Growth of seedlings of prairie grass and tall fescue in small swards of kikuyu at different temperatures

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
CJ Pearson ◽  
LC Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Grass Sward

Seeds of prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were planted in established small swards of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst ex Chiov.). Growth of the temperate seedlings and the subtropical grass sward was measured over a period of 59 days under four temperature regimes from 14/6 to 23/20�C (12/12 h). The capacity of the seedlings of the oversown temperate perennial grasses to establish in the sward of the subtropical kikuyu depended on temperature. At low temperature (mean daily temperature < 1l�C) the seedlings grew faster than the kikuyu and became successfully established. At moderate temperatures (11-19�C) the relative growth rates of seedlings were comparable with the relative growth rates of kikuyu tillers, but the latter dominated due to a greater absolute growth rate. Stature was an important component in the inter-species competition, and the taller prairie grass grew much better in competition with kikuyu than did fescue. Temperatures above 20�C exceeded the optimum of the seedlings of the temperate species but not that of kikuyu, so that the sown species were at a disadvantage and kikuyu dominated the mixture. It is concluded that prairie grass and tall fescue can be established successfully only in swards of kikuyu when day temperatures are below 21 and 15�C respectively, unless kikuyu is suppressed for a long period. A herbicide may be an economical means of doing this.

Germination and seedling growth of prairie grass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass at different temperatures

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
CJ Pearson ◽  
AC Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Radicle Emergence ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Field Emergence

We measured the effects of temperature on the germination, emergence and growth during early tillering of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Radicle emergence (the percentage of seeds with emerged radicles) and 'field' emergence (the percentage of seeds with shoots > 1 cm long) were reduced at 35�C (constant, all lines), or 30/25�C (12/12 h, prairie grass and Tama Italian ryegrass only). All lines took longer to germinate at 15 and 10�C (constant) than at higher temperatures, and final percentage germination of tall fescue lines was lower at 10�C (constant) than at other temperatures. Italian ryegrass had the fastest shoot extension, and consequently the fastest 'field' emergence. Seed respiration rates were higher in fescue than in the other lines at 4 days from imbibition, and rates rose in all lines at 8 days. Over the first 20 days after sowing, growth rates were closely related (r = 0.87-0.99) to weights of seed and caryopses, when account was taken of perenniality (which was associated with relatively slow growth) and polyploidy (which was associated with growth faster than might be expected from seed size alone), and a multivariate relationship including temperature was developed (R2 = 0.88). Growth rates of shoots at 20 days after sowing were ranked Tama Italian ryegrass > prairie grass > Ucivex Italian ryegrass > tall fescue, and 24/19 > 21/16 > 18/13 > 30/25 > 15/10�C. Growth during tillering, up to 42 days after emergence, was ranked Italian ryegrass > prairie > tall fescue and 21/16 = 18/13 > 24/19 = 15/1O�C. Relative growth rates and relative rates of tillering were independent of temperature in Italian ryegrass, but were lower at 15/10 and 24/19 than at 21/16 and 18/13�C in prairie grass and tall fescue. Prairie grass had higher yield per tiller but lower tiller numbers than Italian ryegrass; tall fescue had both lower yield per tiller and lower tiller number. Italian ryegrass was therefore the species best adapted to variations in environment and competition at sowing.

COMPARISON OF SEEDLING GROWTH OF ROUGH FESCUE AND TALL FESCUE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
D. B. Wilson ◽  
A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Rough Fescue

Seedlings of a native grass, rough fescue, Festuca scabrella Torr., and of a tame grass, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. Each week 20 plants of each species were destructively harvested for growth analysis. Leaf and tiller numbers and leaf lengths were recorded for an additional 10 plants of each species. Mean net assimilation rates of rough fescue were similar to those of tall fescue, but leaf area ratios were significantly lower. Thus, mean relative growth rates of rough fescue were less than those of tall fescue. Tiller numbers were similar for both species but rough fescue produced fewer leaves. Dry weight of tops of the tame grass produced during the 10-week period was about 17 times that produced by the native grass.

