Nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) in soils following wheat straw retention: effects of straw management

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Roper ◽  
GW Marschke ◽  
NA Smith
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
C2h2 Reduction

The effects of stubble management practices on straw decomposition (C02 production) and nitrogenase activity C2H2 reduction) were examined in situ on a black earth (pH 7.4, clay content 51%)) near Gunnedah in the wheat-belt of New South Walcs. Straw treatments were: (1) mulching (bladeploughed) or surface cultivation (scarification), (2) burning and cultivation, (3) no-tillage, and (4) incorporation (disc-ploughed). In 1979, the straw was mulched on the surface in treatment 1. When moisture was applied, preliminary measurements (1 980) showed that nitrogenase activity was highest in the incorporated treatment with less in the surface mulched and no-tillage treatments respectively. There was only a small amount of activity in the burnt treatment due to some straw remaining. In a longer-term study in 1985 and 1986 straw in treatment 1 was lightly mixed near the soil surface by scarification. Following moisture application, nitrogenase activity was significantly higher in the scarified treatment than in the incorporated treatment, indicating that depth of mixing of straw with soil was important. Nitrogenase activity in the no-tillage treatment was similar to that in the incorporated treatment, and there was substantially less activity in the burnt treatment. Production of CO2 was similar in the straw-retained treatments, but significantly lower in the burnt treatment. In a series of short-term assays throughout 1985, microbial activity from January to May 1985 decreased with falling soil temperature. With the increase in temperature from July to November 1985, there was no corresponding increase in activity. Despite changes in microbial activity throughout the year, there was little change in the numbers of N2-fixing bacteria in the 14-month period from February 1985 to March 1986, indicating stability in the potential for N2 fixation. Although surface-cultivation (scarification) of straw is apparently the most favourable for free-living N2 fixation, other factors such as erosion and disease control need to be considered in deciding which straw management practice is to be adopted.

Sugar cane straw left in the field during harvest: decomposition dynamics and composition changes

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 758 ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. de A. Sousa ◽  
Maurício R. Cherubin ◽  
Carlos E. P. Cerri ◽  
Carlos C. Cerri ◽  
Brigitte J. Feigl
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
N Losses ◽  
No Removal ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Decomposition Dynamics ◽  
Straw Incorporation

The understanding of sugar cane straw decomposition dynamics is essential for defining a sustainable rate of straw removal for bioenergy production without jeopardising soil functioning and other ecosystem services. Thus, we conducted a field study in south-east Brazil over 360 days to evaluate sugar cane straw decomposition and changes in its composition as affected by increasing initial straw amounts and management practices. The sugar cane straw amounts tested were: (1) 3.5 Mg ha–1 (i.e. 75% removal); (2) 7.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. 50% removal); (3) 14.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. no removal); and (4) 21.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. no removal plus 50% of the extra straw left on the field). In addition, two management practices were studied for the reference straw amount (14 Mg ha–1), namely straw incorporation into the soil and irrigation with vinasse. The findings showed that dry mass (DM) loss increased logarithmically as a function of the initial amount left on the soil surface. An exponential curve efficiently described straw DM and C losses, in which more readily decomposable compounds are preferably consumed, leaving compounds that are more recalcitrant in the late stages of decomposition. After 1 year of decomposition, net straw C and N losses reached approximately 70% and 23% respectively for the highest initial straw amounts. Straw incorporation in the soil significantly accelerated the decomposition process (i.e. 86% DM loss after 1 year) compared with maintenance of straw on the soil surface (65% DM loss after 1 year), whereas irrigation with vinasse had little effect on decomposition (60% DM loss after 1 year). We conclude that straw decomposition data are an essential starting point for a better understanding of the environmental effects caused by straw removal and other management practices in sugar cane fields. This information can be used in models and integrated assessments towards a more sustainable sugar cane straw management for bioenergy production.

