to 4.6 and decreased soil Al (measured in 10 mmol CaCl2/L) from 11 to <3 �g/g soil. Herbage manganese concentrations were not high in phalaris and subterranean clover, and cocksfoot manganese standards were not available. At Lake Rowan (pH 4.7, Al <1 �g/g), no growth responses to lime were seen in any pasture treatment, and annual grass based pastures sometimes had higher yields than phalaris and cocksfoot pastures. On strongly acidic soils such as at Beechworth, incorporation of lime prior to pasture establishment should be considered. Perennial grasses may reduce further soil degradation through acidification. Soil A1 concentrations are commonly lower in ley-cropping areas, and the inclusion of perennial grasses in ley pastures requires further evaluation.

Tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum cultivars to low pH

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Kim ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
CJ Asher
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Phosphorus Absorption ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
Effects Of Ph

Eleven cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium semipilosum cv. Safari were grown with adequate combined nitrogen for 27 days in flowing solution culture with controlled nutrient concentrations at constant pH values ranging from 3.5 to 6.5. A solution pH of 3.5 was lethal to all cultivars, but growth was in all cases vigorous at pH 4.0 (RGR 15.2-16.9 g 100 g-1 day-1). There were no significant effects of pH over the range of 4.0-6.5 on the yield of any clover cultivar. The results are discussed in relation to an earlier study suggesting greater tolerance of subterranean clover to pH values below 4.0. Phosphorus toxicity symptoms developed in all subterranean clover cultivars with the intensity of symptom development increasing with solution pH from 4.5 to 6.5. The concentration of phosphorus in the older leaves decreased as the solution pH was increased from 4.0 to 4.5, and then increased with further increase in pH, reaching values = 1.0%. Rates of phosphorus absorption followed a similar pattern of response to solution pH. Results are discussed with reference to previously reported effects of pH on phosphorus uptake.

Distribution of magnesium in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in relation to supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Supply Current

The objectives of this study were to examine Mg distribution in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), to identify an appropriate tissue for diagnosis of deficiency and to establish minimum tissue concentrations associated with maximum plant growth. Plants were grown in solution culture with both discontinued (40 8M and 160 8M reduced to nil) and constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 8M Mg). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was interrupted. However, deficiency symptoms occurred first on the young tissue under these conditions. Under constant but inadequate supply, initial deficiency symptoms occurred in old tissue. Symptoms in leaves were associated with Mg concentrations in the leaf of < 1046 8g g-1 with constant root supply and 586 8g g-1 when supply was interrupted. At luxury constant supply, concentrations of Mg tended to be higher in the older leaves than in the young leaves; the reverse occurred with inadequate supply. Tissue choice for diagnosis was not critical, but the minimum Mg concentration in tissue commensurate with maximum shoot growth varied from 740 8g g-1 for the unifoliate leaf to 1310 8g g-1 in the youngest open leaf (YOL), when plants were grown under constant Mg supply. Current supply of Mg to roots was reflected more rapidly in the concentrations in young leaf than in old leaf tissue.

Comparison of the phosphate requirements of burr medic and yellow serradella with subterranean clover in the low rainfall wheatbelt of Western Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
BH Paynter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Yield ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Internal Efficiency

Burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) were compared with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in their response to freshly topdressed phosphate in the low rainfall wheatbelt of Western Australia. Species were compared on the amount of applied phosphorus (P) required for 90% maximum yield and the ratio of their curvature coefficients from the Mitscherlich relationship between P applied and absolute yield. On marginally acidic, medium-textured soils, burr medic had a higher external shoot requirement for applied P than subterranean clover. Relative differences between the species were affected by season, initial concentration of bicarbonate-extractable P in the soil (0-10 cm), and timing of plant harvest during the growing season. Burr medic generally achieved a higher absolute maximum yield at each harvest, a larger absolute yield response, and a larger percentage response to applied P than subterranean clover. There was no difference between burr medic and subterranean clover with respect to the internal efficiency of P use for shoot production. For seed production, the external requirements of burr medic and subterranean clover for applied P were similar according to the criterion of P required at 90% maximum yield, but burr medic had a higher requirement if curvature coefficient was the criterion for comparison. Burr medic also had a higher internal efficiency of P use for seed production than subterranean clover. On an acidic, light-textured soil, yellow serradella had a lower requirement for applied P than subterranean clover, according to both criteria for all harvests in 2 separate years.

