Canopy development modifies the water economy of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in south-western Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
R. H. Sedgley
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Plant Data

Soil water balance and plant data from a time of sowing trial, and estimates of transpiration efficiency, were used to assess the importance of soil cover, provided by developing canopies, on the water use and its partitioning between soil evaporation and transpiration. As reported in an earlier paper, time of sowing strongly affected the timing and rate of canopy development, and had little effect within years on total water use, which was 221 mm in 1982 and 185 mm in 1983. Time of sowing also modified the pattern of water use, and this was reflected in substantial effects on the partitioning of water use, between soil evaporation and transpiration, and in turn on yield and water use efficiency. Estimated water use by soil evaporation ranged from 100 to 125 mm in 1982 and from 75 to 115 mm in 1983. The majority of this, an average of 80 mm, in 1982 and 75 mm, in 1983, occurred during the winter months, June to August, and varied mildly with soil cover. Soil cover had its greatest effect on water use through transpiration during spring, when temperatures were rising rapidly. Transpiration varied between sowing dates by 20 mm in 1982, and by 40 mm in 1983. Measures to improve water use efficiency should aim to reduce soil evaporation during winter both directly, by increasing soil cover, for example, by mulches or earlier-developing canopies, and indirectly by increasing infiltration. In spring, measures to improve water use efficiency should aim at reducing transpiration by minimising canopy development to what is required by the crop to maximise harvest index.

Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
D Tennant ◽  
MW Perry ◽  
RK Belford
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars and one barley cultivar were measured in a Mediterranean environment at Merredin, W.A. Water use efficiency for grain increased substantially from old to modern cultivars, with little difference among modern cultivars. Water use efficiency for dry matter was similar between cultivars. Barley had the highest water use efficiency of both grain and dry matter. Improved water use efficiency for grain in modern cultivars was associated with faster development, earlier flowering, improved canopy structure and higher harvest index. Modern cultivars used slightly less water than old cultivars. The pattern of water use was also different, with late-maturing old cultivars using more water in the pre- than the post-anthesis period. The ratio of pre- to post-anthesis water use was highest with the late-maturing, old cultivar Purple Straw (5.2:1) and lowest with early-maturing, modern cultivar Gutha (3.0:1). Soil evaporation estimates showed that modern cultivars had lower rates of soil evaporation in the early part of the growing season. This was associated with their faster leaf area development and improved light interception. About 40% of the total water use was lost by soil evaporation with very little difference between wheat cultivars. Barley had 15% less soil evaporation than wheat. Water use efficiency for grain based on transpiration (transpiration efficiency) for the four modern cultivars was 15.8 kg ha-1 mm-1, similar to other studies in comparable environments. Some further improvement in water use efficiency appears possible through improvement in crop biomass and harvest index. However, given the frequent and severe limitations of total water supply at low rainfall sites such as Merredin, there appears to be more scope for improvement in yield and water use efficiency in the medium and high rainfall areas of the wheatbelt.

Growth and yield response of barley and chickpea to water stress under three environments in southeast Queensland. III. Water use efficiency, transpiration efficiency and soil evaporation

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
s Thoma ◽  
S Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Use Efficiency

Two cultivars of barley and one cultivar of chickpea were grown in both well-watered and water stress conditions in three experiments. Water use efficiency (biomass produced per unit evapotranspiration) was lower in chickpea than in barley, and between two barley cultivars it was higher in early-maturing Corvette than in late-maturing Triumph. These differences in water use efficiency were mostly related to the differences in transpiration efficiency (biomass produced per unit transpiration). The latter appeared to reflect the differences in biomass production under well-watered conditions, as similar differences were found in light use efficiency (biomass produced per unit of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted) among the three crops. Transpiration efficiency was inversely related to vapour pressure deficit of the air. In three experiments soil evaporation accounted for about 55% and 10-30% of total water use for chickpea and barley respectively during observation periods, when rainfall was excluded from the plots. Slow canopy development of chickpea was a reason for such a high proportion of soil evaporation, and this contributed to its lower water use efficiency compared to barley. The amount of radiation transmitted to the soil surface appeared to be an important factor determining soil evaporation, even when soil water was not fully available and limiting soil evaporation.

scholarly journals Biodegradable mulch controls weeds and increases water use efficiency in lettuce crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-334
Author(s):  
Agnaldo Roberto de J Freitas ◽  
Francisco Claudio L de Freitas ◽  
Caetano Marciano de Souza ◽  
Fabio T Delazari ◽  
Paulo Geraldo Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Polyethylene Film ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Biodegradable Mulch ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Weed Removal