Primary growth and regrowth responses of temperate grasses to different temperatures and cutting frequencies

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
CJ Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Current Growth ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Mean

Primary growth and regrowths of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiforum), prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), grown in glasshouses at temperatures ranging from 15/10 to 30/25�C, were measured when defoliated every 4 or 8 weeks. Prairie grass, tall fescue, Ucivex Italian ryegrass, and Tama Italian ryegrass each had different patterns of regrowth. Growth was fastest at 21/16 and 24/19�C in primary growth and at 15/10�C in regrowth, except for fescue which had fastest regrowth at 24/19�C. Frequent defoliation (every 4 weeks) halved the total dry matter yield harvested throughout the experiment. The mean number of tillers and leaves produced was halved by frequent defoliation and leaf area was reduced to one-quarter of that for plants defoliated every 8 weeks. Reproductive development was earlier in plants grown at lower temperatures and did not occur in those grown at 24/19 and 30/25�C. Primary growth of Italian ryegrass and prairie grass was faster than that of tall fescue. Yield and the number of tillers increased at successive regrowths under 8-week defoliation, but only Tama Italian ryegrass maintained its productivity under frequent defoliation owing to its ability to maintain a high tiller population and high individual leaf areas. Productivity of prairie grass was limited by low tiller number despite its high yield per tiller, and productivity of tall fescue was restricted by both low tiller number and low yield per tiller. The extent to which current growth was influenced by prior growth and, by implication, previous defoliation management differed between the grasses. For example, productivity in any regrowth of Tama was essentially independent of growth during the primary growth or previous regrowth periods, whereas regrowths of prairie grass were highly dependent on growth during previous regrowth periods.

Field experience with new pasture cultivars in Canterbury

1990 ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Over the last 10 years Canterbury farmers have started to diversify their pasture base in order to optimise their stock production. While ryegrass is still the base grass of our pastoral system, it is unsuited to many sites where pasture must generate high stock growth rates despite seasonally low rainfall, high soil temperatures and pasture pest challenge. On such sites, pastures based on cocksfoot, (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L . ) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) or prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth, cv. 'Grasslands Matua') or lucerne (Medicago sativa) or chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) have lifted net farming returns. Keywords ryegrass, endophyte, tall fescue, phalaris, cocksfoot, prairie grass, chicory, pasture pests, rainfall, stock production, pasture persistence

Epichloë-endophytes increase constitutive and herbivore-induced silicon defences in grasses but do not directly increase grass resistance to a chewing insect herbivore

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena Cibils-Stewart ◽  
Wade J Mace ◽  
Alison J Popay ◽  
Susan E Hartley ◽  
Fernando A Lattanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Physical Defence ◽  
Si Supply

&lt;p&gt;Grasses accumulate large concentrations of silicon (Si) which alleviates a range of stresses including defence against herbivores. Likewise, grasses symbiotically associate with foliar &lt;em&gt;Epichlo&amp;#235;-&lt;/em&gt;fungal endophytes which provide herbivore defence, mainly via the production of alkaloids. Some &lt;em&gt;Epichlo&amp;#235;&lt;/em&gt;-endophytes increase foliar Si concentrations, particularly in tall fescue &lt;em&gt;(Festuca arundinacea&lt;/em&gt;) but also in perennial ryegrass (&lt;em&gt;Lolium perenne&lt;/em&gt;); it is unknown whether this impacts herbivores. Likewise, while Si is primarily a physical defence against herbivores, it can also affect defensive secondary metabolites; Si supply might therefore also affect alkaloids produced by &lt;em&gt;Epichlo&amp;#235;&lt;/em&gt;-endophytes, however, this remains untested. We grew tall fescue and perennial ryegrass in a factorial combination with or without Si supplementation, in the absence or presence of a chewing herbivore; &lt;em&gt;Helicoverpa armigera&lt;/em&gt;. Grasses were associated with four different&lt;em&gt; Epichlo&amp;#235;&lt;/em&gt;-endophyte strains (tall fescue: AR584; perennial ryegrass: AR37, AR1, or wild type) or as &lt;em&gt;Epichlo&amp;#235;&lt;/em&gt;-free controls. Specifically, we assessed how Si supply and &lt;em&gt;Epichlo&amp;#235;&lt;/em&gt;-endophyte presence impacts plant growth and chemistry, and how their interaction with herbivory affects foliar Si concentrations and alkaloid production. Subsequently, their effects on &lt;em&gt;H. armigera&lt;/em&gt; relative growth rates (RGR) were evaluated. In Fescue, the AR584-endophyte increased constitutive (herbivore-free) and induced (herbivore-inoculated) silicon concentrations when Si was supplied. In perennial ryegrass, AR37-endophyte increased constitutive and induced silicon concentration, meanwhile, AR1-endophyte increased constitutive levels only. Si supply and herbivory did not affect alkaloids produced by AR584- or AR1/Wt-endophyte in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, respectively. However, Si suppressed herbivore-induced production of alkaloids in the AR37-endophyte perennial ryegrass association. Si was a more effective defence in tall fescue than perennial ryegrass, significantly reducing H. armigera RGR. Our results suggest that Si reduced herbivore performance to such an extent in tall fescue that it was operating at maximum effect and endophyte-mediated increases in Si concentration made no further difference. Si had a more modest impact on herbivores in perennial ryegrass, potentially linked to silicon decreasing herbivore feeding and thus, suppressing herbivore-induced alkaloids. We provide novel evidence that increased Si concentrations in some cases interact with endophyte-produced chemical defences, which could ultimately impact plant resistance to herbivores. &lt;strong&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of Constant Temperature on Growth Rates of Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1678-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pessah ◽  
P. M. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Pumpkinseed Sunfish ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Relative growth rates of fall-captured Lepomis gibbosus exposed to six constant temperature regimes (5–30 C) were clearly separable for the first 6 wk. Thereafter, growth declined, becoming uniform between 15 and 30 C, and linear and negative at 10 and 5 C, respectively. A growth model between 15 and 30 C emerged as follows: 0–4 wk, rapid; 5–10 wk, intermediate; 11–16 wk, low uniform. The initial high followed by the low uniform stanza suggests "growth acclimation" took place.