Differential tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) cultivars to broadleaf herbicides. 2. Seed yield and quality

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Sandral ◽  
BS Dear ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Saving Effect ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of broadleaf herbicides on seed set by Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cultivars was examined at 2 sites (Wagga Wagga and Canowindra) over 2 years. Five commonly used herbicide treatments (bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-DB, MCPA + terbutryn, MCPA + diuron) were applied at 2 rates to 7 cultivars of subterranean clover. Significant site x cultivar x herbicide interactions were observed. Seed yields were either unaffected or depressed by up to 66% at the higher rainfall site (Canowindra), whereas at the lower rainfall site (Wagga Wagga) some herbicide x cultivar combinations showed increases in seed yield up to 115%. The increase in seed yield was greater at the lower herbicide rate. The variation in seed yield with herbicide treatment was largely a result of a change (P<0.001) in the number of seeds set (R = 0.94 at Wagga Wagga; R = 0.85 at Canowindra). Seed size was also correlated (P<0.001) with seed yield at both sites but explained less of the variation (R = 0.23 at Wagga Wagga; R = 0.47 at Canowindra). The reduction in herbage yield as a result of herbicide application was a poor indicator of the subsequent seed yield response at both sites. Cultivar Trikkala was consistently most tolerant to the herbicide treatments, showing either no change in seed yield at the wetter site or large increases in seed yield at the lower rainfall site. In contrast, the seed yield of Dalkeith was depressed by 2,4-DB at both sites in both years by 39-66%. Increases in seed yield, which were most pronounced in cultivars of midseason maturity (Trikkala, Junee, Seaton Park) and least in later maturing cultivars (Karridale, Clare) and in the very early flowering Dalkeith, were attributed in part to a water-saving effect of the herbicide treatments. Cultivar maturity ranking was negatively correlated (P<0.001) with seed yield (R=-0.73 at Wagga Wagga; R=-0.45 at Canowindra). The germination percentage of seed produced by the cultivars was unaffected by herbicide treatment, although the number of abnormal radicles formed by germinating seed was higher in the 2,4-DB and MCPA treatments.

Influence of cultivar and season on the response of Trifolium subterraneum to simazine

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
DJ Conlan ◽  
MF Richards ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Seed Yields

The tolerance of 6 cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) to simazine applied at 0.63 and 1.25 kg a.i./ha was determined under weedfree conditions in the field by measuring herbage and seed yields. Large herbage yield losses occurred as a result of the simazine in spring in the 2 years of the experiments. In 1989, spring herbage yield losses of the cultivars at the 0.63 and 1.25 kg/ha simazine rates averaged 56 and 82%, respectively. In 1990 the spring herbage yield losses were 27 and 51%. Significant variation in tolerance was observed between cultivars in both years, with Trikkala being the most tolerant and Karridale the most susceptible cultivar. Rate of herbicide had the greatest effect on herbage yield, with cultivar having a smaller effect. In 1989, with relatively favourable spring conditions, clover seed yields were depressed by simazine, but in 1990 when drier conditions prevailed during flowering and seed set, seed yields were unaffected or slightly increased by simazine in all cultivars except the early-flowering cultivar Dalkeith. Seed yields of simazine-treated swards were 196-1480 kg/ha in 1989 and 359-686 kg/ha in 1990. The seed yield response in 1990 suggests that herbicides which retard growth in winter help to conserve soil water and, therefore, may benefit seed filling later in the season. The presence of Lolium rigidum at spraying did not reduce the effect of the herbicide on clover herbage yield and had no effect on seed set. Although simazine may reduce herbage yields and, in some cases, seed yields, its use may be justified for the control of annual grasses when other factors such as disease control, pasture quality, and level of weed competition are considered.

Phosphate applied to soil increases the effectiveness of subsequent applications of phosphate for growing wheat shoots

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
M. J. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Curvature Coefficient ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Plots

Summary. Amounts of phosphorus ranging from 0 to 599 kg P/ha were applied as single (ordinary) superphosphate once only in 1976 to plots of a field experiment on a lateritic ironstone gravel sand. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and cereals (wheat, Triticum aestivum, and barley, Hordeum vulgare) were grown in rotation on the plots for 20 years after phosphorus application. In 1996, samples of the <2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil were collected from the field plots to measure phosphorus retention by soil and for a glasshouse experiment. The phosphorus retention index, a measure of the capacity of the soil to sorb phosphorus, decreased from 35 to 2 mL/g as the amount of phosphorus applied 20 years previously increased from 0 to 599 kg/ha. In the glasshouse experiment, wheat was grown for 35 days in soil to which 9 amounts of freshly-applied powdered single superphosphate (0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g P/pot, for 1.8 kg soil/pot) were applied to the original phosphorus treatments. The value of the curvature coefficient of the Mitscherlich equation fitted to the relationship between yield of dried shoots and the amount of fresh-phosphorus applied increased with increasing amount of phosphorus applied 20 years previously. That is, the fresh-phosphorus treatments became more effective for producing dried wheat shoots as the amount of previously applied phosphorus increased.

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