The use of carcass cuts to predict beef carcass composition: a research technique

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson ◽  
DD Charles
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Slight Improvement ◽  
B Values ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Carcass Cuts

Eleven Angus, 12 Friesian and 12 Hereford steers were used to investigate the degree of accuracy and usefulness of primal cut tissues in predicting side composition. The criteria used for evaluating the cuts were: (a) standard error of estimate of the equation, (b) homogeneity of 'b' values among breeds, (c) appreciable bone content in cut to allow the prediction of side bone, and (d) the absence of major difficulties in the replication and dissection of cuts. Simple and multiple regression analyses showed that the most accurate predictors of carcass composition, in descending order, with standard errors of estimate of muscle, fat and bone percentages respectively, were: hindquarter plus rib cut (0.37 %, 0.47 %, 0.30 %); hindquarter (0.73 %, 0.87%, 0.49%); loin plus rib cut (0.84%, 0.88%, 0.48%); rib cut (1.13%, 1.26%, 0.59%); loin (1.24%, 1.21 %, 0.72%). The most useful of four easily obtained carcass variables in improving the prediction accuracy of carcass components from multiple regression proved to be primal cut weight and fat thickness at the 12th rib, particularly the former. Both significantly reduced the standard errors of estimate of muscle, fat or bone in equations based on loin, rib cut and loin plus rib cut, but not in equations based on hindquarter plus rib cut and hindquarter. Kidney plus pelvic fat weight was of limited value, resulting only in a slight improvement in the prediction of side bone percentage using the equations based on bone percentage of the hindquarter. Carcass weight was of equal value to primal cut weight in improving the prediction accuracy of multiple regression. Five sets of part-carcass prediction equations are given, providing a choice of prediction accuracy, labour expenditure and cost for research workers whose requirements and resources may vary.

The muscle, fat, and bone content of Angus steer carcasses as affected by stocking rates

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 858 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Clark ◽  
ML Dudzinski ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
D Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Stocking Rates

Data from the complete dissection of carcasses from a selected group of British breed cattle were used to derive regression equations for muscle, bone, and fat on the carcass variables suggested by Butteriield. These equations were used to estimate the carcass composition of 70 Angus steers which had been grazing a Phalaris tuberosa–subterranean clover pasture for 460 days. The regression equations contained data from three of these animals. Muscle was well estimated (R = 0.99) by the equation y = 9.1009–45.0288(fat thickness, cm) + 1.0686(carcass wt., lb) + 0.9240(shin muscle wt., Dg). Total bone was estimated (R = 0.99) from the equation y (total bone, g) = –1246.55 + 16.7413(shin bone wt., g) + 4.6399(carcass wt., lb). Fat estimation varied with the nutritional history of the animals. Total fat for animals never subjected to a lengthy stress period could be estimated (R = 0.96) from the equation y = 75.188 + 99.352(fat thickness, cm) + 0.4499(carcass wt., lb). The use of logarithms in the derivation of these equations generally resulted in some improvement in the multiple correlation coefficients. Values were calculated from logarithmic forms of the above equations for the muscle, fat, and bone contents of carcasses from animals which had been grazing at stocking rates of 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4 and 7/8 of a beast per acre from August 1961 to November 1962. Where the cattle had been grazing alone, both muscle and fat were significantly related to stocking rate but total bone was not. With cattle which had been grazing with sheep, only fat was significantly related to stocking rate. The use of a number of other measurements and the transformation of these variables to logarithmic form is discussed.

Comparison of twelfth rib and rump fat thickness measurements for predicting commercial beef yield in local market carcasses

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Lower Standard ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
Thickness Measurements

The abilities of 12th rib and rump fat thickness measurements to predict yield of saleable beef were compared in 40 Hereford steer carcasses weighing 173-235 kg. Saleable beef yield and fat trim were significantly related (P< 0.05) to all 4 fat thickness measurements studied, rump P8, rump sacral crest, 12th rib (all cold) and 12th rib (hot). Rump measurements generally, had slightly lower standard errors of estimate than the 12th rib measurements in predicting the weights and percentages of saleable beef yield and fat trim. Rump P8 predicted saleable beef yield weight, saleable beef yield percentage, fat trim weight and fat trim percentage with means (� s.e.) of 72.55 (� 6.69) kg, 70.52 (� 0.72)%, 7.23 (� 0.86) kg and 6.99 (� 0.68)%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that the addition of hot carcass weight or cold carcass weight as the second regressor resulted in predictions of similar accuracy. Quadratic analyses indicated that weight or percentage of cuts, manufacturing trim, saleable beef yield and fat trim were linearly related to 12th rib (cold) fat thickness and to P8 fat thickness.

