Nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn steers fed on low-quality roughage

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
BW Norton ◽  
JB Moran ◽  
JV Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Glomerular Filtrate ◽  
51Cr Edta ◽  
Nitrogen Conservation

Urea metabolism was studied in Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn cattle offered a low quality hay. Intravenous injections of [14C]urea and 51Cr-EDTA were used to determine the irreversible loss of urea from the plasma, the degradation of urea in the rumen and lower digestive tract, and the glomerular filtration rate. When species were compared at equal liveweights and nitrogen intakes, buffaloes had significantly higher (P < 0.05) plasma urea concentrations and rates of irreversible loss of urea carbon from plasma than the other species. There were no significant differences between species in urinary urea excretion. Urea degradation in the digestive tract was linearly related to the irreversible loss of urea, and the proportion of irreversible urea loss degraded was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in Shorthorn cattle (48%) than in the other species (73–91%). Shorthorn cattle reabsorbed urea from the glomerular filtrate with a lower efficiency (60%) than did the other species (85–94%). In Brahman cross, buffalo and banteng, plasma urea recycled to the rumen was a relatively constant amount (4.3 g nitrogen/d) and represented on average 39% of the urea degraded in all parts of the digestive tract. Urea degraded in the digestive tract increased linearly with increasing irreversible loss of urea from plasma. It was concluded that, despite significant differences between species in urea synthesis and degradation, there was little indication that these differences constituted a significant nitrogen conservation mechanism in any one species.

The nitrogen metabolism of sheep consuming Flinders grass (Iseilema spp.), Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) and mixed native pasture

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
BW Norton ◽  
RM Murray ◽  
KW Entwistle ◽  
JV Nolan ◽  
FM Ball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Nitrogen Conservation ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
Energy Balances

Some aspects of nitrogen metabolism of sheep given Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.), Flinders grass (Iseilema spp.) and mixed native pasture were investigated. All diets were of low nutritive value as demonstrated by negative nitrogen and energy balances in sheep on these diets. Studies of urea metabolism demonstrated a significant relationship between plasma urea concentration, the rate of irreversible loss of urea from plasma and the rate of urea degradation in the digestive tract. On average, 81% of the urea synthesized in the body was transferred to the digestive tract and degraded to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The proportion of urea degradation occurring intraruminally was estimated during an intravenous infusion of 14C urea by measuring the rate of appearance of 14CO2 in ruminal fluid, the proportion degraded post-ruminally being obtained by difference. Urea degraded in the rumen accounted for 7–13% of the total quantity degraded in the digestive tract, and the rate of urea transfer (0.55 ± 0.13 g nitrogen/day) was not related to the rate of urea synthesis in the body. The lower digestive tract was the major site of urea degradation in sheep given these low protein diets, and the rate of urea transfer to this part of the digestive tract was linearly related to the rate of urea synthesis in the body. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to nitrogen conservation in sheep given low quality diets.

Digestion and nitrogen conservation in cattle and buffaloes given rice straw with or without molasses

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Abdullah ◽  
J. V. Nolan ◽  
M. Mahyuddin ◽  
S. Jalaludin
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
The Body ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Swamp Buffaloes ◽  
Nitrogen Conservation ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

SUMMARYUsing [14C]urea, the rates of urea synthesis in the body, excretion in the urine and degradation in the rumen and gut were compared in 20-month-old Kedah-Kelantan cattle and swamp buffaloes at the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Malaysia in 1987. The animals were fed rice straw or straw plus molasses.The buffaloes were heavier than the cattle and had higher straw and nitrogen intakes, although these intakes did not differ significantly when compared on the basis of metabolic liveweight (W0·75).Rumen pH in the buffaloes was lower, whereas ammonia and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were higher than in the cattle. Total VFA concentration was lower when the diet contained molasses. Rumen bicarbonate kinetics did not differ significantly between species or diets.There were no significant differences between species in plasma urea concentration, or urea synthesis rate per W0·75, or endogenous urea movement into the rumen per W0·75.The buffaloes consumed more water and discharged twice as much urine as the cattle, but nevertheless excreted less urea per W0·75, and a larger fraction of their endogenously produced urea entered the gut. Movement of urea into the rumen per W0·75 was lower when the diet contained molasses.

