Trace element nutrition of grazing ruminants. 1. Degree of oxidation, diet, frequency of dosing and location in the gastro-intestinal tract as factors affecting the ability of oxidized copper wire to promote hepatic copper storage

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
JE Bowles ◽  
GE Donald ◽  
AJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
Copper Wire ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Degree Of Oxidation ◽  
Trace Element Nutrition ◽  
Copper Storage ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Factors affecting the ability of oxidized copper (Cu) wire to promote hepatic Cu storage in penned and grazing sheep were examined in two experiments. The incorporation of molybdenum (Mo) and sulfur (S) into the diet did not reduce hepatic Cu storage, but storage was negligible when elemental Cu was used as the supplement, and it is suggested that dose rates could be manipulated by varying the extent of oxidation of the particles. Oxidized particles were relatively ineffective when held in the rumen in a nylon bag, and some of the variability in the pattern of hepatic Cu storage after dosing is likely to be associated with the rate of clearance of the particles from the rumen; there was no evidence that particles were rendered ineffective by being held in the rumen for up to 6 weeks. Excessive hepatic Cu concentrations were observed in some sheep and were attributed to the quantity of supplement given, the high Cu content of the basal diets, and to the failure to scale the dose in proportion to liver weight or liveweight. Dosing at 6-monthly intervals reduced variability in hepatic Cu concentration through time, but the strategy may lead to unacceptable hepatic Cu concentrations unless dose rates or the extent of oxidation of the particles are appropriately reduced.

Copper oxide particles for grazing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
JE Bowles ◽  
GE Donald ◽  
AJ Smith ◽  
DR Paull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Copper Storage ◽  
Rate Of Decline

In a series of experiments aimed at evaluating copper oxide as a supplement, grazing sheep were dosed with varying quantities of copper oxide particles up to 64 g, and the toxicity, the rate of particle excretion, and copper storage in the liver and other tissues were recorded. The toxicities (LD50) of copper oxide particles were 1.17 and 1.80 g/kg liveweight for two groups of grazing adult fine-wool Merino sheep. Death usually occurred 88-96 days after the oral administration of the particles; mean hepatic copper concentrations of sheep dying from copper toxicity were 4122-4308 mg/kg DM. The rate of faecal copper excretion of copper-supplemented sheep, expressed as a percentage of the dose, was less when 50 g of particles were given than when the dose was 5 or 10 g, but excretion patterns were variable. The quantity of hepatic copper stored per g of copper oxide given declined as the dose increased from 0 to 32 g, but increased again at higher doses. Hepatic copper concentration reached a maximum 2-3 months after dosing and the rate of decline was positively related to dose rate; thus, large doses of copper are unlikely to extend the period of elevated copper status. Large doses also increased whole blood copper concentrations and elevated plasma aspartate transaminase activities; this was taken to indicate copper poisoning. Tissue copper concentrations from sheep given up to 64 g particles are reported; liver was the most sensitive to copper treatment. Copper contents of the lung and kidney also responded to copper therapy, but carcass components such as leg, shoulder and muscle did not. Weaned lambs given 2 g of particles (c. 0.13 g/kg liveweight) grew significantly faster than unsupplemented lambs. This dose rate was approximately one-seventh of that predicted to cause 5% mortality, and it is concluded that, at appropriate dose rates, this method of supplementation did not increase mortality or cause excessive increases in tissue copper concentrations, and could increase growth rate.

Trace element nutrition of grazing ruminants. 2. Hepatic copper storage in young and adult sheep and cattle given varying quantities of oxidized copper particles and other copper supplements

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
JE Bowles ◽  
GE Donald ◽  
AJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Precautionary Measure ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Copper Particles ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Soluble Glass ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Trace Element Nutrition ◽  
Copper Storage

Hepatic copper (Cu) storage was determined by biopsy after oxidized Cu wire was given to sucking lambs at 0-43 days of age, and to weaned Merino sheep and Hereford cattle varying in age. Cu-calcium edetate (Cu-EDTA) and soluble glass pellets were also evaluated as Cu supplements. A dose of 45 mg oxidized particles/kg liveweight was predicted to induce a mean maximum response of 84 and 179 mg Cu/kg DM in hepatic concentrations in weaned Merino sheep and Hereford cattle at 49 and 100 days from dosing respectively; these responses should not result in unacceptable hepatic concentrations in cattle, or in sheep of low Cu status, but the response is variable, and supplementation as a precautionary measure without prior indications of Cu insufficiency is not desirable. The particles were effective when given to lambs from birth, but did not increase hepatic Cu concentrations in lambs when ewes were dosed post partum. A dose of 1 g particles/lamb was as effective as a 2 g dose in increasing hepatic Cu concentration, and lambs given 2 g were lighter than those given 1 g; the dose increased hepatic Cu concentrations for at least 292 days. Cu-EDTA was given subcutaneously at the rate of 50 mg Cu for sheep and 150 mg Cu for cattle, and was as effective in increasing hepatic Cu concentration as 45 mg oxidized particle/kg liveweight; it did not produce the severe reactions frequently reported in the literature. The soluble glass pellet was less effective, but studies with a later prototype suggest that subsequent formulations may be more satisfactory.