Comparison of the prediction of carcass components using fat thickness measurements in heifers and steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Simple Regression

Predictions of carcass composition based on anal fold and 12th rib fat thickness measurements were compared in 12 Hereford heifers and 12 Hereford steers. For carcass proportions, simple regression equations indicated that heifers had less muscle (2-3%), more fat (2.5-4%), and more bone (0.9%, 12th rib only). Empty liveweight did not improve the accuracy of prediction of any carcass component when added to anal fold fat thickness. Chilled carcass weight and 12th rib fat thickness slightly improved the accuracy of prediction of muscle and fat proportions compared with prediction using each measurement alone. Multiple regression indicated that the heifers had 2.5-3% less muscle and 34% more fat. For predictions of the weights of carcass components at a given fat thickness measurement, simple regression indicated that heifers had less muscle than steers (by about 6 kg), but for bone and fat the intercepts did not differ significantly between sexes. In multiple regression, empty liveweight contributed strongly to the predictions of weights of all 3 carcass components. In all regressions in which the weight of each of the 3 carcass components was regressed on a weight and a fat thickness measurement together, except for muscle and fat regressed on chilled carcass weight and 12th rib fat thickness, the fat thickness measurement failed to contribute significantly to prediction. Although chilled carcass weight and 12th rib fat thickness together contributed (P<0.01) to the prediction of muscle weight and fat weight, chilled carcass weight was the stronger contributor. Regression indicated that heifers had about 3 kg less muscle and 3.5 kg more fat than steers. Multiple regression analysis showed that heifers and steers had about the same weight of bone.

Prediction of lean yield in cull sows

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Aziz ◽  
W. A. Rae ◽  
R. O. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Electronic Probe ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Cull Sows ◽  
Lean Weight

Data from 204 sows were used to predict percentage carcass lean yield and lean weight. Backfat thickness (probe fat) and muscle depth (probe lean) were measured with an electronic probe. Fat thickness was also measured by ruler at the midline at maximum fat depth over the lumbar vertebrae (maximum fat), fat depth at the last rib (last-rib fat), and fat depth between the 3rd- and 4th-last ribs (fat depth 3–4). Fat depth over maximum loin-muscle depth (loin fat 1), maximum fat depth over loin muscle (loin fat 2), maximum loin depth (loin lean 1) and maximum loin width (loin lean 2) were measured on loin cross section. On the warm carcass, the prediction accuracy of percentage lean yield was highest for probe fat (R2 = 0.77), whereas probe lean had the lowest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.01). Among the ruler measurements, maximum fat was associated with the most accurate prediction of percentage lean yield (R2 = 0.71). Among cross-section measurements, loin fat 2 was the most accurate predictor of percentage lean yield (R2 = 0.78). For predicting lean weight in the carcass, carcass weight gave the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.82) of any single measurement, but addition of probe fat to the equation improved R2 by 11% and reduced the RSD from 3.16 to 2.00. A single measurement by probe (probe fat) or ruler (maximum fat) was concluded to be sufficient to accurately predict percentage lean yield in sow carcasses. Key words: Lean yield, sows, prediction, carcass composition, grading

scholarly journals Relationships Between Live Body and Carcass Measurements and Carcass Components in Omani Sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
O. Mahgoub
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Carcass Cuts

Thirty two Omani sheep including eight intact males. 16 castrated males and eight intact females were fed ad libitum a concentrate diet (l6% CP) plus chopped Rhodesgrass hay (8% CP) from weaning until slaughter at an average weight of 26 kg. Correlation and regression analyses were carried out to evaluate relationships between live body and carcass measurements with major body components. Generally there were positive correlations between slaughter weight, empty body weight (EBW) and hot carcass weight with total carcass muscle (r2 =0.57, 0.59, 0.59). fat (r2= 0.47, 0.48, 0.68) and bone (r2 = 0.51, 0.44, 0.31) contents respectively. There were also positive correlations (r2 = 0.44- 0.59) between linear live body and carcass measurements with carcass muscle content. The depth of tissue over the 11th rib (GR) had a high positive correlation (r2= 0.67) with total carcass fat content. The weight of most individual bones and muscles had positive correlations (r2=0.39 - 0.85) with carcass muscle and bone content. There was a positive correlation between weight chuck (r2 = 0.62), brisket and shank (r2< 0.38), leg (r2 = 0.79) and loin (r2 = 0.45) carcass cuts with total carcass muscle content. Muscle content in all carcass cuts had a positive correlation (r2 = 0.46-0.86) with total carcass muscle content. Bone content in all carcass cuts had a high positive correlation (r2 = 0.46-0.90) with the total carcass bone content. A 3-variahle (body length,  chest depth and leg length) and a 4-variable (hot carcass weight , hook width,  rib width and GR) models were generated which accounted for 84% and 70% of the variation in the total muscle content, respectively. This study showed that live body and carcass measurements have significant relationships with carcass components in Omani sheep. These relationships may be utilized for prediction of carcass composition in live animals as well as for carcass quality assessment.

