Ingestion rates, food utilization and turnover of water and sodium in grazing buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis, and cattle, Bos taurus × B. indicus, in monsoonal Northern Territory

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
CK Williams ◽  
ML Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Body Compositions

Cows and steers of swamp buffalo and Brahman x Shorthorn cattle grazing freely in a paddock of pangola grass pasture during a monsoonal dry season were compared over 14 days in body composition, rates of sodium and water turnover, and rates of food ingestion by using the isotope dilution method. The cattle, especially the steers, had a higher proportion of body solids than the buffalo and appeared to have a higher proportion of body fat. There were significant interactions of species with either sex, castration or both in the proportions of body water and solids. The differing body compositions had a marked influence in comparisons of physiological rate parameters between the buffalo and cattle. The buffalo had higher rates of water turnover than the cattle and the two species had similar rates of sodium turnover when standardized for body size and composition. The rates of food consumption of the buffalo and cattle were significantly different when expressed per animal and expressed relative to metabolic body mass, with greater rates in the buffalo. When the influence of differing body compositions was removed, the rates of food consumption were not significantly different between species but approached significance. The species showed similar rates of mass gain but the cows of both buffalo and cattle had greater rates than the steers. The conversion efficiency of food to body mass was not statistically different between buffalo and cattle, but the composition of the respective increments may have differed, possibly by different proportions of protein and lipid. This is discussed with respect to the relative efficiencies of nitrogen conservation in buffalo and cattle. It is concluded that buffalo and cattle have different water physiology and broadly similar nutritional efficiencies. The performances of the two species in the monsoonal tropics differ for ecological reasons ensuing from different behavioural adaptations and water physiology.

Ingestion Rates and Aspects of Water, Sodium and Energy Metabolism in Caged Swamp Buffalo, Bubalus Bubalis, From Isotope Dilution and Materials Balances.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
CK Williams ◽  
B Green
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Swamp Buffalo

Exchanges of DM, sodium, water and energy were estimated on caged swamp buffalo of body mass (W) 297 plus or minus 13 kg. Estimates of feed ingestion estimated from rates of 22Na and 3H turnover were in close agreement with estimates from weighing. Tritium equilibrated in 6 h and 22Na in 12 h. Tritium space was 78.9 plus or minus 1.6% of body mass at 6 h and 83.9 plus or minus 1.1% at 24 h. The body pool of exchangable Na was 40.56 plus or minus 1.79 mmol/kg W at 12 h, and 44.62 plus or minus 2.12 mmol/kg W at 24 h. The daily rate of water turnover was 34.72 plus or minus 2.33 litres or 326.1 plus or minus 17.2 ml/kg W0.82, about three times that expected on the basis of body size, reflecting adaptation to a tropical swamp habitat. It was due mainly to the high rate of imbibition, 30.78 plus or minus 2.15 litres daily or 289.1 plus or minus 16.3 ml/kg W0.82 daily. Daily rates of water loss were partitioned as: faecal, 9.99 plus or minus 0.761 (94.1 plus or minus 7.0 ml/kg W0.82); urinary, 10.39 plus or minus 0.76 litres (98.2 plus or minus 7.6 ml/kg W0.82); pulmocutaneous, 14.34 plus or minus 1.37 litres (133.8 plus or minus 8.9 ml/kg W0.82). Swamp buffalo are unlikely to be able to satisfy their water requirements from food alone during the dry season in northern Australia. The daily rate of Na turnover was 6.29 plus or minus 0.41 mmol/kg W0.75. Na in the faeces was low, 8.3 plus or minus 0.9 mmol/kg dry faeces, indicating very effective alimentary absorption of Na. Apparent digestible energy intake (DE) per day for maintenance was about 651 plus or minus 41 kJ/kg W0.75. Daily rates of evaporative heat loss were high, 481 plus or minus 33 kJ/kg W0.75, exceeding the non-evaporative component of the DE, 321 plus or minus 35 kJ/kg W0.75; evaporative processes may have contributed to the high maintenance DE.

Body water content and water turnover of tropical Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bibos banteng, and Bos bubalus bubalis

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Siebert ◽  
WV Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The turnover of water, measured in five types of cattle, was least in the banteng during winter. The greatest rates of water turnover (848 ml/l0.82/24 hr) were among Shorthorn cows during the desert summer when feed was plentiful. In the wet tropics, however, buffalo used more water than B. taurus Shorthorns, while the B. indicus types turned over significantly less water on the same pasture. There was an increase in body water content, and a reduction in body solids, in summer relative to winter in all cattle, while the water turnover rose with increasing temperature, humidity, and food supply. After drought, Shorthorn cattle gained 40% in body weight, while increasing body water by only 4.5% as they became fat. Shorthorn steers on improved Townsville lucerne pastures during the wet season contained 48% more solids but weighed only 11% more than cattle on native vegetation, turning over greater amounts of water.

