Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related to variability in energy and amino acid availabilityin ruminants: a review

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha L. van Barneveld
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Starch Fermentation ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
The Subject

This paper reviews the carbohydrate, protein, lipid, anti-nutritional, and physical characteristics ofgrains that determine the variability in their nutritional quality for ruminant animals. The amount, rate, and extent of starch fermentation in the rumen have been the subject of many studies, with large variation found between and within grain species. Electron microscopy scanning techniques have shown that the protein matrix limits the microbial colonisation of starch granules in some grain species, whereas in others it may be the structural carbohydrates that affect colonisation. The composition of the different fibre fractions of grains and their interaction with non-fibre carbohydrates requires investigation, since it has been shown that non-starchpolysaccharides, including neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre, may not be specific enough to predict animal response to grain. Fermentation patterns of the non-starch polysaccharide components of legumes are also poorly understood and hence require further investigation. Different varieties of grain and different seasonal conditions show variation in the protein fractions of the kernel. Since these fractions display different solubility and degradation rates in the rumen, rumen solubility values cannot be generalised for grains. The variability in solubility caused by rumen flow rate and pH is a further complication. Finally, the lipid content of grains varies greatly, with high-oil grains potentially contributing to the energy level of the diet, but possibly negatively affecting rumen fermentation. Due to the degree of variability of characteristics discussed in this review, it is clear that the nutritional quality of grains cannot be assessed in a single rapid assay.

scholarly journals Use of Tannin-Containing Plants as Antimicrobials Influencing the Animal Health

2022 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Mohammed M Dakheel ◽  
Afnan A Al-Mnaser ◽  
Jessica Quijada ◽  
Martin J Woodward ◽  
Caroline Rymer
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
The Subject

The antimicrobial effects of diverse tannin-containing plants, particularly condensed tannins (CTs) produced from various plants, are the subject of this study. CT components can be determined using CT-specific procedures such the HCl-Butanol Acetone assay, Thiolysis reaction, and HPLC/MS analysis. These methods indicate CT contents, including mean degree of polymerization, the procyanidins and prodelphinidins ratio (PC/PD%), the isomers of trans- and cis-, and CT concentration. Tannin-containing plants possess antibacterial action, which can be attributed to their protein linkage technique, and tannin-type variations, particularly CTs extract and their PC/PD%. The effects of CT components on the development of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been documented for their relative PC/PD%; this is regarded to be a key predictor of tannin characteristics in terms of antimicrobials. In conclusion, tannins, more specific CT compositions, have significant impacts on in vivo trials of animal productions and utilization of metabolites and fermentation in vitro experiments. These findings need further investigations to fully understand how CT-types act on animal feeding in terms of enhanced nutritional quality of animal diets, which may have implications for human and animal health.

scholarly journals Physical characteristics and nutritional quality of salt tolerant rice genotypes

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Tadesse Girma Beakal ◽  
Mohammed Hussein ◽  
Abegaz Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Rice Genotypes

Effects of homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on the quality and aerobic stability of corn silage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanfan Zhang ◽  
Fang Miao ◽  
Xuzhe Wang ◽  
Weihua Lu ◽  
Chunhui Ma
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Dough Stage

This study aimed to investigate the effects of homo/heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of corn silage and its rumen digestibility. Maize (Zea mays strain Xingsiyu No. 10), at the early dough stage, was harvested, chopped, ensiled in vacuum bags and divided into four groups: 1) control (without added bacteria); 2) with the homofermentative LAB Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus (1:1 mixture, 1 × 105 cfu g-1); 3) with the heterofermentative LAB Lactobacillus buchneri (1 × 105 cfu g-1); and 4) with the homo/heterofermentative LAB L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus, and L. buchneri (1:1:1 mixture). At 2, 8, 15, 45, and 60 d of ensiling, nutritional quality, fermentation characteristics, and microbial content were assessed. After 60 d, aerobic stability and rumen digestibility tests were performed. The addition of homo- and/or heterofermentative LAB significantly improved the nutritional quality, fermentation characteristics, and microbial content. Addition of the heterofermenter L. buchneri, with or without the homofermenters L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus, improved aerobic stability. The different LAB inoculants increased the degradation rates of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber of the corn silage by sheep ruminants. Analysis indicated that L. buchneri yielded the best corn silage.

scholarly journals Yields, plant characteristics, total N and fibre composition of timothy cultivars grown at two latitudes

