Transformations and transfers of nitrogen after irrigating a cracking clay soil with a urea solution

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Freney ◽  
JR Simpson ◽  
OT Denmead ◽  
WA Muirhead ◽  
R Leuning
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
Plough Layer

The effectiveness of applying urea fertilizer (120 kg N ha-1) in irrigation water was investigated in a commercial sunflower crop on a calcareous, cracking clay soil. This method of fertilizer application resulted in fairly even distribution of applied nitrogen (N) within the soil profile down to the bottom of the plough layer and along the field in the direction of flow. At physiological maturity (76 days after fertilization) the data suggest that 57 kg of the applied N per hectare was recovered in the plant tops and the bulk of this (42 kg) was in the grain. Less than 2 kg N was lost as ammonia (NH,) and c. 2 kg N was emitted as nitrous oxide (N2O) during the first 23 days after fertilizer application, when most of the N not recovered by the sunflowers was lost. Slightly more than half of the N2O emitted was lost during the 11 days after fertilization, when NH+4 was being nitrified; the remainder was lost after a second irrigation by which time most of the urea had been converted to nitrate. A partial N balance suggests that within 20 h of the second irrigation a substantial amount of N (between 22 and 30 kg ha-1) was lost as a result of denitrification. Thus, although the method of application of fertilizer N is simple and cost effective, produces an even distribution of applied N across the field, and reduces NH3 loss, it still appears to be subject to substantial losses of N, presumably by denitrification, during subsequent irrigations.

A study of mole drainage with simplified cultivation for autumn-sown crops on a clay soil

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Harris ◽  
M. J. Goss ◽  
R. J. Dowdell ◽  
K. R. Howse ◽  
P. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Plough Layer

SummaryThe soil water regimes, flow paths of water and concentrations of nutrients in this water were measured for a clay soil growing winter wheat in 1978–9 and 1979–80. The soil was either drained with mole drains at 2 m spacing connected to plot drains 46 m apart or undrained. In the 1st year a compacted layer at about 20 cm depth caused a perched water table in the Ap horizon in both drainage treatments, and prevented the mole drains at 60 cm from affecting the water table. In 1979–80 after cultivation to disrupt the compacted layer, midway between the mole drains the depth to the winter water table was 20 cm greater than in undrained soil.Surface flow, interflow at the depth of the plough layer and deep drainflow from mole and pipe drains responded rapidly to winter rainfall events. During both winters the mole and tile system removed most of the rainfall on the drained plots and the peaky hydrographs were typical of a mole system in a clay soil. In the undrained plots only a small proportion of the winter rainfall was accounted for in flow from the top 30 cm, and up to 75% of the water was able to percolate downwards possibly to below the barriers that separated the plots. Long-term water-balance studies indicated that a proportion of the water moving to depth in the undrained plots was probably entering the deep drainage system of the drained plots. As a result, the mole and pipe drainage system often removed more water than the rainfall input less evapotranspiration. This problem did not affect the depth to the water tables.For each flow component concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, nitrous oxide, phosphorus, potassium and calcium were measured in the drainage water. Concentrations of nitrate-N from all drained plots were largest in autumn, being in the range 50–95 mg N/1, but then decreased to 1–5 mg N/1 by the end of March. Losses of nitrate-N were mainly through the mole drains and amounted to 43·6 and 59·7 kg N/ha in the 2 years. The quantities of nitrate-N lost in surface runoff or in flow in the cultivated layer were small on both treatments. Gaseous nitrous oxide, ammonium and phosphorus contents were very small. Potassium concentrations were somewhat larger, but not exceeding 3·5 mg/1. The calcium concentrations were in the range 40–210 mg/1. Concentrations of herbicides measured in November 1980 were negligible.In the 2nd year water was taken up from a greater depth in the drained than in the undrained plots from April onwards. These results are discussed in relation to water supply to the crops at this site.