Improved straw management practices promote in situ straw decomposition and nutrient release, and increase crop production

2020 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 119514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Kang Guan ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Shou-Chen Ma ◽  
Ming-Da Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Straw Management

scholarly journals Microbial activity in soil with onion grown in a no-tillage system with single or intercropped cover crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Souza ◽  
Mónica María Machado Vargas ◽  
Bárbara Santos Ventura ◽  
Vilmar Müller Júnior ◽  
Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Fda Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Microbial biomass is a driving force in the dynamics of soil organic matter, and microbial activity is an indicator of soil quality in agroecosystems, reflecting changes in management practices and environmental conditions. We evaluated the effect of monoculture and intercropped winter cover crops on soil chemical attributes, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2), urease, β-glucosidase, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity, as well as onion yield in a no-tillage system. Soil is a Typic Humudept, and treatments were control with spontaneous vegetation, barley, rye, oilseed radish (OR), OR + rye, and OR + barley. The soil was sampled (0-10 cm) five times between June and December. There were no differences among treatments for MBC and BR, and the highest values for those attributes occurred in June, when cover plants were in their initial stage. Although, qCO2 was not affected by any treatment, it varied among sampling periods, ranging from 0.62 to 10 µg C-CO2 mg-1 MBC h-1, indicating a low- or no stress environment. Cover crops had little influence on enzyme activity, but FDA was lowered in areas with single crops of barley and rye. Average onion yield in cover crops treatments was 13.01 (Mg ha-1), 30-40% higher than in the control treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of straw incorporation on methane emission in rice paddy: conversion factor and smart straw management

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon Ji Song ◽  
Jin Ho Lee ◽  
Hyun-Cheol Jeong ◽  
Eun-Jung Choi ◽  
Taek-Keun Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
Straw Incorporation ◽  
Straw Application

AbstractStraw incorporation is strongly recommended in rice paddy to improve soil quality and mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), via increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. However, straw application significantly increased methane (CH4) emission during rice cultivation, and then its incorporation area was not expanded effectively. To find the reasonable straw management practice which can reduce CH4 emission without productivity damage, the effect of straw incorporation season and method on CH4 emission was investigated at six different textured paddy fields in South Korea for 2 years. A straw was applied right after rice harvesting in autumn, and the other right before rice transplanting in spring. In the autumn application, straw was applied with two different methods: spreading over soil surface or mixing with soil. Straw application significantly increased seasonal CH4 flux by average 28–122% over 197–590 kg CH4 ha−1 of the no-straw, but its flux showed big difference among straw applications. Fresh straw application before transplanting increased seasonal CH4 flux by approximately 120% over the no-straw, but the autumn application reduced its CH4 flux by 24–43% over 509–1407 kg CH4 ha−1 of the spring application. In particular, the seasonal CH4 flux was approximately 24% lower in straw mixing with soil after autumn harvesting than 423–855 kg CH4 ha−1 in straw spreading over surface. However, CH4 fluxes were not significantly discriminated by soil and meteorological properties in the selected condition. Straw application slightly increased rice grain yield by approximately 4% over the no-straw, but rice productivity was not statistically different among straw applications. Spring straw application increased CH4 intensity which means seasonal CH4 flux per grain yield by the maximum 220% over the no-straw. Autumn straw application significantly decreased CH4 intensity by average 24–65% over the spring straw application. In particular, CH4 intensity in straw mixing with soil treatment was not statistically different with the no-straw. Therefore, autumn straw application with mixing inner soil could be a reasonable straw management practice to decrease CH4 emission impact with improving soil productivity.

Impact of long-term wheat production management practices on soil acidity, phosphorus and some micronutrients in a semi-arid Plinthosol

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Loke ◽  
E. Kotzé ◽  
C. C. Du Preez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
Straw Burning ◽  
Semi Arid

