Distribution and dissemination of Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroeter in relation to the epidemiology of speckled leaf blotch of wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Brown ◽  
AW Kellock ◽  
RG Paddick
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Mycosphaerella Graminicola ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Ascospore Discharge ◽  
Main Period ◽  
Wheat Stubble

The distribution of M. graminicola and the dissemination of ascospores in relation to the epidemiology of speckled leaf blotch of wheat in Victoria was studied. The fungus was present on wheat stubble throughout the Victorian wheat-belt and ascospores were discharged from stubble following periods of leaf wetness caused by rain or dew. Fertile perithecia were found on 1-year-old but not 2-year-old stubble. The viability of freshly ejected ascospores remained high throughout the growing season, and when shaded from direct sunlight ascospores remained viable for 1–2 weeks after release. The main period of ascospore discharge was late autumn to early spring, during which time the daily mean number of ascospores trapped 0.3 m above a commercial wheat stubble frequently exceeded 1000/m3 air.

The Role of Ascospores and Conidia, in Relation to Weather Variables, in the Epidemiology of Stemphylium Leaf Blight of Onion

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Gossen ◽  
Cyril Selasi Tayviah ◽  
Mary Ruth McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Disease Forecasting ◽  
Leaf Wetness Duration ◽  
Air Temperatures

Stemphylium leaf blight (SLB), caused by Stemphylium vesicarium, is an important foliar disease of onion in northeastern North America. The pathogen produces conidia and ascospores, but the relative contributions of these spore types to epidemics in onion is not known. An effective disease forecasting model is needed to predict disease risk and to time fungicide applications. Determining the abundance of ascospores and conidia during the growing season couldwill contribute to a disease forecasting model. Air-borne ascospores and conidia of S. vesicarium were trapped during the growing season of 2015 and 2016 at an onion trial site in southern Ontario, Canada, using a Burkard 7-day volumetric sampler. Meteorological data wereas recorded hourly. Ascospore numbers peaked before the crop was planted and declined rapidly with time and at daily mean air temperatures > 15 °C. Conidia were present throughout the growing season and appear to be closely related to the development of SLB on onion. Daily spore concentrations were variable, but 59 to 73% of ascospores and ~60% of conidia were captured between 0600 to1200 h. Spore concentrations increased 24 to 72 h after rainfall and . Other variables associated with moisture, such as precipitation and leaf wetness duration, were consistently and positively associated with increases in numbers of conidia and subsequent SLB incidence . The first symptoms of SLB coincided with high numbers of conidia, rainfall, leaf wetness duration ≥ 8 h and days with average daily temp ≥ 18°C oC. The number of air-borne ascospores was very low by the time SLB symptoms were observed. Ascospores may initiate infection on alternative hosts in early spring, while conidia are the most important inoculum or the epidemic on onions.

scholarly journals Seasonal movements of wisents (Bison bonasus L., 1758) in the Bieszczady Mountains (SE Poland)

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajetan Perzanowski ◽  
Maciej Januszczak ◽  
Aleksandra Wołoszyn-Gałęza
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
European Bison ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Bison Bonasus ◽  
Seasonal Movements ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Linear Extent

Abstract We studied seasonal movements of wisents (also known as European bison) from the western subpopulation in the Bieszczady Mountains, in forest districts of Baligród, Komańcza, Lesko, and Cisna. The estimation of distance of seasonal movements was based on telemetric bearings of 4 adult animals (1 cow and 3 bulls) in 2002‑2005. We assumed that a maximum distance of movement was a linear extent between 2 most distant locations of an animal recorded in winter and in the following growing season. The maximum distances were 12.8‑18.5 km for the cow, and 5.1‑22.9 km for bulls. Wisent movements were triggered by significant changes in ambient temperature (decrease in late autumn and increase in early spring) and the appearance of first snowfall in autumn.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR COLLECTION, DRYING AND STORAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF FERULA ZAILIYSKAYA (FERULA TRANSILIENSIS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
К.К. Оразбай ◽  
З.Б. Сакипова ◽  
Л.Н. Ибрагимова ◽  
Г.Т. Жумашова
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Maximum Accumulation ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Optimal Period ◽  
And Storage

В статье представлена надлежащая технология сбора, обработки, сушки и хранения лекарственного растительного сырья корней ферулы заилийской (Ferula transiliensis). В соответствии с результатами исследований установлен оптимальный период сбора корней - ранней весной и поздней осенью, по окончании вегетационного периода. В данный период происходит максимальное накопление эфирных масел в органах растении. Рекомендовано производить сушку на открытом воздухе в тени, без воздействия прямых солнечных лучей или в сушилках при температуре не выше 40°С и периодически их переворачивая. Установлены условия хранения: температура не выше 25°С, влажность 50±5%, в хорошо проветриваемом помещении. The article presents the proper technology for the collection, processing, drying and storage of medicinal plant raw materials of the roots of the Ferula transiliensis. The optimal period for collecting roots - in early spring and late autumn, at the end of the growing season, was established by the research results. During this period, the maximum accumulation of essential oils in the organs of the plant occurs. It is recommended to dry the raw materials in the open air in the shade, without exposure to direct sunlight, or in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40° C, and periodically turn them over. Storage conditions are established: temperature not higher than 25 ° C, humidity 50 ± 5%, in well-ventilated premises.

