The distribution of benomyl-tolerant Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint.) Rehm. in stone fruit orchards in New South Wales and comparative studies with susceptible isolates

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Penrose ◽  
KC Davis ◽  
W Koffmann
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Benzimidazole Fungicides ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
Block Distribution

Tolerance of Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint.) Rehm, to benzimidazole fungicides was first recorded in New South Wales in 1976 and has since been confirmed on 11 orchards, all in the Orange and Bathurst districts. Crops affected include peach, nectarine, cherry and plum. The distribution of benomyl-tolerant strains was mapped in two orchards and found to be present in scattered groups of trees, rather than throughout the block. Distribution of tolerant strains was not uniform within trees, and in most cases both tolerant and susceptible strains were present in the same tree. Tolerance was found to be stable after three transfers of the fungus in fruit and after 33 transfers over 2 years in culture. The fungus persisted over the winter in mummified nectarine fruit and was still present in an orchard 18 months after the application of benzimidazole fungicides ceased. The tolerant strain was as pathogenic to peach fruit as the susceptible strain and competed successfully when peach fruits were inoculated with mixtures of spores from susceptible and tolerant strains. There were no significant differences between groups of tolerant isolates and susceptible isolates in growth, sporulation and germination percentage in vitro. It is suggested that since no competitive disadvantage was associated with tolerance, tolerant strains will exist in high numbers in orchards for a considerable period of time.

Smoke affects the Germination of Native Grasses of New South Wales

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara R. Read ◽  
Sean M. Bellairs
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Environmental Stimulus ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Stimulation Of

The germination responses to plant-derived smoke of seeds of 20 native grass species from New South Wales, Australia, were tested under laboratory conditions. The species belonged to 14 genera including Bothriochloa, Chloris, Cymbopogon, Danthonia, Dichanthium, Digitaria, Eragrostis, Eriochloa, Microlaena, Panicum, Paspalidium, Poa, Stipa and Themeda. The interaction between smoke and husk-imposed dormancy was examined by removing the floral structures surrounding the seeds, when sufficient seeds were available. Smoke was shown to be an important environmental stimulus for breaking the dormancy of native grasses; however, the response differed considerably between different genera and between species of the same genus. For almost half of the species, smoke significantly increased the germination percentage. Panicum decompositum showed the greatest response, with germination increasing from 7.7 to 63.1% when smoke was applied. Panicum effusum had no germination in the absence of smoke, but 16.7% germination when smoke was applied. Stipa scabra subsp. scabra had germination significantly reduced by smoke from 30.2 to 19.9%. Five species had their germination rate, but not the final germination percentage, affected by smoke, and a third of the species were unaffected by smoke. For five of the species, Chloris ventricosa, Dichanthium sericeum, Panicum decompositum, Poa labillardieri and Stipa scabra subsp. falcata, this is the first report of a smoke-stimulated germination response. For those species with germination promoted by smoke, retention of the covering structures did not prevent smoke stimulation of germination. Sowing smoke-treated husked seeds is likely to be preferable as it would still promote greater germination, whereas dehusking seeds can result in the seeds being more susceptible to desiccation and fungal attack in the field. It is suggested that other grassland communities that respond to pyric conditions may also contain species that respond to smoke.

Cereals for winter grazing on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (71) ◽  
pp. 790 ◽  
Author(s):  
JV Lovett ◽  
EM Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Species Response ◽  
South Wales

In field experiments conducted over three years at Armidale, New South Wales, the total winter forage production by barley, oats, wheat and rye was similar. However, barley and rye tended to outyield wheat and oats at early harvests, the reverse applying at late harvests. It is suggested that these characteristics of the cereals could be exploited to meet specific seasonal requirements for dry matter production more effectively than is possible with a single species. Response to high seeding rates in forage production was similar in all cereals and was confined to a late sowing. Significant differences in in vitro digestibility over the winter period were recorded and differences were also apparent in subsequent grain yield.

The digestibility of summer growing grasses estimated by three techniques

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (82) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
DG Hall ◽  
DW Hennessy
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
South Wales ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
The Mean

Ten ruminally fistulated steers were used in pen trials at Grafton, New South Wales, to estimate the digestibility (OMD) of five summer growing grasses from January to March. A nylon bag technique was used to estimate the OMD on cut and oesophageal extrusa samples of the grasses, and the accuracy of the technique was assessed. These estimates were compared with those from the in vitro technique. The mean OMD's of the grasses were generally less than 65 per cent. The nylon bag and in vitro techniques estimated the OMD with low precision. It was concluded that the techniques used did not accurately estimate the OMD of the grasses examined.

Germination, emergence, growth, ecotypes and control of Carex appressa R. Br. (tussock sedge)

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Campbell ◽  
H. I. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control

