Spikelet development and grain yield of the wheat ear in response to applied nitrogen

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
EE Whingwiri ◽  
DR Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Mutual Shading ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Wheat plants in an irrigated field crop were fertilized with 0 (N0), 3 (N3), 10 (N10) or 30 (N30) kg nitrogen ha-1 week-1 for 10 weeks, commencing 12 days after sowing, till the flag leaf reached maturity. Nitrogen significantly increased tiller numbers, dry matter and grain yields per plant. Maximum plant size resulted from the N30 treatment, but maximum grain yields per plant from the N10 treatment. Total spikelet numbers increased with increasing nitrogen supply up to the N30 treatment, and this was due to increased rates of spikelet primordia production. Nitrogen treatments had almost no effect on the duration of spikelet primordium formation. Only two ear-bearing tillers were produced in the N10 and N30 treatments, and none in the others. Tiller apices had a similar, or in the case of the second tiller of N30 plants a 29% higher, rate of spikelet primordia formation to that of the associated main shoot, and all apices formed terminal spikelets at a similar time. The second tiller did not initiate primordia production until 25% of final spikelet numbers were present on the main shoot apex. The higher grain yield per plant in the N10 than in the N30 treatment was due largely to more grains per fertile spikelet on the tillers of N10 plants. It was speculated that the poorer performance of tillers on N30 plants was due to mutual shading of shoots and/or poorer nitrogen nutrition of the tiller apices owing to the method of nitrogen application. It was concluded that nitrogen supply affected grain yield per ear more by influencing the ability of florets to set grain than by varying spikelet number.

Effect of Tiller Removal and Shading on Spikelet Development and Yield Components of the Main Shoot of Wheat and on the Sugar Concentration of the Ear and Flag Leaf

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Kemp ◽  
EE Whingwiri
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Fertile Spikelet

Continuous removal of tillers from wheat plants (cv. Gamenya) in an irrigated field crop resulted in an 86% increase in grain yield of the ear on the main shoot due, principally, to more kernels per fertile spikelet. On detillered plants 99% of spikelets were fertile with an average of 3.8 kernels per fertile spikelet compared with 91% and 2.4 for the control. Tiller removal increased spikelet numbers by 1 to a mean of 21.4 but did not affect the rate of production of spikelet primordia. The concentration of sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) in leaf bases at terminal spikelet formation and in leaf bases and ears just before ear emergence were the same in control and detillered plants. It was considered unlikely that tillers compete with the main shoot for carbohydrates thus limiting ear development and grain yields of the main shoot; instead, competition for reduced nitrogen may be involved. Shading plants to 20% of full sunlight, especially during floret development, reduced grain yields per ear by 50% due to fewer kernels per fertile spikelet (2.2) plus a 32% decline in kernel weight. Tiller numbers and shoot size were reduced by shading while spikelet numbers were reduced by two compared with controls due to a reduced rate of production of spikelet primordia. Shading also reduced sugar concentrations relative to controls in leaf bases at terminal spikelet formation and in ears just prior to emergence. The supply of carbohydrates under shading was limited, affecting growth and grain yields.

The timing of nitrogen application for spring barley

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Easson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Control ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

SummaryThree experiments were carried out in which nitrogen was applied to spring barley (cv. Midas) either all in the seed bed or as a divided dressing with 10 or 25 kg/ha in the seed bed and 50 or 60 kg applied at emergence or 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 70 days after emergence. Applying part of the nitrogen as a top dressing up to 30 days after emergence and 50 days after emergence had no significant effects on the grain and straw yields respectively, compared with applying all the nitrogen in the seed bed. Grain yields were progressively reduced with top dressings from 40 days after emergence (first node stage) onwards. Applications at 60 or 70 days did not give more grain yield than the no-nitrogen control, but gave straw yields which were intermediate between the no-nitrogen and seed-bed nitrogen treatments. Top dressing at 40 days after emergence stimulated tiller survival but did not improve grain yield because there were fewer grains per ear. Thousand-grain weights were lowest with top dressings at 50 days after emergence and grain nitrogen increased progressively with delay in top dressings from 30 days after emergence onwards.

scholarly journals Chlormequat chloride and ethephon affect growth and yield formation of conventional, naked and dwarf oat

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
A. RAJALA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Yield Formation

