Effects of water rinses after calcium chloride dips, with and without additives, on the control of bitter pit of apples

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Scott ◽  
J O'Loughlin ◽  
B England ◽  
EA Roberts
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Water Rinse

Studies on the control of bitter pit in apples after harvest were conducted during two seasons in Tasmania and New Zealand. The cultivars, Cox's Orange Pippin, Sturmer Pippin, Golden Delicious, Delicious and Cleopatra, which are susceptible to bitter pit on overseas markets, were examined. Bitter pit was reduced and calcium content of the fruit increased, by dipping the fruit in calcium chloride solutions (1-3% w/v). The addition of diphenylamine or the non-ionic wetting agent, Agral 60 (ICI Australia), had little effect on the control of bitter pit or on the calcium content of the treated fruit. Rinsing in water even 1 or 2 days after dipping did not significantly increase the incidence of bitter pit or lower the calcium content of the fruit. There was no difference in the incidence of bitter pit between fruit stored at ambient temperature (15-20�C) or at 3-5�C during the interval between dipping and rinsing. Dipping apples in calcium chloride followed, after 1 or more days, by a water rinse may be suitable commercially for reducing bitter pit in a number of cultivars.

scholarly journals Additive Effects of Postharvest Calcium and Heat Treatment on Reducing Decay and Maintaining Quality in Apples

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Conway ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
Chien Yi Wang ◽  
Judith A. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Compression Test ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Pressure Infiltration ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Golden Delicious

`Golden Delicious' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) were treated with heat or CaCl2 solutions or a combination thereof to determine the effects of these treatments on decay and quality of fruit in storage. Heat treatment at 38C for 4 days, pressure infiltration with 2% or 4% solutions of CaCl2, or a combination of both, with heat following CaCl2 treatment affected decay and firmness during 6 months of storage at 0C. The heat treatment alone reduced decay caused by Botrytis cinerea (Pers.:Fr.) by ≈30%, while heat in combination with a 2% CaC12 solution reduced decay by ≈60 %. Calcium chloride solutions of 2% or 4% alone reduced decay by 40 % and 60 %, respectively. Heat treatments, either alone or in combination with CaC12 treatments, maintained firmness (80 N) best, followed by fruit infiltrated with 2% or 4% solutions of CaCl2 alone (70 N) and the nontreated controls (66 N). Instron Magness-Taylor and Instron compression test curves show that heat-treated fruit differed qualitatively and quantitatively from nonheated fruit. Heat treatment did not increase the amount of infiltrated Ca bound to the cell wall significantly, and a combination of heat treatment after CaCl2 infiltration increased surface injury over those fruit heated or infiltrated with CaCl2 solutions alone.

scholarly journals Beyond-root calcium fertilization of apple trees

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Słowik ◽  
Dariusz Świetlik
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Fruit Flesh ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Calcium Fertilization

Investigations were performed in the period 1977-1979 on the apple tree cultivar 'Fantazja', on rootstock A 2, M 7 and MM 106 on the effect of spraying with solution containing calcium on the incidence of bitter pit, breakdown, calcium content in the fruit flesh and other features of the fruits. Threefold spraying with calcium nitrate, calcium chloride or Anti-Stipp significantly limited the appearance of bitter pit and breakdown.

The Effect of Calcium Sprays and Fruit Thinning on Bitter Pit Incidence and Calcium Content in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1941-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Telias ◽  
Emily Hoover ◽  
Carl Rosen ◽  
David Bedford ◽  
Dennis Cook
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Content ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Bitter Pit

Longitudinal distribution of applied calcium, and of naturally occurring calcium, magnesium, and potassium, in Merton apple fruits

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Lewis ◽  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Fruits

When 45Ca-labelled calcium chloride solution was applied to the skin of young developing Merton apple fruits, activity in the cortex at maturity was highest in the calyx end region where bitter pit lesions most commonly develop. Fruit age at time of application affected the amount of labelled calcium absorbed but not its longitudinal distribution. Following branch injection of labelled calcium chloride solution 8 weeks before harvest, activity in mature fruits was found mostly in the stem end. Leaves and buds accounted for 95% of the recovered activity, and the fruits for 5%, of which about one-quarter was in the calyx half. The same distribution pattern was found following injection of labelled calcium chloride solution into the fruit stem. The concentration of naturally occurring calcium in the cortex of the mature fruit declined steadily from stem end to calyx end. On the other hand, the magnesium concentration was lowest near the stem end and highest at the calyx end. The potassium concentration remained fairly constant along most of the length of the fruit, with a small increase at each end. The findings are discussed with regard to the longitudinal gradient in bitter pit susceptibility within apple fruits, and to the relative effectiveness of tree sprays of calcium, as compared with soil applications, in the control of the disorder. Results suggest that calcium does not have a trace element role in the control of bitter pit.

scholarly journals Obtaining artificial carnallites from magnesium chloride brines

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
V. V. Shevchuk ◽  
T. N. Potkina ◽  
A. I. Vaitenka ◽  
O. V. Smetanina
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Excess Concentration ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Complete Precipitation

The excess of magnesium chloride brines is formed during the polymineral ores processing in order to obtain potassium sulfate. One way to regenerate such brines is to produce artificial carnallite. It is necessary to purify these brines from sulfates for their further use as raw materials for the artificial carnallite production. In this work, the process of desulfurization of magnesium chloride brines with a solution of calcium chloride is studied. The temperature and the processing time, the magnesium chloride solutions concentration and the consumption of desulfurizing agent (calcium chloride) influence on the degree of magnesium chloride solutions purification from sulfate ions was determined. It has been established that almost all sulfate ions interact with calcium ion in 15 minutes and the desulfurization degree reaches 98,08 %. The increase in duration of the suspension mixing is necessary in order to establish equilibrium in the system and relieve the supersaturation in the solution. It has been shown that with increasing solutions saturation with MgCl2, the degree of the magnesium chloride brines purification from SO4 2– ion increases. Complete precipitation of calcium sulfate requires a certain excess concentration of calcium chloride.

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