ABSTRACT Vegetable cultivation requires high water use and weed control. Soil cover using recycled paper, can be an alternative to polyethylene film to reduce weed incidence, soil temperature and increase water use efficiency beyond reduces costs and environmental pollutions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of biodegradable mulch in weed management and water use efficiency (WUE) in lettuce crop. The treatments were composed of brown recycled paper (RP), black polyethylene film (PF) and soil without cover with weed removal (WR) and without weed removal (WW). RP and PF were efficient to control weeds. The soil temperature with RP was 8.2 and 2.1ºC lower than with PF and WR, respectively. The lettuce yield with RP was 14.5 and 28.3% higher than WR, and with PF, respectively. The water volume applied with RP was 26.5% lower, and WUE was 55.6% higher compared to WR. Soil cover with recycled paper controlled weeds, reduced soil temperature and water consumption and increased yield and water use efficiency in lettuce crop.

scholarly journals Test of a microlysimeter for measurement of soil evaporation

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilton L. Flumignan ◽  
Rogério T. de Faria ◽  
Bruno P. Lena
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Inner Diameter

Quantifying soil evaporation is required on studies of soil water balance and applications aiming to improve water use efficiency by crops. The performance of a microlysimeter (ML) to measure soil evaporation under irrigation and non-irrigation was evaluated. The MLs were constructed using PVC tubes, with dimensions of 100 mm inner diameter, 150 mm depth and 2.5 mm wall thickness. Four MLs were uniformly distributed on the soil surface of two weighing lysimeters conducted under bare soil, previously installed at Iapar, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. The lysimeters had 1.4 m width, 1.9 m length and 1.3 m depth and were conducted with and without irrigation. Evaporation measurements by MLs (E ML) were compared with measurements by lysimeters (E L) during four different periods in the year. Differences between E ML and E L were small either for low or high atmospheric demand and also for either irrigated or non-irrigated conditions, which indicates that the ML tested here is suitable for measurement of soil evaporation.

Water Use, Grain Yield, and Osmoregulation in Wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Morgan ◽  
AG Condon
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
High Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Turgor Maintenance ◽  
Use Efficiency

Genotypic differences in turgor maintenance in wheat were shown to be associated with differences in grain yield in the field at both high and Low water deficits. High water deficits were produced by growing plants in field plots using water stored in the soil at sowing, and excluding rain with a rain cover. At low water deficits plants received rainfall, and irrigation was supplied before and immediately after sowing, at tillering, at jointing, at ear emergence, and during grain filling. Yield differences were analysed in terms of harvest index, water use, and water use efficiency. Water use was calculated from changes in soil water contents. At high water deficits all three factors were associated with differences in turgor maintenance. However, only the variations in water use and harvest index could be logically associated with differences in turgor maintenance. Analysis of the soil water extraction data showed that the differences in water use efficiency were due solely to differences in water use at depth while surface water losses were the same, i.e. the ratio of transpiration to soil evaporation would have been higher in low-osmoregulating genotypes. At low water deficits, no differences were observed in harvest index, though there were non-significant correlations between turgor maintenance and total water use efficiency or total water use. A similar result was obtained when the water use and yield data were related to osmoregulation measurements made in the glasshouse. It is therefore concluded that effects of turgor maintenance or osmoregulation on grain yield were primarily associated with differences in water use which were, in turn, due to differences in water extraction at soil depths between 25 and 150 cm.

Growth, development, and yield of three oilseed Brassica species in a water-limited environment

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lewis ◽  
N Thurling
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Oilseed Brassicas

Representative lines of Brassica napus, B. campestris, and B. juncea were compared at East Beverley in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia on the basis of agronomic and physiological characters known to affect seed yield. Seed yield of B. juncea line 81794 was 32% higher than the locally adapted B. napus cv. Wesbrook (76 g/m2). Yields of B. napus cv. Eureka and the 2 B. campestris populations were not significantly different from Wesbrook and were lower than 81794. The higher yield of 81794 was due to higher dry matter production, particularly after first open flower. Yield superiority of 81794 was not associated with any single yield component. Under the water-stressed conditions of this experiment, seed yield had a strong positive correlation with dry matter production after first open flower. Differences in dry matter production during this period were due to variation in crop growth rates among the lines, not to variations in duration of the period. There was no relationship between flowering time and seed yield in this experiment, suggesting earlier reproductive development is not obligatory for high yield of oilseed Brassicas in low rainfall mediterranean environments. Total water use throughout the season differed little among populations, but there were differences in water use patterns over time. The greater rate of dry matter accumulation of 81794 is due to its ability to extract more water from the soil profile after anthesis; postanthesis water use of 81794 was 20% higher than that of Wesbrook. Water use efficiency of 81794 was also higher than that of Wesbrook, because soil evaporation comprised a smaller proportion of evapotranspiration. Further increases in seed yield of oilseed brassicas in this environment should be possible if higher postanthesis water use could be combined with lower soil evaporation and improved water use efficiency.

