Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. II.* The dynamics of resistance in previously unexposed and exposed cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Development Of Resistance

The dynamics of host resistance to Boophilus microplus was investigated in previously unexposed and exposed Brahmans, and in previously unexposed Shorthorn cattle. The animals were infested each day with 1000 larvae, and the development of resistance was monitored by counting the number of female ticks which engorged. The previously unexposed cattle showed an initial period of susceptibility (phase I) which was followed by a period in which most animals developed degrees of resistance (phase II), and which stabilized in some animals (phase III). The duration of phase I was shorter in Brahmans, and they developed higher levels of resistance (phase III). In contrast, previously cxposed Brahmans manifested phase III levels of resistance immediately on infestation. The results provide further evidence that resistance to B. microplus in Brahmans, as well as in European breeds, is acquired rather than innate. __________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 1073 (1975).

Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. I. Responses of previously unexposed cattle to four infestations with 20,000 larvae

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Brahman Cattle ◽  
The Mean

Four purebred Brahman and four beef Shorthorn cattle which had not previously been exposed to Boophilus microplus were infested four times with 20,000 B. microplus larvae. On first infestation, the yield of engorged female ticks on all animals was about 25% of the larvae applied. Aftcr three further infestations, the mean yield of engorged females on the Brahmans decreased to 7.5% whereas there was no decrease in the yield of ticks on the Shorthorns. On the Brahman cattle. development of larvae to engorged females took 1–2 days longer and the engorged females weighed less. However, there was no difference in the reproductive index of female ticks engorged on either Brahmans or Shorthorns. Increases in rectal temperatures occurred in all cattle 15–17 days after the first infestation and in some cattle on days 6–7 as well as on days 15–17 after reinfestation. It was concluded that resistance to B. microplus is an acquired phenomenon in Brahman cattle.

Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. III.* Growth on previously unexposed animals

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Brahman Cattle ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Surface Skin Temperature

Length measurements were used to compare the growth of the parasitic stages of Boophilus microplus on previously unexposed Brahman (Bos indicus) and Shorthorn (B. taurus) cattle. Growth curves based on the length measurements were constructed. Growth was slower on Brahmans than on Shorthorns during the first 24 hr of larval and nymphal instars. After the first 24 hr, the growth rates of larvae, and of nymphs, during feeding to engorgement were the same on the rump and belly regions of both species of cattle. Larvae and nymphs engorged more slowly on the brisket than they did on the rump and belly regions of the Brahmans. The surface skin temperature was lower on the brisket of the Brahmans. On the basis of change in the length of the tick during development on Brahmans, 16 age categories were established, so that the length of the tick may be used to estimate the ages of ticks in populations on Brahman cattle. Age categories were also defined for ticks which had been processed in formalin and hot alkali. __________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 395 (1978).

Ecology of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in subtropical Australia. I. Introduction and free-living stages

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Sutherst ◽  
ID Sutherland ◽  
AS Bourne ◽  
GF Maywald ◽  
DA Stegeman
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Tick Reproduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tick Resistance ◽  
Subtropical Australia

An experiment is described which compared the fluctuations in the numbers of cattle tick, Boophilus miicroplus, that resulted from direct climatic effects or from changes in host resistance. Four herds of cattle, matched for tick resistance and with different Bos indicus (zebu) content, were grazed at each of two locations, one in central Queensland (23� S.) and one in southern Queensland (28� S.), from November 1977 to May 1982. Natural tick populations were counted regularly, and host resistance was measured using artificial infestations, either twice or six times a year. Concurrent exposures of engorged ticks in pastures were used to measure the success of the ticks in producing larvae and to partition mortality during development. Two later papers report other aspccts of the experiment. These include observations on the resistance of cattle to ticks and on the relationship between tick numbers on the cattle on one hand, and the availability of larvae on pasture and survival of parasitic stages on the other. Engorged ticks produced more larvae throughout the year in central Queensland, despite laying fewer eggs. The colder and longer winter in southern Queensland greatly reduced tick reproduction. Failure of engorged ticks to survive predation and find a favourable oviposition site, egg mortality and loss of larvae in the pasture accounted for most of the reduction in the potential number of larvae produced. Reduced oviposition was also important in wintcr.

Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. IV.* Ages of ticks rejected

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Different Levels

The stages of development of Boophilus microplus against which Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle manifest resistance were investigated by analysing the age distributions of ticks in populations on five steers showing different levels of resistance. The populations of ticks were established by infesting the steers each day with 1000 larvae, until each animal yielded a relatively stable number of engorged female ticks daily. The ticks were recovered by killing the steers and processing their hides in hot caustic soda. Ticks were allocated to age categories on the basis of their lengths. Analyses of the age distributions showed that between 36 and 80% of larvae were rejected in the first 24 h, and losses were greater from hosts with high levels of resistance. Some newly moulted nymphs failed to establish and were lost, and the growth of newly moulted females was retarded but most engorged successfully. The results also indicated that significant numbers of larvae and nymphs were lost either during the final stage of engorgement or after they had engorged. These findings are compared with losses of the tick from European (B. taurus) cattle. __________________ * Part III, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 401 (1978).

scholarly journals Comportement au vêlage et caractéristiques du placenta de vaches Zébu (Bos indicus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
E. Mukasa Mugerwa ◽  
M. Mattoni
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Hautes Terres

Les signes d'une mise bas imminente, le comportement lors du part et les caractéristiques du placenta ont été étudiés sur des vaches Zébu éthiopiennes des Hautes Terres. L'inflammation de la vulve, le relâchement du ligament pelvien et le gonflement de la mamelle sont les manifestations qui l'accompagnent. Elles ont été observées respectivement 6,2 ± 4,0, 2,5 ± 1,9 et 1,6 ± 0,9 jours avant la mise bas. L'écoulement du mucus vaginal a été constaté 9,2 ± 4,8 jours avant le vêlage pour 52,6 p. 100 des vaches. Le taux de dépistage des signes d'une délivrance prochaine a donc atteint 77,6 p. 100. L'intervalle moyen entre l'agitation et le commencement du travail jusqu'au vêlage a été de 3,72 ± 2,01 et de 2,41 ± 1,37 heures respectivement. Les durées entre l'agitation et l'apparition de I'allantochorion (phase I), entre l'apparition des membranes foetales et le vêlage (phase II) et entre le vêlage et l'expulsion du placenta (phase III) ont été respective-ment de 2,58 ± 1,93, 1,32 ± 0,9 et 2,50 ± 1,14 heures. La durée moyenne entre l'apparition de l'allantochorion et la délivrance était plus longue pour les mâles avec 1,55 ± 1,05 contre 0,83 ± 0,42 pour les femelles (également en heures). Le poids moyen des veaux à la naissance était de 20,8 ± 2,6 kg. Ce poids a augmenté avec la durée de la gestation (r = 0,52, P < 0,5)) ainsi qu'avec le poids du placenta (r = 0,15). Pour conclure, et sous réserve de connaître la date de la saillie, la date de la délivrance peut être prédite et l'assistance obstétricale donnée en temps opportun pour éviter les dystocies sur les vaches Zébu éthiopiennes.

Bewegungstherapie und körperliche Aktivität bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz

Praxis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 107 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 951-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Körperliche Aktivität ◽  
Phase Iii

Zusammenfassung. Herzinsuffizienz ist ein klinisches Syndrom mit unterschiedlichen Ätiologien und Phänotypen. Die überwachte Bewegungstherapie und individuelle körperliche Aktivität ist bei allen Formen eine Klasse-IA-Empfehlung in aktuellen Leitlinien. Eine Bewegungstherapie kann unmittelbar nach Stabilisierung einer akuten Herzinsuffizienz im Spital begonnen werden (Phase I). Sie kann nach Entlassung in einem stationären oder ambulanten Präventions- und Rehabilitationsprogramm fortgesetzt werden (Phase II). Typische Elemente sind Ausdauer-, Kraft- und Atemtraining. Die Kosten werden von der Krankenversicherung für drei bis sechs Monate übernommen. In erfahrenen Zentren können auch Patienten mit implantierten Defibrillatoren oder linksventrikulären Unterstützungssystemen trainieren. Wichtiges Ziel der Phase II ist neben muskulärer Rekonditionierung auch die Steigerung der Gesundheitskompetenz, um die Langzeit-Adhärenz bezüglich körperlicher Aktivität zu verbessern. In Phase III bieten Herzgruppen Unterstützung.