Fate of urea nitrogen applied in solution in furrows to sunflowers growing on a red-brown earth: transformations, losses and plant uptake

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Smith ◽  
JR Freney ◽  
PM Chalk ◽  
IE Galbally ◽  
DJ McKenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
15N Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Soil N Uptake

Nitrogen transformations and transfers were investigated after applying a urea solution to a crop of sunflowers by ponding in furrows. The fertilizer was applied 24 days after sowing. Distribution of the applied nitrogen (N) in the soil, N uptake by plants, and losses by ammonia (NH3) volatilization and denitrification were measured. This method of fertilizer application resulted in concentration of the applied N in the furrow and shoulder zone of the soil beds; little of the applied N moved across to the centre of the beds. Inorganic N was not leached into the clay B horizon, but was retained by the surface 0-200 mm layer. A 15N mass balance showed that 28 kg of the 80 kg N ha-1 applied (35%) was lost during the experiment. Less than 5 kg N ha-1 (6% of the applied N) was lost as NH3 and the remainder (22 kg N ha-1 or 29% of the applied N) appeared to be lost by denitrification. The 15N balance data suggest that c. 4.6 kg ha-1 fertilizer N were lost after each irrigation up to 44 days after fertilizer application. The study indicates that N loss could be markedly reduced by delaying the bulk of the application to coincide with the period of rapid uptake.

DEFICIT DRIP IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR SUNFLOWER CROP UNDER CLAY SOIL CONDITIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-484
Author(s):  
Nora Husein ◽  
Mohamed El-Ansary ◽  
Montaser Awad ◽  
Harby Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Sunflower Crop

scholarly journals Determining Optimum Calcium and Magnesium Sources and Rates for Home Gardeners Growing Vegetables in Potting Media Using Alkaline Irrigation Water

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Everhart ◽  
Kathryn K. Fontenot ◽  
Edward W. Bush ◽  
Charles E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Dolomitic Lime ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Industry Standard

Home gardeners living in areas with alkaline water sources do not have easy or economically affordable means of acidifying irrigation water for vegetable production. One solution for achieving optimal vegetable yields using alkaline irrigation water is to grow the vegetables in a modified medium. To date, no medium on the retail market suits such growing needs. Therefore, medium recipes with varied levels (0, 4, or 8 lb/yard3) and sources of calcium [dolomitic lime, calcium sulfate (CaSO4)] and magnesium [dolomitic lime, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)] were tested using an alkaline irrigation on ‘Oakleaf’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa), ‘Earliana’ and ‘Salad Delight’ cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), and ‘Snow Crown’ cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) crops. Additionally, crops were grown in two environments, under a high tunnel and on a nursery yard. High tunnel and nursery yard sites were used to test media performances in the presence of, and eliminating, rainwater to simulate container-grown vegetables growing in both a home garden situation and a commercial greenhouse production situation. The base mix of all media treatments in the study was 80 bark : 20 peat and fertilized with 12 lb/yard3 slow-release fertilizer at a rate of 1.8 lb/yard3 nitrogen (N), 0.5 lb/yard3 phosphorus (P), and 1 lb/yard3 potassium (K). This initial fertilizer application was incorporated to each medium before filling containers. Four treatments were tested against a commercially available medium, industry standard (IS) treatment (a commercially available bagged medium), and a control medium [treatment C (no supplemental calcium or magnesium fertilizer)] by supplementing the base mix with the following fertilizer levels: 4 lb/yard3 each of CaSO4 and MgSO4 (treatment 1); 4 lb/yard3 dolomitic lime (treatment 2); 4 lb/yard3 each of dolomitic lime, CaSO4, and MgSO4 (treatment 3); 8 lb/yard3 dolomitic lime (treatment 4). Media treatments 1 through 4 outperformed the IS and C media treatments in nearly all crops. All crops grown on the nursery yard, and cabbage grown under the high tunnel, had greater yields when grown in medium treatment 3, compared with the IS and C media treatments (P ≤ 0.05). All crops grown in medium treatment 2 on the nursery yard produced greater yields than the IS and C media treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

scholarly journals Nutrient Management Programs, Nitrogen Fertilizer Practices, and Groundwater Quality in Nebraska’s Central Platte Valley (U.S.), 1989–1998

