Nutritional value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) meals for growing pigs and rats. 1. Energy content and protein quality

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Visitpanich ◽  
ES Batterham ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
High Fibre Content ◽  
Similar Growth

Two lines of chickpea meal (CPI 56296-b of low fibre content, and CPI 61277 of high fibre content) and one pigeonpea meal (UQ 50) were evaluated, relative to soybean meal, as energy and protein sources for growing pigs and rats. The digestible and metabolizable energy contents of the three protein sources were (MJ kg-1, air-dry basis): chickpea CPI 56296-b, 16.2 and 15.3; chickpea CPI 61277, 14.9 and 14.3; and pigeonpea meal, 15.1 and 14.2, respectively. Both lines of chickpea produced a similar growth performance to soybean meal for growing pigs. Feeding pigeonpea meal resulted in a lower dressing percentage (P < 0.05), and growth rate and feed conversion ratio were inferior on a carcass basis (P < 0.01) relative to the other three diets. There were no differences in backfat thickness or lean content in the ham between the groups of pigs fed on the four diets. With rats, both lines of chickpea produced lower dressing percentages and carcass gains relative to soybean meal (P < 0.05). Pigeonpea was inferior, on a carcass basis, to both soybean and chickpea meals. We conclude that both chickpea meals were suitable as energy and protein sources for pigs, and that short-term rat assays predicted the pig response for pigeonpea but not for chickpea meal.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment). The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

scholarly journals Application of Apparent Metabolizable Energy versus Nitrogen-Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy in Poultry Feed Formulations: A Continuing Conundrum

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2174
Author(s):  
M. Reza Abdollahi ◽  
Markus Wiltafsky-Martin ◽  
Velmurugu Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy

In the present investigation, N retention, AME, and AMEn data from six energy evaluation assays, involving four protein sources (soybean meal, full-fat soybean, rapeseed meal and maize distiller’s dried grains with solubles [DDGS]), are reported. The correction for zero N retention, reduced the AME value of soybean meal samples from different origins from 9.9 to 17.8% with increasing N retention. The magnitude of AME penalization in full-fat soybean samples, imposed by zero N correction, increased from 1.90 to 9.64% with increasing N retention. The Δ AME (AME minus AMEn) in rapeseed meal samples increased from 0.70 to 1.09 MJ/kg as N-retention increased. In maize DDGS samples, the correction for zero N retention increased the magnitude of AME penalization from 5.44 to 8.21% with increasing N retention. For all protein sources, positive correlations (p < 0.001; r = 0.831 to 0.991) were observed between the N retention and Δ AME. The present data confirms that correcting AME values to zero N retention for modern broilers penalizes the energy value of protein sources and is of higher magnitude for ingredients with higher protein quality. Feed formulation based on uncorrected AME values could benefit least cost broiler feed formulations and merits further investigation.

MOIST HEATING OF SOYBEANS FOR PIGS FED DIETS BASED ON CORN

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Two growth trials involving a total of 36 individually fed Yorkshire gilts were conducted to compare the value of supplemental protein from soybean meal, raw soybeans, and cooked soybeans for growing pigs. Three metabolism trials were also conducted. Cooked soybeans were prepared by cooking in water for approximately 6 hr. The protein supplements were fed at a level calculated to supply the same amount of supplemental protein daily. Performance of pigs fed soybean meal or cooked soybeans was similar and superior to that of pigs fed raw soybeans as indicated by rate of gain, feed intake, and gain to feed ratio. The higher gross energy of cooked soybeans or raw soybeans did not result in increased digestible or metabolizable energy content of the diet. Protein digestibility and retention was lower for diets containing raw soybeans.