scholarly journals AB0332 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AND IMMONOMODULATING AGENTS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND THEIR CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1464.1-1465
Author(s):  
J. Blaess ◽  
J. Walther ◽  
J. E. Gottenberg ◽  
J. Sibilia ◽  
L. Arnaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Jak Inhibitors ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Immunomodulating Drugs

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most frequent chronic inflammatory diseases with an incidence of 0.5% to 1%. Therapeutic arsenal of RA has continuously expanded in recent years with the recent therapeutic progress with the arrival of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic (tsDMARDs), JAK inhibitors. However, there are still some unmet needs for patients who do not achieve remission and who continue to worsen despite treatments. Of note, only approximately 40% of patients are ACR70 responders, in most randomized controlled trials. For these patients, finding new therapeutic avenues is challenging.Objectives:The objective of our study was to analyze the whole pipeline of immunosuppressive and immunomodulating drugs evaluated in RA and describe their mechanisms of action and stage of clinical development.Methods:We conducted a systematic review of all drug therapies in clinical development in RA in 17 databases of international clinical trials. Inclusion criterion: study from one of the databases using the keywords “Rheumatoid arthritis” (search date: June 1, 2019). Exclusion criteria: non-drug trials, trials not related to RA or duplicates. We also excluded dietary regimen or supplementations, cellular therapies, NSAIDs, glucorticoids or their derivatives and non-immunosuppressive or non-immunomodulating drugs. For each csDMARD, bDMARD and tsDMARD, we considered the study at the most advanced stage. For bDMARDs, we did not take into account biosimilars.Results:The research identified 4652 trials, of which 242 for 243 molecules met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The developed molecules belong to csDMARDs (n=21), bDMARDs (n=117), tsDMARDs (n=105).Among the 21 csDMARDs molecules: 8 (38%) has been withdrawn, 4 (19%) are already labelled in RA (hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, methotrexate and sulfasalazine) and 9 (43%) are in development: 1 (11%) is in phase I/II, 5 (56%) in phase II, 3 (33%) in phase IV.Among the 117 bDMARDs molecules: 69 (59%) has been withdrawn, 9 (8%) are labeled in RA (abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, sarilumab, tocilizumab) and 39 (33%) are in development: 9 (23%) in phase I, 3 (8%) in phase I/II, 21 (54%) in phase II, 5 (12%) are in phase III, 1 (3%) in phase IV. bDMARDs currently under development target B cells (n=4), T cells (n=2), T/B cells costimulation (n=2),TNF alpha (n=2), Interleukine 1 or his receptor (n=3), Interleukine 6 or his receptor (n=7), Interleukine 17 (n=4), Interleukine 23 (n=1), GM-CSF (n=1), other cytokines or chemokines (n=5), integrins or adhesion proteins (n=3), interferon receptor (n=1) and various other targets (n=4).Among the 105 tsDMARDs molecules: 64 (61%) has been withdrawn, 6 (6%) JAK inhibitors, have just been or will probably soon be labelled (baricitinib, filgotinib, peficitinib, tofacitinib and upadacitinib), 35 (33%) are in development: 8 (24%) in phase I, 26 (74%) in phase II, 1 (3%) in phase III and. tsDMARDs currently under development target tyrosine kinase (n=12), janus kinase (JAK) (n=3), sphingosine phostate (n=3), PI3K pathway (n=1), phosphodiesterase-4 (n=3) B cells signaling pathways (n=3) and various other targets (n=10).Conclusion:A total of 242 therapeutic trials involving 243 molecules have been or are being evaluated in RA. This development does not always lead to new treatments since 141 (58%) have already been withdrawn. Hopefully, some of the currently evaluated drugs will contribute to improve the therapeutic management of RA patients, requiring a greater personalization of therapeutic strategies, both in the choice of molecules and their place in therapeutic sequences.Disclosure of Interests:Julien Blaess: None declared, Julia Walther: None declared, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg Grant/research support from: BMS, Pfizer, Consultant of: BMS, Sanofi-Genzyme, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Eli Lilly and Co., Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, UCB, Jean Sibilia: None declared, Laurent Arnaud: None declared, Renaud FELTEN: None declared

scholarly journals Unconventional Anticancer Agents: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Vickers ◽  
Joyce Kuo ◽  
Barrie R. Cassileth
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Dose Finding ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Phase Ii Trials ◽  
Off Label

