A breeding program to reduce the diameter of the major xylem vessel in the seminal roots of wheat and its effect on grain yield in rain-fed environments

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 943 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Richards ◽  
JB Passioura
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Xylem Vessel ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Seminal Roots

It is thought that the man xylem vessel in the seminal roots of wheat crop will regulate crop water use if water is available in the subsoil but the top soil is dry. This should result in more water being used after anthesis, and a higher harvest index and yield. A backcross breeding program using two Australian commercial wheat varieties is described that reduced their xylem vessel diameter from about 65 8m to less than 55 8m. In field trials conducted on fallow land in eastern Australia over five years, comparing selections with narrow xylem vessels against unselected controls, narrow vessel selections yielded between 3 and 11% more than the unselected controls, depending upon their genetic background, in the driest environments. Yield differences in the wetter environments were largely not significant. This yield increase in the narrow vessel selections was associated with a significantly higher harvest index, also higher biomass at maturity and kernel number.

scholarly journals Respons varietas-varietas gandum terhadap pemupukan silika organik di dataran medium

Kultivasi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiky Yulianto Wicaksono ◽  
Amelia Ratnasari ◽  
Rasyiqa Hasna Shabira ◽  
Rhezaleta Eka Sutrisna ◽  
Ruminta Ruminta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Single Effect ◽  
Plot Design

AbstrakPenanaman gandum dari dataran medium sampai ke rendah memiliki kendala, salah satunya yaitu cekaman suhu tinggi. Pemupukan silika merupakan usaha yang dapat dilakukan agar tanaman gandum tahan terhadap cekaman suhu tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara dosis pupuk silika yang terbuat dari abu ketel pabrik gula dan varietas gandum terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil gandum pada dataran medium yang lebih panas dibandingkan dengan dataran tinggi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2018 – April 2018 di kebun percobaan Ciparanje Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, pada ketinggian750 mdi atas permukaan laut. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Petak Terbagi dengan petak utama adalah varietas dan anak petak adalah dosis pupuk silika. Faktor varietas terdiri dari 3 taraf, yaitu varietas Dewata, Selayar, dan GURI-6; sementara faktor dosis pupuk silika terdiri dari 6 taraf, yaitu 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, dan 300 kg/ha. Semua perlakuan diulang sebanyak 2 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan pada komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman gandum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara varietas dan dosis pupuk silika terhadap persentase biji bernas dan kadar gluten. Pengaruh mandiri dosis pupuk silika taraf 100 kg/ha memberikan Indeks Luas Daun dan Indeks Panen lebih tinggi dengan nilai masing-masing 3,44 dan 0,38. Pengaruh mandiri varietas GURI-6 memberikan hasil paling baik pada karakter tinggi tanaman dan panjang malai, sebesar 70,44 cm dan 6,26 cm.Kata kunci : pupuk silika, cekaman, gandum AbstractWheat cultivation in medium or lowland can suffer heat stress. Silica fertilization is an effort to decrease heat stress on wheat crop. This study aims to find the interaction between silica fertilizer doses made from sugar mill ash and wheat varieties on growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted on January 2018 until April 2018 in Ciparanje experimental field, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, at an altitude of 750 m above sea level. The Experiment used Split Plot Design which used wheat varieties as main plot and silica fertilizer doses as subplot. Main plot consisted of 3 levels of variety, there were Dewata, Selayar, and GURI-6; while subplot consisted of 6 levels of silica fertilizer dose, there were 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg/ha. All treatments were replicated twice. Observations were made on the components of growth and yield of wheat crop. The results showed interaction effect between varieties and silica fertilizer dosages on the percentage of filling grain and gluten content. The single effect of silica fertilizer level of 100 kg/ha gave a higher Leaf Area Index and Harvest Index values, were 3.44 and 0.38. GURI-6 variety gave the best results on plant height and panicle length, were 70,44 cm and 6,26 cm.Keywords: silica, stress, wheat 

scholarly journals Effect of Abamectin on the Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae) and Wheat Yield

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianli Zhang ◽  
Hongyan Wang ◽  
Xiaoxue Ji ◽  
Kaiyun Wang ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Biological Pesticide

The cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae) is a major pest in wheat and until now there is no pesticide registered to control this pest in China. Development of effective methods of controlling CCN is urgently needed. Abamectin is a biological pesticide that has a high nematicide activity. However, the efficacy of abamectin soil application to control CCN in wheat and its effect on yield in China remains unknown. Therefore, laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests were carried out to evaluate the potential of abamectin soil applications for CCN control and improvement of wheat yield. Laboratory tests showed that abamectin exhibited knockdown toxicity to CCN, with LC50 and LC90 values 9.8 and 59.4 mg liter–1. Greenhouse experiment and field trials showed that soil applications of abamectin provided significant CCN control and higher straw dry weights and wheat grain yields. There was an 8.5 to 19.3% yield increase from the various abamectin treatments compared with the control. The results of this study demonstrated that abamectin exhibited a high nematicidal activity to H. avenae and adequate performance to enhance wheat crop yields.

scholarly journals Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers enhance growth, yield, NUE in wheat crop and reduce nitrogen losses under an arid environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqra Ghafoor ◽  
Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman ◽  
Muqarrab Ali ◽  
Muhammad Afzal ◽  
Wazir Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
Partial Factor ◽  
Coated Fertilizers

AbstractHigher demands of food led to higher nitrogen application to promote cropping intensification and produce more which may have negative effects on the environment and lead to pollution. While sustainable wheat production is under threat due to low soil fertility and organic matter due to nutrient degradation at high temperatures in the region. The current research explores the effects of different types of coated urea fertilizers and their rates on wheat crop under arid climatic conditions of Pakistan. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency by using eco-friendly coated urea products could benefit growers and reduce environmental negative effects. A trial treatment included N rates (130, 117, 104, and 94 kg ha-1) and coated urea sources (neem coated, sulfur coated, bioactive sulfur coated) applied with equal quantity following split application method at sowing, 20 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). The research was arranged in a split-plot design with randomized complete block design had three replicates. Data revealed that bioactive sulfur coated urea with the application of 130 kg N ha-1 increased chlorophyll contents 55.0 (unit value), net leaf photosynthetic rate (12.51 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), and leaf area index (5.67) significantly. Furthermore, research elucidates that bioactive sulfur urea with the same N increased partial factor productivity (43.85 Kg grain Kg-1 N supplied), nitrogen harvest index (NHI) 64.70%, and partial nutrient balance (1.41 Kg grain N content Kg-1 N supplied). The neem-coated and sulfur-coated fertilizers also showed better results than monotypic urea. The wheat growth and phenology significantly improved by using coated fertilizers. The crop reached maturity earlier with the application of bioactive sulfur-coated urea than others. Maximum total dry matter 14402 (kg ha-1) recorded with 130 kg N ha-1application. Higher 1000-grain weight (33.66 g), more number of grains per spike (53.67), grain yield (4457 kg ha-1), and harvest index (34.29%) were obtained with optimum N application 130 kg ha-1 (recommended). There is a significant correlation observed for growth, yield, and physiological parameters with N in the soil while nitrogen-related indices are also positively correlated. The major problem of groundwater contamination with nitrate leaching is also reduced by using coated fertilizers. Minimum nitrate concentration (7.37 and 8.77 kg ha-1) was observed with the application of bioactive sulfur-coated and sulfur-coated urea with lower N (94 kg ha-1), respectively. The bioactive sulfur-coated urea with the application of 130 kg N ha-1 showed maximum phosphorus 5.45 mg kg-1 and potassium 100.67 mg kg-1 in the soil. Maximum nitrogen uptake (88.20 kg ha-1) is showed by bioactive sulfur coated urea with 130 kg N ha-1 application. The total available NPK concentrations in soil showed a significant correlation with physiological attributes; grain yield; harvest index; and nitrogen use efficiency components, i.e., partial factor productivity, partial nutrient balance, and nitrogen harvest index. This research reveals that coating urea with secondary nutrients, neem oil, and microbes are highly effective techniques for enhancing fertilizer use efficiency and wheat production in calcareous soils and reduced N losses under arid environments.

scholarly journals Mapping Wheat Dry Matter and Nitrogen Content Dynamics and Estimation of Wheat Yield Using UAV Multispectral Imagery Machine Learning and a Variety-Based Approach: Case Study of Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Ghizlane Astaoui ◽  
Jamal Eddine Dadaiss ◽  
Imane Sebari ◽  
Samir Benmansour ◽  
Ettarid Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Multispectral Imagery ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Wheat Varieties