scholarly journals Prediction of net energy values in expeller-pressed and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal for growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Zhongchao Li ◽  
Zhiqian Lyu ◽  
Hu Liu ◽  
Dewen Liu ◽  
Neil Jaworski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine net energy (NE) of expeller-press (EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (SE-RSM) and to establish equations for predicting the NE in rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs.Methods: Thirty-six barrows (initial body weight [BW], 41.1±2.2 kg) were allotted into 6 diets comprising a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 5 diets containing 19.50% RSM added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. The experiment had 6 periods and 6 replicate pigs per diet. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to diets. On day 8, pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed their respective diet at 2,000 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW<sup>0.6</sup>/d. Feces and urine were collected, and daily heat production was measured from day 9 to 13. On days 14 and 15, the pigs were fed at 890 kJ ME/kg BW<sup>0.6</sup>/d and fasted on day 16 for evaluation of fasting heat production (FHP).Results: The FHP of pigs averaged 790 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.6</sup>/d and was not affected by the diet composition. The NE values were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM for EP-RSM and SE-RSM, respectively. The NE value was positively correlated with gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), ME, and ether extract (EE). The best fit equation for NE of RSM was NE (MJ/kg DM) = 1.14×DE (MJ/kg DM)+0.46×crude protein (% of DM)–25.24 (n = 8, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.96, p<0.01). The equation NE (MJ/kg DM) = 0.22×EE (% of DM)–0.79×ash (% of DM)+14.36 (n = 8, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.77, p = 0.018) may be utilized to quickly determine the NE in RSM when DE or ME values are unavailable.Conclusion: The NE values of EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM. The NE value of RSM can be well predicted based on energy content (GE, DE, and ME) and proximate analysis.

RAPESEED AS AN ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCE IN DIETS FOR GROWING PIGS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Matter Basis

Twenty gilts and 20 barrows were fed 0, 5 or 10% ground rapeseed in diets with or without rapeseed meal (RM) and either adjusted or unadjusted for levels of digestible energy (DE) and total protein. Dietary rapeseed at a level of 10% depressed (P < 0.10) feed intake and improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion in comparison with 0% rapeseed, but did not significantly influence efficiency of DE conversion. Pigs fed rapeseed gained 0.05 to 0.11 kg/day more slowly than those fed no rapeseed, but differences were not significant. Carcass dressing percentage was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 5 or 10% rapeseed in diets without RM than it was for those fed a diet with 0% rapeseed or with 5% rapeseed plus 4% RM. The former pigs also had carcass measurements that suggested leaner carcasses. Data on rapeseed composition, including amino acid values, are presented. Coefficients for DE, metabolizable energy (ME), ME corrected to N equilibrium (MEn), and digestible N (DN) at 21 kg liveweight were not influenced by diet. The DE, ME, MEn and DN per unit of feed were increased by the addition of 10% rapeseed to the diet. Rapeseed had a calculated DE of 5703 kcal/kg on a dry matter basis. The DE, ME and MEn were highly correlated (r = 0.970 to 0.997), indicating little difference in accuracy between these energy measures. Daily N retained averaged 16.8 g and was not influenced by diet. Barrows ate more, required more feed and more DE/kg gain and had poorer carcasses than gilts. The DE, ME, MEn and DN were significantly higher for barrows than for gilts. The data suggest that when 5 or 10% rape-seed is fed to growing pigs from 8 kg initial weight, a depression of approximately 2% in feed intake can be expected for each 1% of dietary rapeseed added, regardless of whether DE and protein adjustments are made. Improved feed conversion when rapeseed is fed occurs in association with the high gross energy content of the seed.

scholarly journals Prediction of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Content of Rice Bran Fed to Growing Pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. X. Shi ◽  
Z. Y. Liu ◽  
M. Shi ◽  
P. Li ◽  
Z. K. Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy

scholarly journals Effects of Collection Durations on the Determination of Energy Values and Nutrient Digestibility of High-Fiber Diets in Growing Pigs by Total Fecal Collection Method

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqun Liu ◽  
Ruqing Zhong ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Fei Xie ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Fecal Collection