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride and sodium butyrate on urea metabolism in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Norton ◽  
A. N. Janes ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Carbon Transfer ◽  
Lower Digestive Tract

1. Three sheep fitted with rumen cannulas were fed hourly a daily ration of 1000 g pelleted-grass cubes, and during four successive 2-week periods were intraruminally infused (0·45 l/d) with solutions containing sodium chloride (0·47 mol/d), sodium bicarbonate (0·47 mol/d), ammonium chloride (0·47 mol/d) and sodium butyrate (0·47 mol/d). Each solution, except that for NaHCO3, was adjusted to pH 7 before infusion, and provided equal sodium intakes for sheep in all periods.2. In the final week of each infusion period, a balance trial was conducted and on separate days each sheep was continuously infused with [14C]urea and NaH14CO3 intravenously and NaH14CO3 intraruminally. Carbon transfer rates between blood urea, blood bicarbonate and rumen fluid bicarbonate were calculated from the specific radioactivity of urea and bicarbonate samples and isotope infusion rates during each experimental period.3. There was no significant effect of intraruminal infusions on N balance, and with the exception of sheep in fused with NH4Cl, all sheep utilized apparently digested N with similar efficiency for N retention. Sheep infused with NH4Cl (6·2 g N/d) excreted the equivalent of 93% of the infused N as urea in urine.4. Infusion of NaHCO3. NH4Cl and sodium butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) increased the rurnen fluid concentrations of bicarbonate, ammonia and butyric acid respectively, and all infusions significantly (P < 0·05) increased total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Both NaHCO3 and sodium, butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) increased the pH of rumen fluid There was no significant effect of infusion on the proportions of propionic acid or the osmolality of rumen fluid.5. Intraruminal infusions of NH4Cl significantly (P < 0·05) increased and infusion of sodium butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) decreased plasma urea concentrations. Sheep infused with NH4Cl had higher rates of urea synthesis and urinary urea excretion compared with sheep on the other treatments, and a significantly (P < 0·05) lower proportion of urea synthesized by these sheep was degraded in the digestive tract. Sheep infused with sodium butyrate degraded a significantly (P < 0·05) greater amount (3·2 g N/d) and proportion (0·24) of total urea synthesis in the rumen than did sheep infused with NaCl. Corresponding values for the control (NaCl) sheep were 1·5 g N/d and 0·13 respectively. There was no significant effect of other infusions on the amount of urea recycled to the rumen or on the distribution of total urea degradation between the rumen and lower digestive tract. Plasma urea clearance to the rumen was significantly (P < 0·05) increased during sodium butyrate infusion, and the clearance of urea to the lower digestive tract was significantly (P < 0·05) decreased during NH4Cl infusion.6. The mechanism by which urea entry into the rumen is regulated by rumen metabolite levels is discussed.

Diversity, morphology, and phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods from the Upper Cretaceous Plattenkalks of Lebanon-Part I: Prototeuthidina

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Fuchs ◽  
Neal Larson
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Soft Part ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Early Jurassic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Shaped Body ◽  
Cretaceous Deposits

Morphologic analyses of a large collection of coleoid cephalopods from the Lebanese Upper Cretaceous yielded a much higher diversity than previously assumed and revealed numerous extraordinarily well-preserved, soft-part characters. An analysis of the Prototeuthidina, a gladius-bearing group with a slender torpedo-shaped body, revealed two species:Dorateuthis syriacaandBoreopeltis smithin. sp. Previously unknown soft-part characters, such as the digestive tract, the gills, and the cephalic cartilage considerably improved our knowledge ofD. syriaca.Since none of the investigated specimens show more than eight arms, similarities with modern squids are regarded as superficial.Boreopeltis smithin. sp. is erected on the basis of its comparatively wideParaplesioteuthis-like gladius. The latter species represents the first unambiguous record of this genus in Upper Cretaceous deposits. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the prototeuthidid clade consists of two lineages. The plesioteuthidid lineage originates from early JurassicParaplesioteuthisand leads toPlesioteuthisandDorateuthis.The other lineage is morphologically more conservative and leads toBoreopeltis.