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tapani Kunelius ◽  
Pertti Pärssinen ◽  
Seppo K. Pullli
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars of southern (45°N) and northern (≥60°N) origin were grown in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (46° N) and Jokioinen, Finland (61° N) in two years. Timothy was harvested twice a season and nitrogen applied at 100 or 150 kg/ha. Dry matter yields were higher in Charlottetown than in Jokioinen and northern cultivars outyielded southern cultivars. Nitrogen at 150 kg/ha increased total yields an average of 1.4 t/ha over the 100 kg N/ha rate. The stems and panicles of timothy were longer in Charlottetown. Northern cultivars had longer panicles. The leaf content of cultivars ranged from 139 to 230 g/kg. Northern cultivars had greater N concentrations (22.1 g/kg) in cut 2 than southern timothies (19.7 g/kg). Concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in cut 1 were lower in Jokioinen, In conclusion, northern cultivars performed well in Charlottetown but there were differences in yield stability among cultivars. Nutritional quality of timothy cultivars varied among the sites and the significance of differences in NDF and ADF in relation to animal performance require further study.

Interannual variations of above-ground biomass and nutritional quality of Mediterranean grasslands in Western Spain over a 20-year period

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Vázquez-de-Aldana ◽  
A. García-Ciudad ◽  
B. García-Criado
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Western Spain

The ‘dehesas’ are savannah-like semi-arid grasslands typical of western Spain, which are subject to strong inter-annual variations in biomass production. Over a 20-year period, from 1986 to 2005, above-ground biomass and the nutritional quality of these grasslands in the province of Salamanca (western Spain) were evaluated to determine the relationships between interannual variations in grassland parameters and climate variables (precipitation and temperature). Herbage samples were collected from several sites, along a topographic gradient that differentiated two types of herbaceous communities on the upper and lower part of the slope. Nutritional quality was assessed on the basis of protein, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, lignin and digestibility. On both the upper and lower zones, total biomass and biomass of grasses were correlated with annual precipitation calculated from the previous October to the current June. Biomass of legumes and forbs, on the upper zones, was correlated with spring precipitation. Step-wise multiple regression analysis provided different models for grasses, legumes, forbs, and total biomass for the upper and lower zones. Protein concentration was negatively correlated with annual precipitation in both zones of the slope. The number of days in spring with precipitation (≥1 mm or ≥10 mm) was a good predictor of the lignin content and digestibility in both zones of the slope, and of the acid detergent fibre content on the upper zones and the neutral detergent fibre content on the lower zones.

Measuring Service Quality in The Context of Higher Education in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Yen Nguyen Thi Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Education Service ◽  
The Subject

This paper focuses on the understanding of service quality in the context of Vietnamese universities. It proposes an approach for measuring the quality of the higher education service provided by universities in Vietnam. Firstly, an exploratory study was conducted. Then, the set of items which were generated became the subject of a questionnaire that was then administered to 675 students of a Vietnamese university to determine the dimensions of higher education service quality in this context. The obtained results permit us to appropriate a measurement scale which is slightly different from the SERVQUAL scale widely known as the standard for measuring service quality. The results also show that tangible elements, responsiveness and assurance seem to be three specific dimensions of the higher education service of Vietnamese universities.

Thomas More’s Correspondence in a Spanish Ambiance

Moreana ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (Number 149) (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio M. Olivares Merino
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

The recent reprinting of Álvaro de Silva’s 1998 edition of a selection of More’s letters prompts the author to examine the subject of Spanish translations of More, and of de Silva’s general commentary on More’s correspondence and on his relationship to other humanists. The author reflects on aspects of More’s personality as exposed in his letters and uses what he finds as a corrective to several biographical misconceptions. He points out the strengths and weaknesses of de Silva’s work and compares it with that of other translators, particularly Elizabeth Rogers, and notes the particularly Spanish quality of de Silva’s edition.

Food procurement in English-language Canadian public schools: Opportunities and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Shawna Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
English Language ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Food Environments ◽  
School Food ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
School Food Environment

This paper examines the changes to procurement for school food environments in Canada as a response to changes to nutrition regulations at the provincial level. Interviews with those working in school food environments across Canada revealed how changes to the nutrition requirements of foods and beverages sold in schools presented opportunities to not only improve the nutrient content of the items made available in school food environments, but also to include local producers and/or school gardens in procuring for the school food environment. At the same time, some schools struggle to procure nutritionally compliant foods due to increased costs associated with transporting produce to rural, remote, or northern communities as well as logistic difficulties like spoilage. Although the nutrition regulations have facilitated improvements to food environments in some schools, others require more support to improve the overall nutritional quality of the foods and beverages available to students at school.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document