Germination of seeds of Carex appressa R.Br. (tussock sedge) collected in 1989 and 1990 from Bigga, Boorowa and Kerrs Creek, New South Wales, Australia, stored in a laboratory and germinated annually in 45-day tests, declined from an initial 75–90% in year 1 to 0.5–14% in years 10 and 11. The germination of seeds collected from Bigga and Boorowa in 1991 declined from 90–91% in year 1 to 12–61% in year 9. This decline was best described by generalised logistic curves (Bigga) and exponential curves (Boorowa). Most seeds that failed to germinate were shown to be non-viable by the tetrazolium test. Rate of germination declined with seed age, so that days for 50% of final germination percentage increased from 8 days for 1 year-old seeds to >40 days for 11-year-old seeds. Of 8–11-year-old seeds that germinated between days 45 and 140, 62–70% had deformed seedlings. Germination of seeds buried in the soil for 0.5–2.7 years was lower than that of the same seed stored in the laboratory. Germination of seeds buried at 5 mm (19%) was lower than that of the same seeds buried at 40 mm (50%). Almost all the decline in germination occurred in the first 6 months of burial. Increased depth of sowing reduced emergence (%), height of the shoot and length of the primary root and increased the time taken for emergence and length of the mesocotyl. The maximum depth C. appressa seedlings could emerge from was 44 mm. Growth of C. appressa seedlings was slower than that of pasture species and responded to nitrogen and nitrogen + phosphorus and/or sulfur but not to phosphorus and/or sulfur. Differences were recorded in the morphology of plants grown from seeds collected from various locations and grown in the 1 environment at Orange, New South Wales. Control of C. appressa was achieved by draining, slashing and removing litter, applying glyphosate, surface-sowing pasture species and topdressing with superphosphate. Five years after sowing, the foliage cover of legumes and grasses on the best treatment was 71% and that of C. appressa 2%, a substantial decline from the original 81% infestation. The best technique for control of C. appressa on infested creek flats suitable for pasture production would be to drain, plough and bury seeds below 44 mm and then sow pastures with superphosphate. Where ploughing is not possible, drainage, burning to remove foliage, spraying with glyphosate and surface-sowing pastures with superphosphate would be successful. In both situations, long-term control can be achieved by heavy grazing for short periods only when the soil is firm and removing re-infesting plants by annual spot spraying.

Comparison of the diets of goats and sheep on a Casuarina cristata - Heterodendrum oleifolium woodland community in western New South Wales

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (72) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
JH Leigh ◽  
NL Hindley ◽  
WE Mulham
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Semi Arid

The diets of sheep and feral goats grazing a semi-arid woodland in western New South Wales were assessed using oesophageal fistulated animals. The diet of the goats consisted largely of browse, with the leaves of Heterodendrum oleifolium (rosewood) a consistent component, although a large proportion of herbaceous material (mainly Bassia spp.) was eaten on occasions. The sheep showed a preference for the pasture species Stipa variabilis (spear grass) and Bassia spp. (copper burrs). When these plants were not available they were replaced in the diet by a higher proportion of browse, mainly of the tree Casuarina cristata (belah). Nitrogen contents of the diets ranged from 1.6 per cent to 3.0 per cent, with that of the goats generally being greater than that of the sheep. In vitro digestibility data indicated comparable values for both animal species, with lower values occurring under higher stocking pressures. The woody weed Eremophila sturtii (turpentine) was ignored by both sheep and goats at all stocking rates. Another weed shrub Cassia eremophila var. platypoda (punty) was browsed very sparingly. This indicates that the use of goats in an attempt to eliminate established stands of these species is unlikely to be successful at low to moderate stocking rates.

scholarly journals Detection of Ramularia collo-cygni from barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Australia using triplex quantitative and digital PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Knight ◽  
Azin Moslemi ◽  
Farhana Begum ◽  
Kejal Dodhia ◽  
Lorenzo Covarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
In Planta ◽  
South Wales

Ramularia leaf spot (RLS), caused by Ramularia collo-cygni, is an emerging threat to barley (Hordeum vulgare) production. RLS has been reported in Australia; however only minimal information is available regarding its detection and distribution. Due to initial asymptomatic growth in planta, slow growth in vitro and symptomatic similarities to net blotch and physiological leaf spots, detection of this pathogen can be challenging. Quantitative PCR-based methods for R. collo-cygni-specific identification and detection have been described, however these assays (based upon the internal transcribed spacer [ITS] region) have been demonstrated to lack specificity. False-positive detections may have serious implications, thus we aimed to design a robust R. collo-cygni-specific PCR method. Using the phylogenetically informative RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) genes, along with the tef1-α gene of H. vulgare, a triplex assay was developed for both quantitative and digital PCR. The triplex assay was used to assess DNA of barley leaves from New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia, along with DNA of seeds from Western Australia. Detection of R. collo-cygni DNA was confirmed for leaf samples from New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia, indicating a distribution ranging across the southern barley growing regions of Australia. No R. collo-cygni DNA was detected in seed from Western Australia. The R. collo-cygni-specific assay will be a valuable tool to assist with monitoring the distribution of R. collo-cygni in Australia and other regions.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE VIRUS OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF FOWLS USING THE DEVELOPING EGG TECHNIQUE

1936 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Burnet
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis

(1) The technique of chorioallantoic membrane inoculation has been applied to the study of the virus of infectious laryngotracheitis as it occurs amongst Australian poultry. (2) When suitably diluted suspensions of virus are inoculated, isolated foci or pocks appear whose macroscopic form and histological structure is characteristic. The numbers of these foci may be used as a measure of the amount of virus present. (3) Two distinct types of focus are produced by laryngotracheitis strains, one being characteristic of epizootic strains from New South Wales and from America, the other of a Victorian strain which is of very low virulence for fowls. (4) No qualitative antigenic differences can be detected amongst these strains but the epizootic strains are more readily neutralised by immune serum than the enzootic Victorian strain. (5) A study of the inactivation of the virus by immune serum shows that (a) the process of inactivation requires time for its completion in vitro; (b) the proportionate reduction in titre produced by a given concentration of antiserum is independent of the initial virus concentration; (c) reactivation by dilution is readily demonstrable; (d) virus in the presence of small concentrations of immune serum producing only a slight inactivating effect is rendered incapable of passing a gradocol membrane normally permeable to it; (e) the foci produced from partially neutralised virus suspensions are smaller than normal, suggesting delay in the initiation of foci. (6) These findings bring the neutralisation of a typical virus by immune serum completely into line with the phage-antiphage reaction as described by Andrewes and Elford.

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