Étude du polymorphisme intraclonal chez le Verticillium albo-atrum, forme à microsclérotes. IV. L'aptitude à varier chez les variants morphologiques

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3536-3542
Author(s):  
Claude Boisson ◽  
Houria Lahlou
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

The capacity for variation was studied using 10- to 18-month-old cultures of the main variants of two Moroccan isolates of Verticillium albo-atrum R. et B. (microsclerotial form). The hyaline variants were very stable and never returned to the wild type. The other variants gave rise to new variants which differed even more from the wild type but never reverted. A "mixed" type of variant, hyaline but with patches or sectors resembling the wild type, gave rise to wild or hyaline cultures when subcultured, depending on the conditions of transfer. All other variation tended toward a stronger alteration of sclerogenesis without reversing and an irreversible loss of ability to produce microsclerotia (hyaline cultures).

scholarly journals Sticky coffee hull silage on the feeding of growing and finishing pigs

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Levi de Oliveira Carvalho ◽  
Ivan Moreira ◽  
Antonio Claudio Furlan ◽  
Diovani Paiano ◽  
Liliane Maria Piano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Price Relationship ◽  
Stomach Weight ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the performance and carcass traits of growing and finishing pigs fed rations with sticky coffee hull silage. In experiment 1, the coffee hulls were ground through a 4-mm screen and ensiled with 30% water and enzymatic-bacterial inoculant and evaluated in digestibility trial with 15 crossbred pigs distributed in a completely randomised design. Overall, the ensiling process did not improve the digestibility of the sticky coffee hulls. In experiment 2, it was used 60 pigs (32.52 to 59.58 kg) in the growing phase and 55 pigs (61.70 to 90.27 kg) in the finishing phase, distributed in a completely randomised design with five diets (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of sticky coffee hull silage) and six replicates. In the growing and finishing phase, inclusion of levels of sticky coffee hull silage did not affect feed intake, weight gain, and plasma urea nitrogen. However, in the finishing phase, feed conversion improved as the levels of sticky coffee hull silage increased. Responses by backfat thickness and marbling were quadratic, whereas empty stomach weight increased linearly when sticky coffee hull silage was included in the diet. Sticky coffee hull silage has good nutritional value and if used in levels up to 16% of the diet, it does not impair performance of pigs in the growing and finishing phases and it results in leaner carcasses. However, the economic feasibility of its use depends on the price relationship of this by-product with the other feedstuffs.

scholarly journals REGIONAL SPECIFICITY OF ILLEGITIMATE RECOMBINATION BY THE TRANSLOCATABLE AMPLICILLIN-RESISTANCE ELEMENT Tn1 IN THE GENOME OF PHAGE P22

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-710
Author(s):  
George M Weinstock ◽  
Miriam M Susskind ◽  
David Botstein
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Illegitimate Recombination ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Phage P22 ◽  
Salmonella Phage

ABSTRACT Insertions of the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tnl were selected in the genome of the temperate Salmonella phage P22 by growing the phage on hosts carrying the resistance plasmid RP4. Insertions of Tnl into phage P22 are rare (10-10 per phage) and nonrandomly distributed in the P22 genome. They are found mainly in the vicinity of the P22 ant gene. Insertions within the ant gene are found at many (at least 15) genetically separable sites, are found equally frequently in both orientations and cause irreversible loss of gene function. Some insertions in ant appear to be associated with an adjecent deletion.—Prophage deletions were derived from P22::Tnl phages by two methods. Low multiplicity transductants have nonrandomly distributed endpoints. One end is at or very near the site of the Tnl insertion, and the other is in the vicinity of gene 12; however, there are many genetically distinguishable endpoints within gene 12. Prophage deletions selected as survivors of induction of a P22Ap mnt-ts lysogen have similarly nonrandom endpoints, with the Tnl-distal end frequently near the ant gene, as well as gene 12. Physical analysis of several prophage deletions suggests that the Tnl is intact to the resolution of DNA electron microscopy and that the deletions begin at the end of the Tnl insertion.—These results suggest that illegitimate recombination associated with Tnl shows regional specificity (i.e., preference for some large areas of the P22 genome over other areas), but that within these regions is quite nonspecific.