Factors affecting magnesium absorption in relation to the aetiology of acute hypomagnesaemia

1967 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Care ◽  
L. B. Vowles ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
D. B. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The absorption of28Mg from the gastro-intestinal tract of sheep has been measured on both hay and spring grass diets, each of which supplied approximately the same amount of magnesium daily. A hypomagnesaemic response to the latter diet was accompanied by a reduction in the efficiency of magnesium absorption and was not merely due to the presence of bound magnesium in spring grass.

scholarly journals COMMD1 Exemplifies the Power of Inbred Dogs to Dissect Genetic Causes of Rare Copper-Related Disorders

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 601
Author(s):  
Ronald Jan Corbee ◽  
Louis C. Penning
Keyword(s):  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Copper Toxicosis ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
Copper Storage ◽  
Labrador Retrievers ◽  
Copper Overload

Wilson’s Disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in humans, often presenting with hepatic copper overload. Finding the genetic cause of a rare disease, especially if it is related to food constituents like the trace element copper, is a Herculean task. This review describes examples of how the unique population structure of in-bred dog strains led to the discovery of a novel gene and two modifier genes involved in inherited copper toxicosis. COMMD1, after the discovery in 2002, was shown to be a highly promiscuous protein involved in copper transport, protein trafficking/degradation, regulation of virus replication, and inflammation. Mutations in the ATP7A and ATP7B proteins in Labrador retrievers and Dobermann dogs resulted in a wide variation in hepatic copper levels in these breeds. To our knowledge, numerous dog breeds with inherited copper toxicosis of unknown genetic origin exist. Therefore, the possibility that men’s best friend will provide new leads in rare copper storage diseases seems realistic.

scholarly journals Microstructural Characteristics of Arc Beads with Overcurrent Fault in the Fire Scene

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4521
Author(s):  
Zhijin Yu ◽  
Shuangshuang Chen ◽  
Jun Deng ◽  
Xueyan Xu ◽  
Weifeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Grain Morphology ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Electric Discharges ◽  
Microstructural Characteristics ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Copper Conductor ◽  
Fire Scene ◽  
Two Bodies

Arc beads are high-temperature luminous electric discharges that form across a gap between two bodies, which is one of the vital forensic pieces of evidence for the evaluation of electrical fires. In this study, based on an actual electrical fire, the microstructure of arc beads from a copper wire that experienced an overcurrent fault was investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the effects of the overcurrent intensity on the grain morphology, trace elements, and microstructure of the arc beads were analyzed. The results showed that the simulated metallographic structure of the arc beads is mainly dendrite at four times the rated current, which is consistent with the fire scene. With an increase in the overcurrent, the average diameter, perimeter, and area of the grains increased, while the dendrite growth was inhibited by the overcurrent. In addition, the main trace elements were Cu, C, O, and Cl. When the current increased, the Cu content gradually decreased and tended to be stable, while the C content gradually increased. The conclusion of this research provided a scientific reference for identifying the melting trace in a copper conductor under overcurrent fault.

scholarly journals Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1890
Author(s):  
Marta López-Alonso ◽  
Marta Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Copper Storage

Ensuring adequate copper supplementation in ruminants is a challenging task due to the complexity of copper metabolism in these animals. The three-way interaction between copper, molybdenum and sulphur (Cu-Mo-S) in the rumen makes ruminants, particularly cattle, very susceptible to suffering from secondary copper deficiency. Paradoxically, excessive copper storage in the liver to prevent deficiency becomes a hazard when ruminants are fed copper-supplemented diets even slightly above requirements. While cattle were traditionally thought to be relatively tolerant of copper accumulation, and reports of copper poisoning were until recently somewhat rare, in recent years an increased number of episodes/outbreaks of copper toxicity in cattle, particularly in dairy cattle, have been reported worldwide. The growing number of lethal cases reported seems to indicate that copper intoxication is spreading silently in dairy herds, urging the development of strategies to monitor herd copper status and improve farmers’ awareness of copper toxicity. In fact, monitoring studies carried out on numerous samples collected from culled animals in slaughterhouses and/or diagnostic laboratories have demonstrated that large numbers of animals have hepatic copper concentrations well above adequate levels in many different countries. These trends are undoubtedly due to copper supplementation aimed at preventing copper deficiency, as dietary copper intake from pasture alone is unlikely to cause such high levels of accumulation in liver tissue. The reasons behind the copper overfeeding in cattle are related both to a poor understanding of copper metabolism and the theory of “if adding a little produces a response, then adding a lot will produce a better response”. Contrary to most trace elements, copper in ruminants has narrow margins of safety, which must also be formulated considering the concentrations of copper antagonists in the diet. This review paper aims to provide nutritionists/veterinary practitioners with the key points about copper metabolism in cattle to guarantee an adequate copper supply while preventing excessive hepatic copper loading, which requires à la carte copper supplementation for each herd.

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