The derivation of economic values in breeding programs for Australian Merino sheep with changing wool prices and flock production averages

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Cottle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Change ◽  
Future Price ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Australian Merino

The impact of fluctuating wool prices on setting economic values (EVs) in selection indices, e.g. WOOLPLAN, are studied by modelling genetic change in a flock following index selection, Operating under different wool price regimes. Because future price changes are difficult to predict, there is no guaranteed, optimal method of determining EVs. One possibility is the use of a moving regression of the last five years' wool prices (in real terms), rather than setting the index once, or every five years, or every year, based on current prices. The ratio (R) of clean wool price to micron premium is more important than actual prices. It is suggested that the default EVs used currently in WOOLPLAN are appropriate for strong wool Merino flocks. The choice and implications of EVs in other situations are discussed.

Predicted responses in Merino sheep from selection combining visually assessed and measured traits

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 976 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Mortimer ◽  
K. D. Atkins ◽  
S. J. Semple ◽  
N. M. Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Selection Combining ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Merino Wool ◽  
Wool Quality ◽  
Staple Strength ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Australian Merino

Visually assessed traits for wool quality and ease of management are important to Merino sheep breeders and need to be considered in breeding programs. The present study reports on the predicted correlated responses in visual traits from selection using a range of standard MERINOSELECT™ indices available for use in Australian Merino breeding programs. The effect of including a visual trait in the index is also reported. The visual scored traits were classer grade, wool quality (handle, character and colour), conformation (neck and body wrinkle, front and back leg structure) and fleece rot. The indices covered a range of micron premiums of varying emphasis on increasing fleece weight and reducing fibre diameter. The indices were for Merino wool enterprises (Merino 14%, Merino 7% and Merino 3.5%) and Merino dual purpose wool and meat enterprises (Dual Purpose 7% and Dual Purpose 3.5%). The breeding objectives for the indices included fleece weight, fibre diameter, coefficient of variation of fibre diameter, staple strength, bodyweight and reproduction. Selection over 10 years using the standard MERINOSELECT™ indices is predicted to result in a small correlated improvement in the wool quality traits and classer grade, with a slight deterioration in fleece rot score. The improvement in wool handle, character and colour are greater with those indices that have a greater emphasis on reducing fibre diameter than with those increasing fleece weight. Indices with more emphasis on increased fleece weight than on reduced fibre diameter are predicted to result in small increases in neck and body wrinkle scores and a slight deterioration in wool colour. Inclusion of classer grade, handle, character or colour provided slight extra gains in fleece weight for indices that emphasised reduced fibre diameter through increased accuracy of selection.

scholarly journals Changes in genetic parameters under restricted index selection

1987 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne I. Mortimer ◽  
J. W. James
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Computer Models ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
Independent Locus ◽  
Restricted Selection

SummaryThe ability of restricted selection indices to prevent genetic change in a restricted trait over several generations of selection was studied using deterministic computer models. Four loci, two affecting each trait independently, and two pleiotropic loci, one affecting each trait in the same direction, and one with opposite effects, were modelled. In general, continued effectiveness of the restriction was achieved only when the restricted trait was affected by only one locus. In some conditions (equal gene frequencies), an independent locus and one pleiotropic locus affecting the restricted trait allowed maintenance of the restriction. The results suggest that long-term restriction may be very difficult without re-estimation of parameters.

Selection schemes for improving both reproduction rate and clean wool weight in the Australian Merino under field conditions

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
SY Young ◽  
Turner H Newton
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Consideration ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Australian Merino

Theoretical consideration has been given to 28 selection schemes which might readily be applied for the improvement of both number of lambs born and clean wool weight per head in Australian Merino sheep under field conditions. Two sets of relative weights were used, one lamb being considered equivalent to 5 or 10 lb of clean wool, and when both characters were selected in one sex, equal selection pressure was applied to each. Quality of wool is assumed to be safeguarded by preliminary culling of off-types. The schemes were investigated at two levels of twinning (15 and 30%). At both levels, the optimal method of ram selection was to select on clean wool weight among twin-born rams. At the lower level, the optimal method of ewe selection was to save twin-born ewes and to make up numbers by selecting on clean wool weight among those born as singles. At the higher level, this scheme was slightly exceeded in total genetic gain by one involving selection of ewes on their own 3-year-old reproduction rate. After 10 years of selection under the optimal scheme, an increase of about 40 lambs born per 100 ewes joined would be expected in reproduction rate, and about 1.2 lb clean wool in the cut per head. The gain in wool weight will be less (about 1 lb) if more rigorous culling on crimp is practiced, but the relative efficiency of the schemes near the optimum will not be changed. The tables presented could be used in flocks of any breed in which clean wool weight and reproduction rate were uncorrelated and to which approximately the same estimates of heritability, variances, and relative weights of lamb and wool could be applied.