scholarly journals Fire, land cover, and temperature drivers of bat activity in winter

Fire Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo H. Jorge ◽  
Sara E. Sweeten ◽  
Michael C. True ◽  
Samuel R. Freeze ◽  
Michael J. Cherry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Wind Energy Development

Abstract Background Understanding the effects of disturbance events, land cover, and weather on wildlife activity is fundamental to wildlife management. Currently, in North America, bats are of high conservation concern due to white-nose syndrome and wind-energy development impact, but the role of fire as a potential additional stressor has received less focus. Although limited, the vast majority of research on bats and fire in the southeastern United States has been conducted during the growing season, thereby creating data gaps for bats in the region relative to overwintering conditions, particularly for non-hibernating species. The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem is an archetypal fire-mediated ecosystem that has been the focus of landscape-level restoration in the Southeast. Although historically fires predominately occurred during the growing season in these systems, dormant-season fire is more widely utilized for easier application and control as a means of habitat management in the region. To assess the impacts of fire and environmental factors on bat activity on Camp Blanding Joint Training Center (CB) in northern Florida, USA, we deployed 34 acoustic detectors across CB and recorded data from 26 February to 3 April 2019, and from 10 December 2019 to 14 January 2020. Results We identified eight bat species native to the region as present at CB. Bat activity was related to the proximity of mesic habitats as well as the presence of pine or deciduous forest types, depending on species morphology (i.e., body size, wing-loading, and echolocation call frequency). Activity for all bat species was influenced positively by either time since fire or mean fire return interval. Conclusion Overall, our results suggested that fire use provides a diverse landscape pattern at CB that maintains mesic, deciduous habitat within the larger pine forest matrix, thereby supporting the diverse bat community at CB during the dormant season and early spring.

Emergence Pattern of Five Weeds in the Central Great Plains

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Anderson ◽  
D. C. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Emergence Pattern ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
No Till ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Wheat Stubble

Seedling emergence was characterized for five weeds that infest summer annual crops in the central Great Plains as affected by crop canopy or tillage. The study was established in winter wheat stubble between 1987 and 1990, with seedling emergence recorded weekly between April 1 and November 1. Kochia emerged primarily from early April to late June, whereas green foxtail, wild-proso millet, and redroot pigweed began emerging in late May and continued until August. Volunteer wheat emerged throughout the growing season. Tillage did not affect the emergence pattern of any species, but the numbers of kochia, volunteer wheat, and green foxtail seedlings were increased in no-till. Conversely, wild-proso millet emergence was greater with tillage. Only volunteer wheat's emergence was affected by crop canopy, as fall emergence of volunteer wheat was more than three times greater in corn than in proso millet.

The effects of burning on Festuca hallii in the parklands of central Alberta

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Sinton Gerling ◽  
Arthur W. Bailey ◽  
Walter D. Willms
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Festuca Hallii ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
The University

The response of Festuca hallii (Vassey) Piper to time of burning was examined on the Festuca–Stipa grasslands of the Aspen Parklands at the University of Alberta Ranch located 150 km southeast of Edmonton, Alberta. Two defoliation treatments (burning and mowing) were examined on five dates in 1978 (8 April, 27 April, 1 June, 31 July, and 18 October), corresponding to different phenological stages of F. hallii. Burning and mowing reduced the standing crop of F. hallii produced in the first growing season after treatment, but tiller densities increased. Defoliation in early spring (8 April) had little effect on the standing crop; apparently the increase in tiller density compensated for the reduction in tiller length. Inflorescence density also increased following burning or mowing from 8 April to 1 June. Soil temperature (3 cm deep) on previously burned or mown sites was greater than on the control the year after treatment. Festuca hallii tolerates single burns at any time of the year, but early spring fires have the greatest benefits by increased tillering and standing crop. Key words: standing crop, tiller number, leaf length, litter, defoliation, mowing.

