Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application from autumn to midwinter on perennial ryegrass - white clover dairy pastures in western Victoria. 2. Pasture nutritive value

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
M. J. Ryan ◽  
G. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
N Application ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Western Victoria

Field experiments were carried out at 2 sites to study the effects of time and rate of nitrogen (N) application from autumn to midwinter on the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures in western Victoria. Nitrogen (0, 15, 25, 30, 45, and 60 kg/ha) was applied in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June, and mid-June during 1996 onto a pasture which had been grazed and topped to a uniform height of 5 cm prior to imposition of treatments. Pasture samples to a height of 5 cm were collected when perennial ryegrass in the 45 kg N/ha treatment reached the 3-leaf stage of development. Samples were analysed for metabolisable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Increasing rates of N gave rise to a curvilinear (Site 1) and linear (Site 2) increase in pasture ME and CP content. The actual response of 0.007 MJ/kg DM. kg N at 45 kg N/ha was the same at both sites, regardless of N application time, and corresponded to an increase of 0.32 MJ/kg DM. At Site 1 the actual increase in CP content at 45 kg N/ha (0.067% per kg N applied) was the same for all application times and corresponded to an increase in CP content of 3%. For Site 2, the increase ranged from 0.040% (mid-April) to 0.098% (mid-May) per kg N, corresponding to a pasture CP content increase of 1.8 to 4.4% at 45 kg N/ha, respectively. The application of N gave rise to a curvilinear (Site 1) and linear (Site 2) decrease in pasture NDF. For Site 1 at 45 kg N/ha, the actual decrease ranged from –0.04% (early May) to –0.10% (mid-May) per kg N, corresponding to a pasture NDF content decrease of 1.69 to 4.61%, respectively. At Site 2, the actual decrease in NDF content (–0.04% per kg N applied) was the same for all application times and corresponded to a decrease of 1.58% at 45 kg N/ha. Apart from some exceptions, increasing rates of applied N gave rise to a linear (Sites 1 and 2) decrease in pasture WSC content. For Site 1, the change in pasture WSC content ranged from 0.007% (early May) to –0.032% (mid-June application) per kg N, corresponding to a change in pasture WSC content of 0.32 to –1.44% at 45 kg N/ha, respectively. At Site 2, the change in WSC content ranged from 0.0004% (mid-April) to –0.076% (mid-May) per kg N, corresponding to a change in pasture WSC content of 0.02 to –3.42% at 45 kg N/ha, respectively. In this study, N application had a positive effect on the nutritive value of dairy pastures in the autumn to midwinter, in western Victoria. This is particularly important for the provision of quality feed during this period as the majority of dairy herds in the region are calving at this time. Thus, the provision of an increased quantity of higher quality feed may lead to a reduction in the requirement for purchased feeds.

Effects of perennial ryegrass cultivar, duration of lock up and nitrogen fertiliser application on dairy pasture dry matter yield and quality for silage in south-western Victoria

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
G. N. Ward ◽  
G. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Western Victoria

A study in south-western Victoria determined effects of 3 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (Vedette, Impact and Nevis) with differing maturities, duration of lock up and nitrogen (N) application on the dry matter yield and nutritive characteristics of pasture for silage. Treatments were cultivar (3), N (0 and 50 kg N/ha) and duration of lock up (5–10 weeks) arranged in a completely randomised design in 3 by 5 m plots replicated 3 times. Plots were mown to a uniform height (5 cm) on 14 September 1998 (first day of lock up) and 1 week later N was applied as urea (46% N) at either 0 or 50 kg N/ha to the respective plots. Weekly sampling commenced on 19 October (week 5 of lock up), and continued until 23 November. For each treatment and harvest date, dry matter yield and botanical composition were determined, and samples of total pasture and the ryegrass fraction were collected and chemically analysed for dry matter digestibility, concentrations of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, water-soluble carbohydrates and minerals. Metabolisable energy was derived from dry matter digestibility. All pasture types were predominantly ryegrass (>90%) with no differences in the nutritive characteristics of total pasture swards or the respective ryegrass fraction. Nitrogen at 50 kg N/ha significantly (P<0.05) increased dry matter yield for all cultivars. Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM) of the pasture declined with time for all treatments, with Vedette having a significantly (P<0.05) greater rate of decline than the other cultivars. Vedette reached early ear emergence about 3 weeks earlier (week 7) than the other cultivars. The harvestable metabolisable energy yield (MJ/ha) at ear emergence was highest for Impact, followed by Nevis and Vedette. In conclusion, there is potential to use later-maturing cultivars of ryegrass in south-eastern Australia to allow for later harvesting of forage for silage, while maintaining metabolisable energy and maximising dry matter yields. Furthermore, the use of N fertiliser can also increase dry matter yields without impinging on pasture quality provided the time between N application and harvest date does not exceed 5–6 weeks.