Our work aims to monitor wheat crop using a variety-based approach by taking into consideration four different phenological stages of wheat crop development. In addition to highlighting the contribution of Red-Edge vegetation indices in mapping wheat dry matter and nitrogen content dynamics, as well as using Random Forest regressor in the estimation of wheat yield, dry matter and nitrogen uptake relying on UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) multispectral imagery. The study was conducted on an experimental platform with 12 wheat varieties located in Sidi Slimane (Morocco). Several flight missions were conducted using eBee UAV with MultiSpec4C camera according to phenological growth stages of wheat. The proposed methodology is subdivided into two approaches, the first aims to find the most suitable vegetation index for wheat’s biophysical parameters estimation and the second to establish a global model regardless of the varieties to estimate the biophysical parameters of wheat: Dry matter and nitrogen uptake. The two approaches were conducted according to six main steps: (1) UAV flight missions and in-situ data acquisition during four phenological stages of wheat development, (2) Processing of UAV multispectral images which enabled us to elaborate the vegetation indices maps (RTVI, MTVI2, NDVI, NDRE, GNDVI, GNDRE, SR-RE et SR-NIR), (3) Automatic extraction of plots by Object-based image analysis approach and creating a spatial database combining the spectral information and wheat’s biophysical parameters, (4) Monitoring wheat growth by generating dry biomass and wheat’s nitrogen uptake model using exponential, polynomial and linear regression for each variety this step resumes the varietal approach, (5) Engendering a global model employing both linear regression and Random Forest technique, (6) Wheat yield estimation. The proposed method has allowed to predict from 1 up to 21% difference between actual and estimated yield when using both RTVI index and Random Forest technique as well as mapping wheat’s dry biomass and nitrogen uptake along with the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and therefore facilitate a careful monitoring of the health and the growth of wheat crop. Nevertheless, some wheat varieties have shown a significant difference in yield between 2.6 and 3.3 t/ha.

scholarly journals Integrated Control of Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot of Sugar Beet with Fungicides and Antagonistic Bacteria

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 718-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kiewnick ◽  
Barry J. Jacobsen ◽  
Andrea Braun-Kiewnick ◽  
Joyce L. A. Eckhoff ◽  
Jerry W. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

Rhizoctonia crown and root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2, is one of the most damaging sugar beet diseases worldwide and causes significant economic losses in more than 25% of the sugar beet production area in the United States. We report on field trials in the years 1996 to 1999 testing both experimental fungicides and antagonistic Bacillus sp. for their potential to reduce disease severity and increase sugar yield in trials inoculated with R. solani AG 2-2. Fungicides were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting or as band sprays directed at the crown at the four-leaf stage, or four- plus eight-leaf stage, while bacteria were applied at the four-leaf stage only. The fungicides azoxystrobin and tebuconazole reduced crown and root rot disease by 50 to 90% over 3 years when used at rates of 76 to 304 g a.i./ha and 250 g a.i./ha, respectively. The disease index at harvest was reduced and the root and sugar yield increased with azoxystrobin compared with tebuconazole. The combination of azoxystrobin applied at 76 g a.i./ha and the Bacillus isolate MSU-127 resulted in best disease reduction and greatest root and sucrose yield increase.

scholarly journals Spring wheat yield (Triticum aestivum L.) when applying selenium fertilizers in extreme growing conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 843 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
I I Seregina ◽  
I G Makarskaya ◽  
A S Tsygutkin ◽  
I V Kirichkova
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract To study the effect of sodium Selenite application different methods on the yield of spring wheat varieties, depending on the conditions of water supply, a series of vegetation experiments in accordance with the methodology were carried out. The object of the study is spring wheat of the Zlata variety (Triticum aestivum L.). It was found that the effect of selenium on the yield of wheat of the Zlata variety depended on the method of its application and the conditions of water supply. With optimal water supply, the positive effect of selenium on the yield of spring wheat plants was revealed with both methods of applying sodium selenite. It was found that in conditions of drought, the positive effect of selenium was obtained with both methods of using sodium selenite. The greatest efficiency of selenium is obtained in foliar processing of plants. The increase in grain weight in this variant was 1.4 times. The increase in the share of the agronomic significant part of the wheat crop yield to 36% is shown, which indicates the decrease in the negative effect of drought on the formation of spring wheat yield when using foliar processing of plants.

Water use efficiency of wheat in a Mediterranean-type environment. II. some limitations to efficiency

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ French ◽  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Yields ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Factorial Treatments

Evidence is presented that water use efficiency and yield of wheat are reduced by insufficient leaf area and by inadequate content of nutrients in the top growth. Yields from field trials are compared with the potential yield, and a review is made of the limitations caused by weeds, the incidence of diseases and the harvest index. The data highlight the need for field experiments to define the evaporation and transpiration components of water use in each environment. They also indicate the need for multi-factorial treatments to overcome all yield limitations and thereby attain the potential yield.