Department of Plant Production, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. Current address: MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. e-mail: [email protected] Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are not usually applied to oat (Avena sativa L.) crops. This study was designed to test whether the antigibberellin chlormequat chloride (CCC) and ethylene-releasing ethephon sprayed on to oat foliage represent potential agents for manipulation of yield formation under northern growing conditions. Effects of these PGRs on yield components and tiller growth and productivity were examined in detail. This study included a long-strawed landrace, a modern standard height cultivar, two naked (A. sativa ssp. nuda L.) and two dwarf oats. Field experiments were conducted at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, in 1995 and 1996. Chlormequat chloride was sprayed at the two-node stage and ethephon when the flag leaf ligule was just visible on the main shoot. Various traits characterizing growth and yield formation were assessed. Chlormequat chloride increased grain yield by 0% to 13% depending on cultivar and year, while ethephon most often decreased it by up to 17%. No lodging occurred and the recorded increase in grain yield of CCC treated plants was not therefore due to prevention of lodging. However, CCC treatment resulted in more panicles per square meter and in 1995 tillers contributed more to grain yield. Ethephon treated plants had less grains per main shoot panicle, lower panicle filling rate (PFR) and parallel decreased harvest index (HI). Stem elongation of dwarf oat was enhanced by CCC, in contrast to that of conventional and naked cultivars.;

Response of Droughted Wheat to Mid-Season Water Application: Recovery in Leaf Area and Its Effect on Grain Yield

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Aggarwal ◽  
SK Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Area Index

Three varieties of wheat contrasting in drought resistance were sown in the field at two levels of soil moisture and water was applied on three occasions by the cumulative application of 75 mm or less water with a line-source sprinkler system. Application of water resulted in recovery of mean maximum leaf area index (LAI) from 0.5 to 3.0. Variety C306, known for its drought resistance, maintained maximum LAI around anthesis relative to other varieties. Since LAI was directly related to grain yield irrespective of the variety, we conclude that maintenance of high LAI at anthesis is desirable for obtain- ing high yield in stressed plants. Mid-season water application resulted in the recovery of flag leaf area (FLA) of the main shoot and the first tiller in all the varieties. However, only in C306 did FLA equal that of its irrigated control. The recovery of FLA resulted in a proportionately greater increase in the grain yield of the main shoot. By comparison, in the first tiller, increase in grain yield was much lower though its flag leaf area had considerably recovered. Grain yields of varieties did not differ in two drought situations - where all water was available at sowing or where 56% of the total water was available before sowing and the rest was supplied during vegetative growth. Among the varieties, only C306 showed a significant (30%) improvement in grain yield in the latter situation compared to the former.

Responses of triticale, wheat, rye and barley to nitrogen fertilizer

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Graham ◽  
PE Geytenbeek ◽  
BC Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production

A hexaploid triticale from Mexico and local cultivars of wheat, rye and barley, each at five levels of fertilizer nitrogen (0, 35, 70, 105 and 140 kg N/ha) with four replications, were grown in a field experiment at Mintaro, South Australia. A visually discernible response to nitrogen fertilizer by all four genotypes from an early stage was confirmed by quantitative sampling at tiliering, anthesis and maturity. Responses in plant dry weight to 105 kg N/ha were maintained until anthesis but grain yield responses were significant only at 35 kg N/ha. Total dry matter production responses at maturity to more than 35 kg N/ha were small. Numbers of tillers and heads were increased by nitrogen additions up to 140 and 105 kg N/ha, respectively, and plant height measurements showed general increases to 70 kg N/ha with significant lodging at higher nitrogen levels in both rye and triticale. For all genotypes, thousand grain weight decreased with increasing level of nitrogen supply while grain and straw nitrogen increased up to levels of 140 and 105 kg N/ha, respectively. Nitrogen supply had little effect on maturity, plants at 0 and 140 kg N/ha reaching anthesis less than a day apart. The lack of a significant nitrogen x genotype interaction in nearly all the data suggests that the triticale does not differ in its nitrogen nutrition from the traditional cereals. Triticale consistently outyielded the other cereals in total dry matter production followed by the rye, wheat and barley in that order. Grain yield was highest in the wheat and least in the rye, the latter also being the least responsive to nitrogen. The advantage of the triticale lay in its high grain protein and lysine content combined with good yield.