scholarly journals Some factors associated with the difference in nutritive value of artificially dried red clover and perennial ryegrass for sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Moseley ◽  
J. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference

1. Three sheep fitted with duodenal re-entrant cannulas and three with large rumen fistulas were given red clover, perennial ryegrass and a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of grass and clover in two Latin square arrangements. Measurements were made of voluntary intake, digestibility, flow of nutrients into the duodenum and the flow of Cr-EDTA marker through the reticulo-rumen.2. Organic matter (OM) digestibility was similar for the three feeds but the voluntary intake decreased in the order mixture > red clover > perennial ryegrass. There was an increase in the rate of marker flow from the rumen and a decrease in retention time of the same order. Rumen volume did not change significantly.3. There was a reduction in the mean particle size of rumen contents in the order perennial ryegrass > clover > mixture. The in vitro digestibility of particles decreased with size; the reduction being more rapid for clover than perennial ryegrass.4. The proportion of ingested digestible OM appearing at the duodenum increased from 18.4% to 26.7% to 30.0% for perennial ryegrass, clover and the mixture respectively.5. A higher proportion of digestible cellulose and hemicellulose disappeared over the stomach for the perennial ryegrass feed compared to the clover and the mixture but over 96% of water soluble carbohydrates and starch disappeared over the stomach for all three feeds.6. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was similar for all three feeds but the proportion of undigested feed N appearing at the duodenum was calculated to be greater by a factor of 1.71 and 2.52 for clover and mixture feeds compared to grass.7. It was concluded that the higher nutritive value of red clover compared to perennial ryegrass was due to an increased rate of flow of nutrients througth the reticulo-rumen and an increase in the proportion of digestible OM digested post ruminally.

Milk production and composition of dairy cows grazing two perennial ryegrass cultivars allocated in the morning and afternoon

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chen ◽  
R. H. Bryant ◽  
G. R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of perennial ryegrass cultivar and timing of herbage allocation on herbage nutritive value and milk production of mid-lactation dairy cows. An autumn grazing trial using 48 Friesian × Jersey spring-calving cows was conducted over 10 days. Twelve groups of four cows were allocated to three replicates of four treatments, namely, two perennial ryegrass cultivars (AberMagic or Prospect) offered either after milking in the morning (0830 hours) or afternoon (1630 hours). Cows were offered a daily herbage allowance of 30 kg DM/cow above ground level. There were no significant differences in sward structure and morphological characteristics between cultivars, except for Prospect having a lower average tiller mass (43.1 mg) than AberMagic (48.4 mg). The concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and organic matter digestibility in DM (DOMD) was greater in AberMagic (180 g/kg, 74.2%) than in Prospect (153 g/kg, 71.4%). Herbage DM percentage, WSC concentration and DOMD were lower in the morning than in the afternoon (18.8% vs 22.3% DM; 154 vs 179 g/kg WSC; 72.1% vs 73.5% DOMD). Herbage DM intake (12.0 kg/cow.day), milk yield (17.2 kg/cow.day) and milksolids yield (1.60 kg/cow.day) did not differ significantly among treatments. Cultivar choice and timing of allocation influenced herbage WSC concentration and digestibility, but did not alter milksolids production.