The use of physical measurements in live cattle to predict carcass composition

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson ◽  
CB Davis
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Fat Thickness

Of 13 physical measurements made on live cattle, anal fold fat thickness measured with a hand caliper and fasted liveweight were the most accurate predictors of carcass composition, particularly when used together. Anal fold fat thickness plus fasted liveweight predicted the percentages (mean � s.e. of estimate) of side muscle (59.62 � 1.80), side bone (14.23 � 0.81) and side fat (23.58 � 2.18). Scanoprobe measurements made on live animals were correlated (P<0.01) with the actual carcass measurements as follows: fat thickness at the 10th rib, 0.50; fat thickness at the 12th rib, 0.69; muscle depth at the 10th rib, 0.56; muscle depth at the 12th rib, 0.66. Anal fold fat thickness, with a standard error of estimate of 2.22%, was a better predictor of percentage side muscle than the live Scanoprobe measurements, depth of M. longissimus at the 12th rib (3.44%) and depth of M. gluteus medius (3.61%). When used to measure the fat depth over M. longissimus at the 12th rib in live cattle, the standard errors of estimate of the Scanoprobe in predicting percentage side muscle and percentage side fat were not significantly different from those of anal fold fat thickness determined with the caliper. For the prediction of percentage side muscle the errors for Scanoprobe and caliper were 3.44 and 2.22, respectively; for the prediction of percentage side fat they were 3.79 and 3.12, respectively. Tuber coxae width, the most accurate of the linear skeletal measurements in predicting side bone percentage, was not as accurate as anal fold fat thickness (s.e. of estimate, 1.02 v. 0.89%).

Language and Literacy Predictors of Dialect Density Among School-Age African American Children From Two Geographic Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-820
Author(s):  
Lena G. Caesar ◽  
Marie Kerins
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
School Age ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
American Children

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral language, literacy skills, age, and dialect density (DD) of African American children residing in two different geographical regions of the United States (East Coast and Midwest). Method Data were obtained from 64 African American school-age children between the ages of 7 and 12 years from two geographic regions. Children were assessed using a combination of standardized tests and narrative samples elicited from wordless picture books. Bivariate correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to determine relationships to and relative contributions of oral language, literacy, age, and geographic region to DD. Results Results of correlation analyses demonstrated a negative relationship between DD measures and children's literacy skills. Age-related findings between geographic regions indicated that the younger sample from the Midwest outscored the East Coast sample in reading comprehension and sentence complexity. Multiple regression analyses identified five variables (i.e., geographic region, age, mean length of utterance in morphemes, reading fluency, and phonological awareness) that accounted for 31% of the variance of children's DD—with geographic region emerging as the strongest predictor. Conclusions As in previous studies, the current study found an inverse relationship between DD and several literacy measures. Importantly, geographic region emerged as a strong predictor of DD. This finding highlights the need for a further study that goes beyond the mere description of relationships to comparing geographic regions and specifically focusing on racial composition, poverty, and school success measures through direct data collection.

THE EVALUATION OF SELF-MONITORING ATTRIBUTES

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arts Jiujias ◽  
Peter Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Self Monitoring

Eighty-six Canadian female undergraduates attributed self-monitoring traits to a target presented on videotape, and evaluated her in terms of liking. Attributed self-monitoring was negatively correlated with attraction to the target and was the only predictor of attraction in a multiple regression analysis. Multiple regression analyses with subscales of attributed self-monitoring as predictors suggested that the evaluations may be the result of the attributed unpredictability of the high self-monitoring prototype.

Estimation of the carcass composition of different cattle breeds and crosses from fatness measurements and visual assessments

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
D. D. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Visual Assessments ◽  
Thickness Measurements

SUMMARYCarcass data for 1053 steers from the Meat and Livestock Commission's beef breed evaluation programme were used to examine the relative precision of alternative fatness assessments for predicting carcass lean percentage. The data were from four trials and comprised both dairy-bred and suckler-bred cattle by a wide range of sire breeds.A visual assessment of carcass subcutaneous fat content to the nearest percentage unit (SFe) was the single most precise predictor both overall (residual S.d. = 2·28) and within breed (residual S.d. = 2·05). Precision was improved by the addition in multiple regression of the percentage perinephric and retroperitoneal fat (KKCF) in carcass, a visual score of the degree of marbling in the m. longissimus and selected fat thickness measurements taken by calipers on cut surfaces (residual S.d. = 2·11 (overall) and 1·90 (within breed)).When the best overall equation was applied to the breed means, there was substantial bias (predicted – actual carcass lean percentage). Biases ranged from +2·5 (purebred Canadian Holstein and Luing) to – 1·3 (Limousin crosses).Breeds differed significantly in carcass lean content when compared at equal levels of fatness measurements. The differences depended both on the precision with which the measurements predicted carcass lean content and the observed differences in carcass composition that existed before adjustments to equal fatness were made.The robustness of prediction equations was examined by applying them to independent sets of data (a total of 334 carcasses) from four other trials involving steers, heifers, cows and young bulls. Equations were stable for cattle of the same breed, sex and similar levels of fatness but important bias was found between more extreme types of cattle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document