Effects of Irrigation Schedules on Yield of Mustard (Brassica Juncea)

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Prihar ◽  
K. S. Sandhu ◽  
K. L. Khera ◽  
B. S. Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYIn a 3-year field study with mustard (Brassica juncea L.) on deep well-drained sandy loam and loamy sand soils, 11 post-sowing irrigation schedules based on pan evaporation and growth stages were compared. One irrigation three weeks after sowing gave maximum grain yield and water use efficiency, increasing yield 40% in 1973–74 and 30% in 1976–77 compared with no irrigation. The total water use in this treatment averaged 31·2 cm, of which 15·8 cm was extracted from the 0–180 cm soil profile. Use of soil water by the crop decreased with the amount of post-sowing irrigation. More than one post-sowing irrigation tended to decrease yield and water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Effect of Stable Negative Pressure Irrigation on the Growth and Development of Eggplant (Solanum melongena)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 427-435
Author(s):  
Jingyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Use Efficiency

This study was conducted with an objective to determine the optimal negative pressure irrigation suitable for growth and development of eggplant. The total water consumption, yield, growth and development, physiological activity, and quality of eggplant were tested using a pot experiment in a greenhouse with four treatments, namely -3, -8, -15 kPa and normal irrigation (C). The negative pressure was maintained using a stable negative pressure irrigation device. The total water consumption of eggplant was decreased by 20.51–70.00%, the total water consumption intensity was decreased by 22.18–70.27%, and the water use efficiency was increased by up to 7.45–41.48% under negative pressure irrigation compared with control (C). When the irrigation pressure was controlled at -3 kPa, the nitrate reductase activity, root activity, and chlorophyll content were increased by 6.14–15.5%, 11.11–33.33% and 20.04–51.58%, respectively. The yield of eggplant was also increased by 12.43% compared with control. The soluble sugars, soluble protein, and vitamin C contents of eggplant fruits at different maturation stages were increased by 14.47–47.22%, 16.33–58.78%, and 19.64–43.42% at -3 kPa, respectively, compared with the control. Taken together, it was observed that stable negative pressure irrigation in the range of -3 to -15 kPa obviously reduced water consumption of eggplant, and had a water saving effect. Negative pressure irrigation (-3 kPa) improved the water use efficiency, physiological activity, growth and development, and yield and quality of eggplant. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Yield and water use efficiency of cowpea under water deficit

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Paulo J. O. P. Souza ◽  
Thaynara F. Ramos ◽  
Lucilene de C. S. Fiel ◽  
Vivian D. da S. Farias ◽  
Denis de P. Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Agricultural Planning ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT The state of Pará is the main regional producer of cowpea, but its yield is still low compared to other states of the Northern region such as Amazonas and Tocantins, due to the management adopted and the water regime during the cycle, since its cultivation is conducted on a rainfed basis. The objective of this study was to evaluate how water deficit imposed during reproductive stage interferes in the yield of cowpea and in its water use efficiency under the climatic conditions of Castanhal, Pará, Brazil, for agricultural planning purposes. The experiment was carried out in Castanhal, northeastern region of the Pará state during the dry season of 2014, 2015 and 2016. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six blocks and four treatments, corresponding to different irrigation depths in the reproductive stage, defined as 100, 50, 25 and 0% of the crop evapotranspiration. Water use efficiency (WUE) was determined by the ratio between total grain yield and total water used in each treatment. Maximum water availability led to an average increase in yield of 58% compared to the treatment without irrigation. Water depths below 260 mm limited yield to values lower than 1,000 kg ha-1. The cultivar adopted had WUE of 4.63 kg ha-1 mm-1, in response to the higher levels of water supply, but showed WUE of 4.31 kg ha-1 mm-1 under water depth of 50% of water demand.

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