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 750-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Daberkow ◽  
Harold Taylor ◽  
Noel Gollehon ◽  
Milt Moravek
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Management Program ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Modest Improvement ◽  
Total N ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Farmer Behavior

Given the societal concern about groundwater pollution from agricultural sources, public programs have been proposed or implemented to change farmer behavior with respect to nutrient use and management. However, few of these programs designed to change farmer behavior have been evaluated due to the lack of detailed data over an appropriate time frame. The Central Platte Natural Resources District (CPNRD) in Nebraska has identified an intensively cultivated, irrigated area with average groundwater nitrate-nitrogen (N) levels about double the EPA’s safe drinking water standard. The CPNRD implemented a joint education and regulatory N management program in the mid-1980s to reduce groundwater N. This analysis reports N use and management, yield, and groundwater nitrate trends in the CPNRD for nearly 3000 continuous-corn fields from 1989 to 1998, where producers faced limits on the timing of N fertilizer application but no limits on amounts. Groundwater nitrate levels showed modest improvement over the 10 years of this analysis, falling from the 1989–1993 average of 18.9 to 18.1 mg/l during 1994–1998. The availability of N in excess of crop needs was clearly documented by the CPNRD data and was related to optimistic yield goals, irrigation water use above expected levels, and lack of adherence to commercial fertilizer application guidelines. Over the 10-year period of this analysis, producers reported harvesting an annual average of 9729 kg/ha, 1569 kg/ha (14%) below the average yield goal. During 1989�1998, producers reported annually applying an average of 162.5 kg/ha of commercial N fertilizer, 15.7 kg/ha (10%) above the guideline level. Including the N contribution from irrigation water, the potential N contribution to the environment (total N available less estimated crop use) was estimated at 71.7 kg/ha. This is an estimate of the nitrates available for denitrification, volatilization, runoff, future soil N, and leaching to groundwater. On average, between 1989–1993 and 1994–1998, producers more closely followed CPNRD N fertilizer recommendations and increased their use of postemerge N applications � an indication of improved synchrony between N availability and crop uptake.

Effects of Freeze-Thaw and Soil Structure on Nitrous Oxide Produced in a Clay Soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1638-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric van Bochove ◽  
Danielle Prévost ◽  
France Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Freeze Thaw

scholarly journals Effect of Bokashi Fertilizer and Green Tonik Liquid Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Long Bean (Vigna sinensisL.)Parade Tavi Variety

AGRIFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Elisabeth ◽  
Puji Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Bean Plant ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Interaction Treatment ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of bokashi fertilizer and Green Tonik liquid fertilizer and its interaction on the growth and yield of long bean plant, as well as to find the proper dosage of bokashi fertilizer and Green Tonik liquid fertilizer concentration for obtaining the best yield of long bean.The research was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in 4 x 4 Factorial Experiment and four replications.  The factor was the dosage of bokashi fertilizer (B) consisting of 4 levels : no bokashi fertilizer application (b0), 100 g/polybag(b1), 200 g/polybag (b2), and 300 g/polybag(b3).   The second factor was the concentration of Green Tonik liquid fertilizer (N) consisting 4 levels : no Green Tonikfertilizer application (n0), 2 ml/ l water (n1),  4 ml/l water (n2), and 6 ml/lwater (n3).The results showed that: (1) the bokashi fertilizer treatment affected significantly on the plant lenght at age 15 days after planting, number of pods and weight of pods per plant, but it did not affect significantly on the plant lenght at age 22, 29 and 36 days after planting, age of plants flowered, and pods lenght; (2)the Green Tonik liquid treatment affected significantly on the plant lenght at age 22, 29, and 60 days after plantingand weight of pods per plant, but it did not affect significantly on the plant lenght at age 15 days after planting, age of plant flowered, and pods lenght;  (3) the interaction treatment between bokashi fertilizer and Green Tonik liquid fertilizer affected significantly on the plant lenght at age 15 days after planting, pods lenght, and weight of pods per plant, but did not affect significantly on the plant lenght at age 22, 29, and 36 after planting, age of plant flowered, and number of pods; and (4) the weighest weight of pods per plant was produced in b2n3 treatment of 401,75 g/plant, while the lighest one was produced in b0n0 treatment of 145,75 g/plant.