EARLYWOOD VESSELS IN RING-POROUS TREES BECOME FUNCTIONAL FOR WATER TRANSPORT AFTER BUD BURST AND BEFORE THE MATURATION OF THE CURRENT-YEAR LEAVES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kitin ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Wall Perforation ◽  
Earlywood Vessels

This paper reviews the development of xylem vessels in ring-porous dicots and the corresponding leaf phenology. Also included are our original observations on the time-course of vessel element growth, secondary wall deposition, and end wall perforation in the deciduous hardwood Kalopanax septemlobus. Different patterns of xylem growth and phenology serve different strategies of the species for adaptation to seasonal climates. Trees with ring-porous xylem form wide earlywood vessels (EWV) in spring and narrow latewood vessels in summer. The wide EWV become embolized or blocked with tyloses by the end of the growing season while the narrow vessels may remain functional for many years. The co-occurrence of wide and narrow vessels provides both efficiency and safety of the water transport as well as a potentially longer growing season. It has for a long time been assumed that EWV in ring-porous hardwoods are formed in early spring before bud burst in order to supply sap to growing leaves and shoots.However, the full time-course of development of EWV elements from initiation of growth until maturation for water transport has not been adequately studied until recently. Our observations clarify a crucial relationship between leaf maturation and the maturation of earlywood vessels for sap transport. Accumulated new evidence shows that EWV in branches and upper stem parts develop earlier than EWV lower in the stem. The first EWV elements are fully expanded with differentiated secondary walls by the time of bud burst. In lower stem parts, perforations in vessel end walls are formed after bud burst and before the new leaves have achieved full size. Therefore, the current-year EWV network becomes functional for water transport only by the time when the first new leaves are mature.

The survey of wild birds for West Nile virus in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Niczyporuk ◽  
E. Samorek-Salamonowicz ◽  
W. Kozdruń ◽  
Z. Mizak
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
The Brain

The survey of wild birds for West Nile virus in PolandTwo thousand one hundred and forty birds belonging to 39 different species from different locations in Poland were examined. The study has taken place from the early spring till late autumn 2007-2010 when the activity of the mosquitoes was the highest. The brain samples were taken from the birds and whole cellular RNA was isolated, then the RT-PCR and NRT-PCR were performed to detect the presence of West Nile virus (WNV). The obtained results were confirmed by the commercial WNV Kit. No genetic material of WNV was found in the examined samples.

scholarly journals Rust and leaf spot diseases on American elderberry plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kaley Hensel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Conservative Estimate ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
High Level

Elderberry rust (Puccinia sambuci Schewin.) Arthur (=P. bolleyana) and leaf spot diseases are frequently found in commercial American elderberry (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis L.) plantings throughout the growing season in Missouri. Thus, studies were conducted to ascertain if rust infections affect plant growth, fruiting, or berry puree quality. Rust symptoms were observed in early April at 9 to 18[degrees] C, [greater than or equal to] 3 h leaf wetness, and [greater than or equal to] 85% relative humidity. When young, potted elderberry plants averaged 3 to 6 rust pustules/plant, vegetative growth was not adversely affected. However, field-grown elderberry plants heavily infected with rust (137 pustules/cane) lost nearly twice as many leaves as controls during the growing season, indicating rust-induced defoliation. Shoot dry weight of these heavily infected canes was also 32% less than that of controls. First and last harvest dates were advanced by the high level of rust infection on 'Wyldewood' elderberry canes, but not by low pustules numbers ([less than] 6 pustules/plant) on 'Bob Gordon' or 'Ozark' plants. Similarly, berry yields were not significantly different at low infection levels, even though rust-infected 'Bob Gordon' plants had a 31% reduction in yield with an estimated $440/ha loss of income. Heavily-infected 'Wyldewood' canes had a significant loss in berry yield (47%) and potential income ($2,295/ha), assuming a conservative estimate of five canes/plan. In another study, Colletotrichum was isolated from elderberry leaf spot lesions and identified before subsequent re-inoculation of elderberry plants with this pathogen. Three species of Colletotrichum (C. salicis Funkel, C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro Wollenw., and C. aenigma C.M. Tian and Z. Li) were putatively identified as being casual agents of leaf spot indicating the diversity of species within this genus on elderberry plants.

Phellinus igniarius. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Pegler
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
North America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Airborne Spores ◽  
Phellinus Igniarius ◽  
Late Autumn

Abstract A description is provided for Phellinus igniarius. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Common on the trunks of Salix and Populus, also recorded on Acer, Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Betula, Carpinus, Castanopsis, Cornus, Erythropheum, Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Ostrya, Pericopsis, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Rhamnus and Ulmus. DISEASE: White heart rot. Causing a destructive decay of the general delignifying type. The decayed area becomes soft and white, bounded by conspicuous dark zones or black lines with an irregularly concentric arrangement. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Eritrea, Madagascar, Zambia); Asia (Japan, U.S.S.R.); Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Rumania, Sweden); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America (Nicaragua, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: By airborne spores, which are continuously produced from early spring until late autumn when the temperature drops below 5°C (Riley, 1952). Spores remain viable for several months under field conditions (Iverson, 1968). Infection occurs mainly through branch wounds.

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