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of collection durations on the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets in growing pigs with a time-based total fecal collection method. A total of 24 barrows (body weight (BW): 31.1 ± 1.5 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with three diets. Diets included a corn–soybean meal (CSM) basal diet and two additional diets containing 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) by replacing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil in the CSM diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to eight barrows for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 7-day total feces and urine collection period. The 7-day collection duration was divided into three collection phases, namely, phase 1 (days 8 to 11), phase 2 (days 11 to 13), and phase 3 (days 13 to 15). Then, similar portions of feces and urine from the different collection phases were composited into three additional samples (days 8 to 11, days 8 to 13, and days 8 to 15, respectively). The results showed that the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrient in experimental diets decreased linearly as the collection durations increased from a 3-day to a 7-day collection (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the energy values, GE, and nutrient digestibility of diets and of high-fiber ingredients between the 5-day and 7-day collection durations. In conclusion, this study suggests that a 5-day collection duration is adequate to determine the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets containing SBP or DFRB in growing pigs by the time-based total fecal collection method.

scholarly journals Predicting corn digestible and metabolizable energy content from its chemical composition in growing pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanfeng Li ◽  
Jianjun Zang ◽  
Dewen Liu ◽  
Xiangshu Piao ◽  
Changhua Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy

Nutritional value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) meals for growing pigs and rats. 2. Effect of autoclaving and alkali treatment

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Visitpanich ◽  
ES Batterham ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Inhibitor Activity

Four experiments were conducted with rats to investigate the effects of autoclaving and alkali treatment on the growth-promoting ability of pigeonpea meal. In the fifth experiment, the effect of autoclaving pigeonpea meal was evaluated with pigs. With rats, there was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in growth and feed conversion ratio to autoclaving pigeonpea seed for 15 min at 100-140�C, with maximum response occurring at c. 124�C. However, growth rate was still lower and feed conversion ratio higher than those of rats fed soybean meal (P < 0.05). Imbibing pigeonpea seed in alkali and subsequently drying it to original weight did not reduce tannin content but did reduce the trypsin-inhibitor activity from 10.3 to 5.1 units mg-1. Although both alkali treatment and autoclaving of the alkali-treated seed improved the growth and feed conversion ratios of rats, these treatments did not overcome the differences in protein quality between the pigeonpea and soybean meal diets. Autoclaving pigeonpea seed for 15 min at 110, 124 and 140�C reduced the trypsin-inhibitor activity of the meals from 11.2 to 0.7 units mg-'. Compared to pigs fed on unheated pigeonpea meal, pigs given autoclaved meal had higher (P < 0.05) growth rates and improved feed conversion ratios. These improved growth responses were similar to those produced by soybean meal.

scholarly journals Macronutrient composition, true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility, and indispensable amino acid scoring of pulse ingredients for use in canine and feline diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

Abstract The rising consumer demand for alternative and sustainable protein sources drives the popularity of the use of plant-based proteins in the pet food industry. Pulse crops, which include beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, have become an important addition to both human and animal diets due to their protein content and functional properties. However, knowledge of their nutrient composition and protein quality is necessary for the proper formulation of these ingredients in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the macronutrient composition and standardized amino acid digestibility and to describe the protein quality through the use of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of five pulse ingredients. Black bean (BB) grits, garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), navy bean (NB) powder, and yellow peas (YP) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) to determine the macronutrient composition. Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). The essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine, were highly digestible with digestibility values of 80% to 90% (dry matter basis) for all selected pulse ingredients. BB grits had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) digestibility of arginine (86.5%) and histidine (80.6%) in contrast to GB (94.9% and 89.9%, respectively). The TMEn of GB was highest (P &lt; 0.05) at 3.56 kcal/g compared with the other pulses. The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs were consistently the lowest for methionine for all pulses, making it the first-limiting amino acid in these ingredients. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats showed GL had lowest (P &lt; 0.05) score in tryptophan compared with other pulses when using both AAFCO values and NRC recommended allowances as reference proteins. Methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for YP and tryptophan for GL. Based on macronutrient composition, protein quality, and amino acid digestibility, it can be concluded that pulse ingredients have the required nutritional characteristics to be viable protein sources in canine and feline foods. However, the use of complementary protein sources is recommended to counterbalance any potential limiting amino acids in pulse ingredients.

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