scholarly journals The response of plants and crops of white Pumpkins (Legeneria leucantha) Manisa Variety, un the provision cow manure and NPK Pearls fertilizer

AGRIFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Dwita Wiwinata ◽  
Akas Pinaringan Sujalu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Crop Planting

Objective of the study is to determinate the effect of cow manure and NPK Pearls fertilizer and their interaction on the growth and yield of white pumpkin (Legeneria leucantha) Manisa variety. The research was conducted from March 2016 t0 June 2016, in Segoy Makmur, Sub Districd Long Mesangat, Wesh kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province.The study design used a 4x4 factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Group (CRG), and repeated 4 times. The first factor is the cow manure (K), consisting of four levels namely ; no cow manure fertilizer application (k0), dose 5 ton ha-1 equivalent to 50 g/plants-1 (k1), dose 10 ton ha-1 equivalent to 100 g/plants-1 (k2), dose 15 ton ha-1 equivalent to 150 g/plants-1 (k3). The second factorial is the application of NPK Pearls fertilizer (N), consisting of four levels namely ; no NPK Pearls fertilizer application (k0), dose 200 kg/ha-1 equivalent to 2,00 g/plant-1 (n1), dose 300 kg/ha-1 equivalent to 3,00 g/plant-1 (n2), dose 400 kg/ha-1 equivalent to 4,00 g/plant-1 (n3).Manure application not significant on plant height, aged 20, 40, and 60 days after planting, and significantly different to the age of the plant at planting, but highly significant of the life of the current crop of fruit, fruit number and weight of the fruit crop planting. Reseach results show that the treatment, NPK pearl very, significant effect of plant height at 20, 40, and 60 days after planting, and no real effect on the age of the plant during flowering, fruiting age of the of the current crop, planting fruit number and weight of the fruit crop. Application between cow manure and fertilizers NPK pearl effect no significant effect on plant height at 20, 40, and 60 days after planting during flowering, the age of the current per plant, and weight of fruit per plant.

scholarly journals Non-wood plants as raw material for pulp and paper

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SAIJONKARI-PAHKALA
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Canary Grass

This study was begun in 1990 when there was a marked shortage of short fibre raw material for the pulp industry. During the last ten years the situation has changed little, and the shortage is still apparent. It was estimated that 0.5 to 1 million hectares of arable land would be set aside from cultivation in Finland during this period. An alternative to using hardwoods in printing papers is non-wood fibres from herbaceous field crops. The study aimed at determining the feasibility of using non-wood plants as raw material for the pulp and paper industry, and developing crop management methods for the selected species. The properties considered important for a fibre crop were high yielding ability, high pulping quality and good adaptation to the prevailing climatic conditions and possibilities for low cost production. A strategy and a process to identify, select and introduce a crop for domestic short fibre production is described in this thesis. The experimental part of the study consisted of screening plant species by analysing fibre and mineral content, evaluating crop management methods and varieties, resulting in description of an appropriate cropping system for large-scale fibre plant production. Of the 17 herbaceous plant species studied, monocotyledons were most suitable for pulping. They were productive and well adapted to Finnish climatic conditions. Of the monocots, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were the most promising. These were chosen for further studies and were included in field experiments to determine the most suitable harvesting system and fertilizer application procedures for biomass production. Reed canary grass was favoured by delayed harvesting in spring when the moisture content of the crop stand was 10-15% of DM before production of new tillers. When sown in early spring, reed canary grass typically yielded 7-8 t ha-1 within three years on clay soil. The yield exceeded 10 t ha-1 on organic soil after the second harvest year. Spring harvesting was not suitable for tall fescue and resulted in only 37-54% of dry matter yields and in far fewer stems and panicles than harvested during the growing season. The economic optimum for fertilizer application rate for reed canary grass ranged from 50 to 100 kg N ha-1 when grown on clay soil and harvested in spring. On organic soil the fertilizer rates needed were lower. If tall fescue is used for raw material for paper, fertilizer application rates higher than 100 kg N ha-1 were not of any additional benefit. It was possible to decrease the mineral content of raw material by harvesting in spring, using moderate fertilizer application rates, removing leaf blades from the raw material and growing the crop on organic soil. The fibre content of the raw material increased the later the crop was harvested, being highest in spring. Removing leaf blades and using minimum fertilizer application rates in-creased the fibre content of biomass.;

scholarly journals Determination of the optimal dose and date of application of mineral manure on sesame (sesamum indicum L.) in Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2992-3000
Author(s):  
Amos Miningou ◽  
Vanessa Golane ◽  
Appolinaire Sy Traore ◽  
Hyacinthe Kambire
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Split Plot