Conservation agriculture for climate smart agriculture in smallholder farming systems in Kenya.

2022 ◽  
pp. 431-442
Author(s):  
Alfred Micheni ◽  
Patrick Gicheru ◽  
Onesmus Kitonyo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Abstract Climate change is any significant change in climatic conditions. Such changes may negatively affect productivity of the rain-fed agriculture practised by over 75% of the smallholder Kenyan farmers. The effect leads to failure to sustainably provide adequate food and revenue to famers. It is on this basis that an almost 8-year field study was conducted to evaluate and scale climate resilient agricultural technological options associated with Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems and practices (no-till; maintenance of permanent soil cover; and crop diversification - rotations and associations), complemented with good agricultural strategies. The activities involved were targeted to sustainably increase productivity of maize-legumes farming systems while reducing environmental risks. The results showed improved soil properties (physical, chemical and health) and consequently increased crop yields and human nutrition by over 30%. Such benefits were attributed to cost savings arising from NT and reduced labour requirement for weed control. This was further based on enhanced crop soil moisture and nutrients availability and use efficiency leading to over 25% yield increase advantage. Apart from the field trials, the study used the Agricultural Production Simulator (APSIM) computer model to simulate CA scenario with the aim of providing potential quick answers to adopting CA practices for farm system productivity. The results were inclusively shared, leading to over 21% increase in the number of farmers adopting the CA practices within and beyond the project sites. The study's overall recommendation affirmed the need to integrate the CA practices into Kenyan farming systems for sustainable agricultural livelihoods and economic opportunities.

Nitrogen benefits of lupins, field pea, and chickpea to wheat production in south-eastern Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Armstrong ◽  
D. P. Heenan ◽  
J. S. Pate ◽  
M. J. Unkovich
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Narrow Leaf ◽  
Eastern Australia

Nitrogen balances of narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), albus lupin (L. albus L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sown over a range of dates were examined in 1992 in a rotation study at Wagga Wagga, NSW. Each N budget included assessment of dependence on fixed as opposed to soil N, peak aboveground biomass N, and N removed as grain or returned as unharvested aboveground crop residues. N balances of wheat sown across the plots in 1993 were assessed similarly in terms of biomass and grain yield. Yields, N2 fixation, and crop residue N balances of the legumes were markedly influenced by sowing time, and superior performance of lupins over other species was related to higher biomass production and proportional dependence on N2 fixation, together with a poorer harvest index. Residual N balances in aboveground biomass after harvest of the 1992 crops were significantly correlated with soil mineral N at 1993 sowing and with biomass and grain N yields of the resulting wheat crop. Best mean fixation and grain N yield came from albus lupin. Wheat grain N yields following the 2 lupins were some 20% greater than after fiield pea and chickpea and 3 times greater than after barley. Net soil N balance based solely on aboveground returns of N of legumes in 1992 through to harvest of wheat in 1993 was least for narrow leaf lupin-wheat ( –20 kg N/ha), followed by albus lupin-wheat ( –44), chickpea-wheat ( –74), and field pea-wheat ( –96). Corresponding combined grain N yields (legume+wheat) from the 4 rotations were 269, 361, 178, and 229 kg N/ha, respectively. The barley-wheat rotation yielded a similarly computed soil N deficit of 67 kg/ha. Data are discussed in relation to other studies on legume-based rotations.

A preliminary assessment of the adaptation of semi-dwarf wheat varieties to the Ord River valley

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Dwarf Wheat ◽  
General Response

In the 1966 dry season at Kimberley Research Station in the Ord River valley, the performance under irrigation of three semi-dwarf wheat varieties was compared with that of two Australian varieties at three times of sowing and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer in factorial combination. The general response of the semi-dwarf varieties to time of sowing did not differ from that of the Australian varieties. All varieties, at 0 and 160 lb an acre N, gave higher grain yields when sown in late May than when sown in mid-April or late June. At 320 lb an acre N, each variety gave approximately the same grain yield whether sown in mid-April or late May, with a lower yield from late June sowings. All varieties increased in grain yield between 0 and 160 lb an acre N, but when nitrogen was increased from 160 to 320 lb an acre, the yield of the Australian varieties declined while that of the semi-dwarf varieties either increased or remained approximately the same. As a group, the semi-dwarf varieties differed only from the Australian varieties in their ability to use a high uptake of nitrogen for grain production, in their greater harvest index, 2nd in their lower grab nitrogen content. The highest yields, 75-80 bushels an acre, were obtained from Mexico 120 and Chile 1B.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document