scholarly journals Influence of drought stress on Alfalfa yields and nutritional composition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghao Liu ◽  
Qian Wu ◽  
Gentu Ge ◽  
Guodong Han ◽  
Yushan Jia
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Early Harvest

ABSTRACTIt is predicted that climate change may increase the risk of local droughts, with severe consequences for agricultural practices. Here we report the influence of drought on alfalfa yields and its nutritional composition, based on artificially induced drought conditions during two field experiments. Two types of alfalfa cultivars were compared, Gold Queen and Suntory. The severity and timing of a drought period was varied, and the crop was harvested either early during flowering stage, or late at full bloom. The obtained dry mass yields of Gold Queen were higher than Suntory, and the first was also more resistant to drought. Early harvest resulted in higher yields. Decreases in yields due to water shortage were observed with both cultivars, and the fraction of crude protein (CP) decreased as a result of drought stress; this fraction was higher in Gold Queen than in Suntory and higher in early harvest compared to late harvest. Severe drought late in spring had the highest effect on CP content. The fraction of fibre, split up into neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) increased as a result of drought and was lower in early harvested plants compared to late harvest. Suntory alfalfa produced higher fibre fractions than Gold Queen. The fraction of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was least affected by drought. It was consistently higher in Gold Queen compared to Suntory alfalfa, and late harvest resulted in higher WSC content. In combination, these results suggest that the nutritive value of alfalfa will likely decrease after a period of drought. These effects can be partly overcome by choosing the Gold Queen cultivar over Suntory, by targeted irrigation, in particular in late spring, and by harvesting at an earlier time.

The effects of ploidy and a phenotype conferring a high water-soluble carbohydrate concentration on carbohydrate accumulation, nutritive value and morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. SMITH ◽  
R. J. SIMPSON ◽  
R. A. CULVENOR ◽  
M. O. HUMPHREYS ◽  
M. P. PRUD'HOMME ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Tetraploidy or the use of diploid genotypes with genes conferring high water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations are two mechanisms to increase the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. This experiment compared the morphology, nutritive value and diurnal variation in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of 56-day-old plants from six perennial ryegrass cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. Three of these cultivars were diploid (Melle, Aurora and Cariad) and three were tetraploids (Meltra, Prospero and AberOnyx) which had been derived from the respective diploid cultivars. Two of the diploid cultivars (Cariad and Aurora) had previously been selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates. The tetraploid cultivars had fewer (mean 59), larger tillers than the diploids (mean 83). However, with the exception of Melle and Meltra the dry matter yield of the diploid cultivars was not significantly different from their tetraploid derivatives. The effect of tetraploidy on WSC concentrations was dependent on the genetic background of the cultivars. Melle, which had not been previously selected for increased WSC, had a significantly lower WSC concentration than its tetraploid derivative, Meltra. However, tetraploidy did not further increase the WSC concentration in those cultivars previously selected for high WSC concentrations. WSC concentrations in the leaf of both Aurora and Melle rose by 65–70 g/kg throughout the photoperiod, suggesting that differences in the total WSC concentration of these cultivars were not due to any increase in the amount of carbon fixed by Aurora but rather due to differences in the allocation of carbon during growth and development. This experiment demonstrated that tetraploidy was not beneficial in improving the WSC concentration of perennial ryegrass when imposed on two diploid cultivars which had the genetic potential for increased WSC accumulation. However, tetraploidy significantly increased the WSC concentration and by implication the nutritive value of a cultivar derived from a perennial ryegrass cultivar with standard WSC concentrations.