The decrease in soil fertility is the main cause of low crops yields in Burkina Faso. It is therefore necessary to make a supply of fertilizers to increase yields. This is the reason why during the 2015 rainy season from July to October, a study was conducted on sesame fertilization in Souri located in the Province du Mouhoun. The goal of our study is to fertilize plants with increasing doses of mineral fertilizers at different application dates on sesame. The objective is to determine the optimum dose and date of fertilizer application to increase the yields. For this purpose four NPK (14-23-14) fertilizer treatments have been experimented with following doses NPK0 (0kg.ha-1), NPK50 (50 kg.ha-1) NPK100 (100kg.ha-1) NPK150 (150 kg.ha-1) with three application dates (sowing, 15 DAS, 30 DAS) in Fisher’s completely randomized blocks with four replications in split-plot. The results showed that NPK doses had an effect on sesame throughout morphological development (height, number of ramifications, number of capsules) and yield performance. Yields have increased according to the doses applied in the following order: NPK0 (226 kg.ha-1) < NPK50 (348 kg.ha-1) <NPK100 (550 kg.ha-1) <NPK150 (593 kg.ha-1). Through economic calculations, the NPK100 dose with 550 kg.ha-1 yield can be chosen as the most cost-effective dose for producers. The application dates of NPK had various effects on sesame that emerged on the height and grain yield. The plants had the best performance on the date of application of the 15 DAS (475 kg.ha-1) followed by the application at planting time (450 kg.ha-1) and at the end the application on 30 DAS (375 kg.ha-1). Interaction between the doses and the dates of application of fertilizer is significant and should be considered in sesame. La baisse de la fertilité des sols est une cause des faibles rendements au Burkina Faso. Ainsi, il faudra faire de bons apports d’engrais pour augmenter les rendements. Dans ce cadre, une étude a été conduite de juillet à octobre 2015 à Souri dans la Province du Mouhoun. Il s’est agi d’apporter des doses croissantes de fumure minérale à différentes dates d’application sur le sésame. L’objectif est de déterminer la dose et la date d’application optimales de la fumure minérale. A cet effet quatre traitements de doses d’engrais NPK (14-23-14) : NPK0 (0 kg.ha-1), NPK50 (50 kg.ha-1), NPK100 (100kg.ha-1), NPK150 (150 kg.ha-1) ont été appliqués selon trois dates d’application (au semis, le 15ème JAS, le 30ème JAS) dans un dispositif expérimental en blocs de Fisher à 4 répétitions avec un arrangement en split-plot. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les doses NPK ont un effet positif sur le sésame à travers son développement morphologique (sa hauteur, ses ramifications, ses capsules) et son rendement. Les rendements obtenus ont permis de classer les doses selon cet ordre croissant : NPK0 (266 kg.ha-1) <NPK50 (348 kg.ha-1) <NPK100 (550 kg.ha-1) <NPK150 (593kg.ha-1). L’évaluation économique effectuée sur la base du ratio valeur sur coût (RVC) a permis de retenir la dose NPK100 comme étant la plus rentable pour les producteurs. Les dates d’applications NPK sur le sésame ont également des effets visibles sur la hauteur et le rendement en grain. Le meilleur rendement est obtenu avec l’application du NPK 15 JAS (475 kg.ha-1) suivi de l’application au semis (450 kg.ha-1) et enfin de celle effectuée au 30ème JAS (375 kg.ha-1). L’interaction doses et dates d’application d’engrais NPK doit être considérée chez le sésame.

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