scholarly journals Economic and non-economic values and objectives in the EU’s international trade: Normative tensions, actors and processes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Jaremba ◽  
Machiko Kanetake ◽  
Ingrid Koning
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

This Europe and the World: A law review special issue comprises selected papers presented at a RENFORCE workshop on the theme of tensions between the EU’s trade and non-economic values, held at Utrecht University in November 2017. The symposium addresses normative dilemmas underlying the EU’s trade law and policy. Normative dilemmas subsist between, on the one hand, the EU’s basic pursuit of its commercial interests and trade liberalization, and, on the other hand, the EU’s mandate to promote and safeguard a number of non-economic values, including human rights and sustainable development. The journal symposium aims to unveil normative tensions existing in the EU’s trade and investment policy, and understand some of the key actors and processes through which normative tensions are created and also mitigated. While the tensions between economic and non-economic values in the EU’s trade law and policy have been extensively discussed in literature, the present symposium highlights some of the recent developments in the EU’s trade relations, analyses not only human rights but also sustainable development, and examines the impact of new technologies.

scholarly journals Non-renewable Resources and the Intergenerational Equity Problem in Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Norman Adamson Sigalla King
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Economic Trend ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Intergenerational Equity ◽  
Future Price ◽  
Nonrenewable Resource ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Source Of Information

This study examines the intergenerational equity problem of Saudi Arabia, a country that is highly dependent on oil, a non-renewable resource, for most of her income. The first part which is introductory covers the definition of the main concepts, the importance of energy and the Saudi Arabian economic trend. The second part covers oil production and the alternative and future strategies. The paper has articulated documentation as the major source of information, while maintaining review through thinking holistically as the drive to making analyses of the discussion. It is a case study design as it focuses on Saudi Arabia. The third part of the paper discusses the challenges to models, alternatives, and the impact of future price of oil. The paper concludes that managing an economy which has the strength of nonrenewable resource such as oil, need highly adept understanding of resource management while containing other industrial products to support the economy.

Animal welfare and public perceptions as potential constraints to genetic change in animal production

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
Alistair B. Lawrence ◽  
Jennie E. Pryce ◽  
Alistair Stott
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
The Impact

Selective breeding has been an important component in the increased output and efficiency of animal production since the 1950's. At the same time there has been increasing moral concern over the welfare of modern farmed animals with much of the focus on the environment and management of farm animals and relatively little consideration of the impact of genetic change on welfare. This is now changing, partly because of some well-publicised examples where selection has led to ‘undesirable’ side effects, and because of the perceived welfare risk of emerging biotechnologies. This paper will address whether and how moral concerns over animal welfare should place limitations on genetic change in animal production.

Conflict handling in small firms’ foreign business relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Ratajczak-Mrozek ◽  
Krzysztof Fonfara ◽  
Aleksandra Hauke-Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Business Relationships ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Conflict Handling ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to indicate how conflicts in foreign business relationships are handled by small firms from a relational point of view and how these conflicts can be used by small firms in a positive way. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses qualitative study and presents the results of in-depth interviews conducted with six small, Poland-based firms. Findings The paper indicates the nature of conflicts in foreign business relationships from the perspective of small firms, including the sources of conflict and its outcomes. The main sources of conflict indicated include service or product quality, financial aspects of cooperation and cultural differences. The study exposes the existence of both negative (e.g. financial consequences) and positive (e.g. gaining new experience) outcomes of conflicts. It shows that positive conflict handling often constitutes a significant challenge for small firms and that the authors cannot really speak of one optimal method of conflict handling. Regardless of the method adopted, the costs involved should be taken into detailed consideration. Practical implications The paper points to actions that could be taken by small firms to handle conflicts in a way that will produce positive outcomes. Originality/value Managing international relationships is a more challenging task compared with domestic ones, especially for smaller firms. The paper exposes the impact of two categories of conflict (called day-to-day problems and severe conflicts) in a foreign relationship on small firms and considers different methods of handling the conflict situations.

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