Longer defoliation interval ensures expression of the ‘high sugar’ trait in perennial ryegrass cultivars in cool temperate Tasmania, Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 995-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. TURNER ◽  
D. J. DONAGHY ◽  
K. G. PEMBLETON ◽  
R. P. RAWNSLEY
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Rumen Nitrogen

SUMMARYPerennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) cultivars have been developed to express higher levels of leaf water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), but expression of this ‘high sugar’ trait varies between environments and is likely to be further influenced by the extent of plant re-growth. The herbage WSC concentration and the ratio of WSC to crude protein (WSC : CP) in high sugar cultivars AberMagic and SF Joule were therefore compared with a control cultivar, Arrow, under cool temperate Tasmanian conditions and two defoliation interval treatments. The irrigated cultivars were subjected to defoliation at either the 1·5-leaf or 3-leaf stage of re-growth, and additional components of nutritive value (fibre concentrations and metabolizable energy content) and dry matter (DM) yields were measured throughout a 12-month period (March 2011 to March 2012). The high sugar trait was consistently expressed in AberMagic, which under both the 1·5-leaf and 3-leaf stages defoliation intervals, displayed the highest WSC concentration (mean 194 and 247 mg/g DM, respectively, compared with 153 and 178 mg/g DM for Arrow) and highest WSC : CP ratio (mean 0·74 and 1·29, respectively, compared with 0·58 and 0·85 for Arrow). Defoliation at the 3-leaf stage of regrowth ensured greater expression of the high sugar trait in both AberMagic and SF Joule, as measured by the increase in WSC concentration and WSC : CP ratio as a result of increasing defoliation interval. The strength and consistency of trait expression in AberMagic under the 3-leaf stage defoliation interval warrants further research to investigate its effect on rumen nitrogen (N) partitioning and milk production in this environment.

Long-term effects of multiple applications of nitrogen fertiliser on grazed dryland perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures in south-west Victoria. 3. Botanical composition, nutritive characteristics, mineral content, and nutrient selection

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
G. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
South West ◽  
Annual Range ◽  
Nutrient Selection

A grazing experiment was undertaken on a commercial dairy farm in south-west Victoria over a 3-year period to study the effects of multiple applications of different rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser over autumn and winter on dairy pasture species composition, nutrient characteristics, mineral content, and nutrient selection. Four treatments, replicated 3 times in a randomised block design, comprised: zero N (A); 3 applications of 25 kg N/ha (B); 3 applications of 50 kg N/ha (C); and 3 applications of 75 kg N/ha (D).Increasing rates of N fertiliser generally elevated whole sward metabolisable energy (ME) content. The effect of N fertiliser on whole sward ME content was evident through to the end of sampling each year (2–3 months after the last N application). Increasing rates of N fertiliser consistently elevated whole sward crude protein (CP) content. The effect of N fertiliser on whole sward CP content was evident through to the end of sampling each year (2–3 months after the last N application). For each year there was a slight decrease in CP, with Treatments C and D decreasing at a greater rate than treatments A and B. Increasing rates of N fertiliser generally depressed whole sward neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content. The effect of N fertiliser on whole sward NDF content was evident through to the end of sampling each year (2–3 months after the last N application). For each year there was a slight increase in NDF, with Treatments C and D having a lower increase in NDF over time than Treatment A. Nitrogen fertiliser had no effect on whole sward water soluble carbohydrate content.There was no consistent effect of N fertiliser on whole sward pasture mineral content during the growth season (June–December), with mean annual levels of P, K, S, Na, Ca, and Mg satisfying the nutritional requirements of high producing dairy cows and the growth requirements of both perennial ryegrass and white clover.Although N fertiliser had no influence on the concentration of nutrients consumed by grazing dairy cows, the mean annual range in selection differentials for the 3 years for ME (1.06–1.11) and CP (1.18–1.32) concentrations consumed was higher and the NDF (0.85–0.91) lower than those of the pasture.Each year there was an increase in perennial ryegrass, with Treatments B and C having a higher overall ryegrass presence compared with Treatment A. Nitrogen fertiliser had no effect on white clover, other grasses, weeds, or dead fractions.

Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application from autumn to midwinter on perennial ryegrass - white clover dairy pastures in western Victoria. 1. Growth and composition

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
M. J. Ryan ◽  
G. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
N Application ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Residual N ◽  
Western Victoria

Field experiments were carried out at 2 sites to study the effects of time and rate of nitrogen (N) application from autumn to midwinter on perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture dry matter (DM) yield and species composition. Nitrogen (0, 15, 25, 30, 45, and 60 kg/ha) was applied in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June, and mid-June 1996 onto a grazed pasture. Dry matter yield was estimated when perennial ryegrass in the 45 kg N/ha treatment reached the 3-leaf stage of development. Species composition estimates were made on all plots in autumn, late winter, and late spring (November). Asecond DM yield estimate was taken one regrowth cycle after the primary DM yield estimate to determine residual N impact on pasture growth, and then the pastures were returned to the grazing routine of the farm. Increasing levels of N fertiliser resulted in a linear (Site 1) and curvilinear (Site 2) primary DM yield response. Residual DM yield responses were linear at both sites. The highest primary DM yield response at Site 1 was 9.1 kg DM/kg N (mid-April application), whereas the highest residual N response was 9.4 kg DM/kg N (mid-May application). The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 38 (early June application) to 47 (mid-April application) days for the primary harvest, and from 46 (early May application) to 72 (early June application) days for the residual harvest. At Site 2, the highest primary DM yield response to N was 15.8 kg DM/kg N at 45 kg N/ha (mid-April application), whereas the highest residual N response was 8.3 kg DM/kg N (mid-June application). The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 24 (early June application) to 36 (mid-April and early May applications) days for the primary harvest, and from 30 (mid-April) to 57 (early June application) days for the residual harvest. Based on the current cost of urea, the study concluded that N fertiliser use during autumn to midwinter is economically viable for dairy farmers. Botanical composition was unaffected by N application. There were no treatment effects on botanical composition of the sward at either site the following spring (November). It is concluded that a ‘once-off’ strategic N application up to 60 kg N/ha during autumn to midwinter is not likely to influence dairy pasture composition in western Victoria.

The effects of site and season on the yield and nutritive value of cultivars and half-sib families of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
R. N. Oram
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Sib Families

The effects of site and season on the nutritive value of 16 perennial ryegrass cultivars and 60 half-sib families were assessed at 2 locations in South West Victoria. Crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, neutral detergent fibre and in vitro digestibility were measured on vegetative herbage, harvested in either autumn or spring. While no heritable genetic variation for nutritive value parameters was detected in this set of families, consistent differences in the nutritive value of cultivars were measured across sites and seasons. The cultivars Yatsyn1 and Ellett were consistently high in both water-soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility. The differences in mean nutritive value between high and low ranking cultivars were ~40 g/kg water-soluble carbohydrates and 3–5% in vitro digestibility. These consistent differences in forage quality demonstrate the value of measuring forage quality during cultivar evaluation. The identification of cultivars with improved nutritive value will also facilitate the crossing of the alleles that confer this improvement into other genetic backgrounds.

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of lines of Lolium perenne selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Radojevic ◽  
RJ Simpson ◽  
JA StJohn ◽  
MO Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Differences in the water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of herbage of northern European perennial ryegrass cultivars (Aurora, Melle, Cariad) grown under southern Australian conditions, and a New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivar (Ellett) which yields well in southern Australia, were investigated in relation to their nutritive value. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), total nitrogen, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and digestibility of NDF (NDFD) were measured in all cultivars. Aurora and Cariad exhibited higher WSC concentrations than the other cultivars, particularly during summer. This buffered the decline in IVDMD that was due to declining NDFD at that time of the year and resulted in an improvement in IVDMD of between 2 and 6%. Although WSC and nitrogen concentrations of the herbage were negatively correlated, this was due mainly to divergent seasonal variation in these components of the herbage.

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