scholarly journals The Examination of the Tissues and Some Observations on the Blood Platelets of Rabbits at Intervals of Five Minutes, and Later, after Intravenous Inoculations of Staphylococcus aureus and Indian Ink

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Dudgeon ◽  
H. K. Goadby
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Inert Particles ◽  
Tissue Reactions ◽  
Lung Capillaries

1. The tissue reactions in rabbits from intravenous injections of live and dead Staphylococcus aureus and massive doses of indian ink and colloidal silver have been studied.2. Any particles injected into the circulation cause the accumulation of polymorphs in the lung capillaries.3. Inert colloidal particles such as indian ink are clumped in the capillaries of the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys, and are phagocytosed by the endothelial cells.4. Staphylococci (S. aureus), live or dead, are nearly all held up in the lungs, where they are actively phagocytosed by the polymorphs within 5 minutes of an intravenous injection.5. Subsequently the cocci are distributed to the other organs, where phagocytosis continues mainly by polymorphs, but in the liver also by the Kupfer cells.6. Special attention is drawn to the localisation of the cocci in certain areas in the kidneys.7. Platelet counting on animals injected with various substances showed that there is an agglomeration of the particles with the platelets, which are consequently removed from the circulation.8. In the case of the inert particles the platelets are then restored to the circulation. With organisms (S. aureus) some of the platelets appear to be completely removed from the blood together with the bacteria.

Effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, sucrose or urea plus sucrose on plasma urea and glucose kinetics in sheep fed chopped lucerne hay

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Obara ◽  
D. W. Dellow
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Glucose Kinetics ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Urea Kinetics ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

SUMMARYThe effect of rumen fermentation on the relationship between urea and glucose kinetics was examined in sheep fed chopped lucerne hay with intraruminal infusions of water, urea, sucrose, or urea plus sucrose at Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1986. Sheep were fed hourly and infused intraruminally with water (1200 m1/day), or a similar volume containing either urea alone (13·7g/day), sucrose alone (178·2 g/day) or urea (14·6 g/day) plus sucrose (175·0 g/day). The added sucrose resulted in a lower rumen ammonia concentration (P< 0·05), lower plasma urea concentration (P< 0·05) and reduced urinary urea excretion (P< 0·05). Urea recycled to the gut tended to increase with the sucrose, urea or sucrose plus urea treatments compared with the water treatment. The fermentation of sucrose in the rumen resulted in decreases in ruminal pH (P< 0·05) and in the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) (P< 0·05). The infusion of sucrose also increased the concentration of propionate in rumen fluid (P< 0·05), tended to increase the plasma glucose level and increased plasma glucose irreversible loss (P< 0·05). The infusion of urea resulted in an increase in the plasma urea level (P< 0·05), urea pool size (P< 0·05) and urea irreversible loss (P< 0·01). However, urea infusion did not affect glucose metabolism or volatile fatty acid (VFA) fermentation. The effects of sucrose infusion on glucose and urea kinetics were broadly similar when given alone or with urea, apart from changes in the urea degradation rate. It was concluded that the additional fermentative activity resulting from sucrose increased propionate production which, in turn, was available for glucose production, thus ‘sparing’ amino acids for tissue protein utilization and reducing urea excretion.

Experimentelle Rotlauf- und Streptokokken-Endokarditis bei der Ratte

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kast ◽  
M. Herbst ◽  
L. Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Bacterial Endocarditis ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Bacterial Colonisation ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Single And Mixed Cultures

The ability of intravenous injections of single and mixed cultures of streptococci of types A, C, D, E, G, and N, of S. viridans and of E. rhusiopathiae of serotypes A and B, to cause endocarditis in rats was tested. A mixed culture of three strains of Erysipelothrix was particularly effective, especially in male rats, whereas in all the other experiments, bacterial endocarditis seldom occurred. The endocarditis was a consequence of vasculitis and myocarditis. In most cases of valvular endocarditis subendothelial edema caused detachment of endothelial cells and provided the environment for bacterial colonisation of the valves.

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