Study onGenetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Seed Yield and Component Traits in Rice

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
PUNIT KUMAR ◽  
VICHITRA KUMAR ARYA ◽  
PRADEEP KUMAR ◽  
LOKENDRA KUMAR ◽  
JOGENDRA SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Component Traits ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

A study on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for seed yield and component traits was made in 40 genotypes of riceduring kharif 2011-2012 at SHIATS, Allahabad. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the 13 traits under study.The genotypes namely CN 1446-5-8-17-1-MLD4 and CR 2706 recorded highest mean performance for panicles per hill and grain yield. The highest genotypic and phenotypic variances (VG and VP) were recorded for spikelets per panicle (3595.78 and 3642.41) followed by biological yield (355.72 and 360.62) and plant height (231.48 and 234.35).High heritability (broad sense) coupled with high genetic advance was observed for plant height, flag leaf length, panicles per hill, tillers per hill, days to maturity, spikelet’s per panicle, biological yield, harvest index, 1000 grain weight and grain yield, indicating that selection will be effective based on these traits because they were under the influence of additive and additive x additive type of gene action. Highest coefficient of variation (PCV and GCV) was recorded for tillers per hill (18.42% and 17.23%), panicle per hill (19.76 % and 18.68%), spikelet’s per panicle (34.30 and34.07 %), biological yield (28.31 % and 28.12 %), 1000 grain weight (15.57 % and 15 31 %) and grain yield (46.66% and 23.54 %), indicating that these traits are under the major influence of genetic control, therefore the above mentioned traits contributed maximum to higher grain yield compared to other traits, indicating grain yield improvement through the associated traits.

Effect of tiller age and time of nitrogen stress on seed production of Paspalum plicatulum

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Chadhokar ◽  
L. R. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Final Maturation

SummaryPaspalum plicatulum was grown at Brisbane in boxes of sand receiving basal nutrients and frequent irrigation; weekly levels of ammonium nitrate application were varied according to growth and development stage.The rate of tiller appearance increased to a maximum 40–50 days after sowing and almost ceased thereafter. Tiller leaf number, survival, fertility, inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were positively related to tiller age. Young tillers were more sensitive to variations in nitrogen supply than old tillers.Adequate nitrogen nutrition during the vegetative phase from sowing to floral initiation (93 days) increased tiller and hence inflorescence density; increased inflorescence branching was compensated by fewer seeds per raceme. Good nitrogen nutrition during the phase from floral initiation to inflorescence exsertion (142 days) increased survival of late-formed tillers and hence inflorescence density; inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were also increased. Nitrogen stress during the final maturation phase did not affect seed yield.

Effect of leaf spotting diseases on grain yield and seed traits of wheat in southern Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Weight Test

Although leaf spotting diseases have been reported to have a negative effect on grain yield and seed characteristics of wheat (Triticum spp.), the magnitude of such effects on wheat grown on dryland in southern Saskatchewan is not known. A fungicide experiment was conducted at Swift Current (Brown soil) and Indian Head (Black soil) from 1997 to 1999 to determine the effect of leaf spotting diseases on yield and seed traits of wheat. Two fungicides, Folicur 3.6F and Bravo 500, were applied at different growth stages on three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) genotypes. Fungicide treatments generally did not affect yield, kernel weight, test weight or grain protein concentration, and these effects were relatively consistent among genotypes. Folicur applied at head emergence in 1997 and at flag leaf emergence and/or head emergence in 1998 increased yield at Indian Head (P < 0.05). Fungicides applied at and before flag leaf emergence tended to increase kernel weight. Grain protein concentration increased only in treatments of Bravo applications at Indian Head in 1998. These results suggested that under the dryland environment and management in southern Saskatchewan leaf spotting diseases generally have a small effect on yield, kernel weight, test weight and protein concentration. Key words: Wheat, leaf spotting diseases, fungicide, yield

scholarly journals Correlation and path analysis of yield and its components and plant traits in wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1701-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauro Akio Okuyama ◽  
Luiz Carlos Federizzi ◽  
José Fernandes Barbosa Neto
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Correlation And Path Analysis ◽  
Positive Direct

This study was aimed to characterize yield components and plant traits related to grain yield. Correlation and path analysis were carried out in wheat genotypes grown under irrigated and non-irrigated field conditions. In the path coefficient analysis, grain yield represented the dependent variable and the number of spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1, kernel weight, days to anthesis, above-ground biomass m-2 and plant height were the independent ones. In both years, periods without rain occurred from early milk to grain ripening and from flag leaf sheath opening to grain ripening for first and second sowing dates, respectively. Character associations were similar in both water regimes. Grain yield showed positive phenotypic correlation with above-ground biomass, number of spikes m-2 and number of grains per spike. Path analysis revealed positive direct effect and moderate correlation of number of spike m-2 and number of grains per spike with grain yield. These results indicated that the number of spikes m-2 and the number of grains per spike followed by the above-ground biomass were the traits related to higher grain yield, under irrigated and late season water stress conditions.

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