Farmers continuously remove crop residues for use as building materials, fuel and animal feed or bedding as well as to avoid difficulties during tillage operations. Therefore, demonstrations of the benefits of recycling crop residues are necessary. The aim with this study was to evaluate the influence of different wheat production management practices on acidity and some essential nutrients from a long-term trial on a Plinthosol in semi-arid South Africa. The trial was set up in 1979, and since then two methods of straw management (unburned and burned), three methods of tillage (no-tillage, stubble mulch, and plough), two methods of weed control (chemical and mechanical), and three levels of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (20, 40 and 60 kg ha–1) have been applied. Soil samples were collected in June 2010 at depths of 0–50, 50–100, 100–150, 150–250, 250–350 and 350–450 mm from plots that received 40 kg N ha–1 and were analysed for pH, phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). Results obtained showed that straw burning resulted in higher P and Mn but lower Cu than no-burning. No-tillage, and to some extent stubble mulch, suppressed soil acidification and increased P and Zn compared with ploughing, especially in the surface layers where crop residues accumulate. In contrast, mouldboard ploughing and stubble mulch increased Cu more than no-tillage, possibly due to the strong affinity of organic matter for Cu. Tillage effects on Mn were inconsistent and difficult to explain. Chemical weeding also improved P, probably because of the pesticide application, but resulted in lower pH and Cu values compared with mechanical weeding. Treatment combinations also had an influence on P and, to a lesser extent, on soil pH and Cu, which might be due to the higher organic matter present in no-tilled soils. Irrespective of straw management or weed-control methods, no-tillage resulted in higher P than did ploughing and stubble mulch. Nutrient concentrations and pH values were sufficient for wheat growth under all treatments. However, although the nutrients were highest under straw burning, no-tillage and, to some extent, stubble mulch, wheat yield was higher with unburned straw and mouldboard ploughing. Therefore, an integrated approach from various disciplines is recommended to identify and rectify yield-limiting factors under conservation tillage systems.

Wheat straw decomposition in subtropical Australia .II. Effect of straw placement on decomposition and recovery of added 15N urea

Soil Research ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Cogle ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
PG Saffigna ◽  
JN Ladd ◽  
M Amato
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
Biological Denitrification ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
Subtropical Australia ◽  
Subtropical Environment

Decomposition of 14C-labelled wheat straw and its effect on fertilizer 15N transformations was studied in a subtropical environment over a 2 year period. The effect of straw management was also studied. Wheat straw incorporated in topsoil initially decomposed at a faster rate than wheat straw placed on the soil surface. This was due to the greater positional availability of straw carbon to soil organisms in incorporated straw. Later decomposition rates were similar. After 1.5 months, 44% of applied 15N-urea was recovered from incorporated straw treatments and 55% from surface-retained straw treatments. Losses were attributed to biological denitrification. The greater loss in incorporated straw treatments was suggested to be due to a greater availability of carbon to the denitrifying population compared with treatments where straw was retained on the surface. After 2 years, the recovery of 15N decreased to between 12 and 15% of that applied.

Talented Employees in Russian and Foreign Companies

2013 ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Latukha ◽  
T. Tsukanova
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Practice Development

The study investigates talent management practices in Russian and foreign companies. The inquiry of Russian and foreign companies (working in Russia) showed that perceived and dedicated talent management practices contribute to better companies performance. The study results can be used in talent management practice development.

scholarly journals Effect of Digestate and Straw Combined Application on Maintaining Rice Production and Paddy Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5714
Author(s):  
Xue Hu ◽  
Hongyi Liu ◽  
Chengyu Xu ◽  
Xiaomin Huang ◽  
Min Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Combined Application

Few studies have focused on the combined application of digestate and straw and its feasibility in rice production. Therefore, we conducted a two-year field experiment, including six treatments: without nutrients and straw (Control), digestate (D), digestate + fertilizer (DF), digestate + straw (DS), digestate + fertilizer + straw (DFS) and conventional fertilizer + straw (CS), to clarify the responses of rice growth and paddy soil nutrients to different straw and fertilizer combinations. Our results showed that digestate and straw combined application (i.e., treatment DFS) increased rice yield by 2.71 t ha−1 compared with the Control, and digestate combined with straw addition could distribute more nitrogen (N) to rice grains. Our results also showed that the straw decomposition rate at 0 cm depth under DS was 5% to 102% higher than that under CS. Activities of catalase, urease, sucrase and phosphatase at maturity under DS were all higher than that under both Control and CS. In addition, soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) under DS and DFS were 20~26% and 11~12% higher than that under B and DF respectively, suggesting straw addition could benefit paddy soil quality. Moreover, coupling straw and digestate would contribute to decrease the N content in soil surface water. Overall, our results demonstrated that digestate and straw combined application could maintain rice production and have potential positive paddy environmental effects.

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