Selection for biomass production based on respiration parameters in eucalypts: effects of origin and growth climates on growth rates

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1556-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thimmappa S. Anekonda ◽  
Richard S. Criddle ◽  
Lee D. Hansen ◽  
Mike Bacca
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Metabolic Heat Rate ◽  
Different Climates

Seventeen Eucalyptus species and 30 rapid-growing Eucalyptuscamaldulensis trees (referred to as plus trees), growing in a plantation were studied to examine relationships among measured plant growth and respiratory parameters, geographical origins, and growth climate. The respiratory parameters measured at two different temperatures by isothermal calorimetry were metabolic heat rate, rate of CO2 production, and the ratio of heat rate to CO2 rate. Metabolic heat rate was also measured as a continuous function of temperature by differential scanning calorimetry in the range of 10 to 40 °C. Tree growth was measured as rates of height and stem volume growth. The values of respiratory and growth variables of Eucalyptus species are significantly correlated with latitude and altitude of origin of their seed sources. The maximum metabolic heat rate, the temperature of the maximum heat rate, the temperature coefficients of metabolic rate, and the temperatures at which the slopes of Arrhenius plots change are all genetically determined parameters that vary both within and among species. Measurement of growth rate–respiration rate–temperature relationships guide understanding of why relative growth rates of Eucalyptus species and individual genotypes differ with climate, making it possible to identify genotypes best suited for rapid growth in different climates. The temperature dependence of respiration rates is an important factor determining relative growth rates of eucalypts in different climates. To achieve optimum biomass production the temperature dependence of individual plants must be matched to growth climate.

Studies on the sowing dates of cotton in the Sudan Gezira: I. The influence of date of sowing on plant growth and development

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
State Growth ◽  
Sudan Gezira

Growth analysis of cotton crops sown in the Sudan Gezira at monthly intervals between August and May revealed a marked seasonal pattern of growth. Irrespective of plant age and fruiting state growth of non-senescent plants was slowest during the cool winter months. Relative growth rates of young plants were highest in August, September and early October due to the high specific leaf areas and fairly high net assimilation rates found then. They were lowest when minimum temperatures were lowest. Net assimilation rates were also lowest in the coolest months, probably as a result of restricted growth. High temperatures in the spring reduced fruiting. It is concluded that low minimum temperatures and high evaporation rates are both associated with slow growth, and play a large part in determining the characteristic decline of growth rates of cotton sown at the usual date in August.I wish to thank the Chief of the Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Sudan, for permission to publish this paper and to record my gratitude to the team of field and laboratory assistants, especially Salih Saad and Hassan Osman, who helped in the work.

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