Hydration of fat-free body mass: new physiological modeling approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. E995-E1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimian Wang ◽  
Paul Deurenberg ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Angelo Pietrobelli ◽  
Richard N. Baumgartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Hydration Model ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Total Body

Water is an essential component of living organisms, and in adult mammals the fraction of fat-free body mass (FFM) as water is remarkably stable at ∼0.73. The stability of FFM hydration is a cornerstone of the widely used water isotope dilution method of estimating total body fat. At present, the only suggested means of studying FFM hydration is by experimental total body water (TBW) and FFM measurements. Although deviations from the classical hydration constant are recognized, it is unknown if these are explainable physiological aberrations and/or methodological errors. Moreover, many questions related to hydration stability prevail, including body mass and age effects. These unresolved questions and the importance of the TBW-fat estimation method led us to develop a cellular level FFM hydration model. This physiological model reveals that four water-related ratios combine to produce the observed TBW-to-FFM ratio. The mean and range of FFM hydration observed in adult humans can be understood with the proposed physiological model as can variation in the TBW-to-FFM ratio over the human life span. An extension of the model to the tissue-organ body composition level confirms on a theoretical basis a small but systematic decrease in hydration observed in mammals ranging in body mass by a factor of 105. The present study, the first to advance a physiological hydration model, provides a conceptual framework for the TBW-fat estimation method and identifies important areas that remain to be studied.

scholarly journals Food insecurity increases energetic efficiency, not food consumption: an exploratory study in European starlings

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11541
Author(s):  
Melissa Bateson ◽  
Clare Andrews ◽  
Jonathon Dunn ◽  
Charlotte B.C.M. Egger ◽  
Francesca Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
European Starlings ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Reduced Physical Activity

Food insecurity—defined as limited or unpredictable access to nutritionally adequate food—is associated with higher body mass in humans and birds. It is widely assumed that food insecurity-induced fattening is caused by increased food consumption, but there is little evidence supporting this in any species. We developed a novel technology for measuring foraging, food intake and body mass in small groups of aviary-housed European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Across four exploratory experiments, we demonstrate that birds responded to 1–2 weeks of food insecurity by increasing their body mass despite eating less. Food-insecure birds therefore increased their energetic efficiency, calculated as the body mass maintained per unit of food consumed. Mass gain was greater in birds that were lighter at baseline and in birds that faced greater competition for access to food. Whilst there was variation between experiments in mass gain and food consumption under food insecurity, energetic efficiency always increased. Bomb calorimetry of guano showed reduced energy density under food insecurity, suggesting that the energy assimilated from food increased. Behavioural observations of roosting showed inconsistent evidence for reduced physical activity under food insecurity. Increased energetic efficiency continued for 1–2 weeks after food security was reinstated, indicating an asymmetry in the speed of the response to food insecurity and the recovery from it. Future work to understand the mechanisms underlying food insecurity-induced mass gain should focus on the biological changes mediating increased energetic efficiency rather than increased energy consumption.

ON THE VALUE OF SOME PARAMETERS OF ADRENOCORTICAL GLUCOCORTICOID FUNCTION

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Der Straeten ◽  
A. Vermeulen ◽  
N. Orie ◽  
P. Regniers
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Colorimetric Methods

ABSTRACT The authors studied the correlation between cortisol production, as measured by an isotope dilution method, and the urinary excretion of total and free Porter-Silber chromogens, as well as of 17-ketogenic steroids. Although a significant correlation exists between total Porter-Silber chromogens, 17-ketogenic steroid excretion and cortisol production, discrepancies are occasionally observed. Hence, different colorimetric methods should be used to assess the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex.

Effects of neurosecretory protein GL on food intake and fat accumulation under different dietary nutrient compositions in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Fukumura ◽  
Kenshiro Shikano ◽  
Yuaki Narimatsu ◽  
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena ◽  
Megumi Furumitsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Body Mass Gain ◽  
Sucrose Diet

Abstract We recently identified a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which is involved in energy homeostasis in birds and mammals. However, whether the action of NPGL is influenced by nutritional composition remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NPGL for 13 days on feeding behavior and body mass gain under a normal chow diet (NC), high-fat diet, high-sucrose diet (HSD), and medium-fat/medium-sucrose diet (MFSD) in rats. NPGL stimulated food intake of NC and MFSD, especially during the light period. By contrast, NPGL decreased body mass gain under NC and increased total white adipose tissue mass in HSD- and MFSD-fed rats. These data suggest that the effects of NPGL on feeding behavior, body mass gain, and fat accumulation depend on nutrient type. Among them, sucrose in diets seems to contribute to fat accumulation elicited by NPGL.

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