Purpose A substantial number of cancer patients turn to treatments other than those recommended by mainstream oncologists in an effort to sustain tumor remission or halt the spread of cancer. These unconventional approaches include botanicals, high-dose nutritional supplementation, off-label pharmaceuticals, and animal products. The objective of this study was to review systematically the methodologies applied in clinical trials of unconventional treatments specifically for cancer. Methods MEDLINE 1966 to 2005 was searched using approximately 200 different medical subject heading terms (eg, alternative medicine) and free text words (eg, laetrile). We sought prospective clinical trials of unconventional treatments in cancer patients, excluding studies with only symptom control or nonclinical (eg, immune) end points. Trial data were extracted by two reviewers using a standardized protocol. Results We identified 14,735 articles, of which 214, describing 198 different clinical trials, were included. Twenty trials were phase I, three were phase I and II, 70 were phase II, and 105 were phase III. Approximately half of the trials investigated fungal products, 20% investigated other botanicals, 10% investigated vitamins and supplements, and 10% investigated off-label pharmaceuticals. Only eight of the phase I trials were dose-finding trials, and a mere 20% of phase II trials reported a statistical design. Of the 27 different agents tested in phase III, only one agent had a prior dose-finding trial, and only for three agents was the definitive study initiated after the publication of phase II data. Conclusion Unconventional cancer treatments have not been subject to appropriate early-phase trial development. Future research on unconventional therapies should involve dose-finding and phase II studies to determine the suitability of definitive trials.

Hydrogeological Characterization Based on Long Term Groundwater Pressure Monitoring

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Daimaru ◽  
Ryuji Takeuchi ◽  
Masaki Takeda ◽  
Masayuki Ishibashi
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pumping Test ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Hydrogeological Characteristics ◽  
Under Construction

The Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU) is now under construction by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency in the Tono area of central Japan. The MIU project is being implemented in three overlapping Phases: Surface-based Investigation (Phase I), Construction (Phase II) and Operation (Phase III). The changes of groundwater pressure due to shaft excavation can be considered analogous to a large-scale pumping test. Therefore, there is the possibility that the site scale groundwater field (several km square) can be approximated by the long-term groundwater pressure monitoring data from Phase II. Based on the monitoring observations, hydrogeological characteristics were estimated using the s-log(t/r2) plot based on the Cooper-Jacob straight line method. Results of the s-log(t/r2) plots are as follows. The groundwater flow field around the MIU construction site is separated into domains by an impermeable fault. In other words, the fault is a hydraulic barrier. Hydraulic conductivity calculated from s-log(t/r2) plots are in the order of 1.0E−7(m/s). The above results from the long term monitoring during Phase II are a verification of the hydrogeological characteristics determined in the Phase I investigations.

Phase I Trial of Escalating-Dose Irinotecan Given Weekly With Cisplatin and Concurrent Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 2926-2932 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Ilson ◽  
Manjit Bains ◽  
David P. Kelsen ◽  
Eileen O’Reilly ◽  
Martin Karpeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Induction Chemotherapy ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Phase I Trial ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Concurrent Radiotherapy ◽  
Minimal Toxicity ◽  
Grade 3

Purpose: To identify the maximum-tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of weekly irinotecan combined with cisplatin and radiation in esophageal cancer. Patients and Methods: Nineteen patients with clinical stage II to III esophageal squamous cell or adenocarcinoma were treated on this phase I trial. Induction chemotherapy with weekly cisplatin 30 mg/m2 and irinotecan 65 mg/m2 was administered for four treatments during weeks 1 to 5. Radiotherapy was delivered weeks 8 to 13 in 1.8-Gy daily fractions to a dose of 50.4 Gy. Cisplatin 30 mg/m2 and escalating-dose irinotecan (40, 50, 65, and 80 mg/m2) were administered on days 1, 8, 22, and 29 of radiotherapy. DLT was defined as a 2-week delay in radiotherapy for grade 3 to 4 toxicity. Results: Minimal toxicity was observed during chemoradiotherapy, with no grade 3 or 4 esophagitis, diarrhea, or stomatitis. DLT caused by myelosuppression was seen in two of six patients treated at the 80-mg/m2 dose level, thus irinotecan 65 mg/m2 was defined as the recommended phase II dose. Dysphagia improved or resolved after induction chemotherapy in 13 (81%) of 16 patients who reported dysphagia before therapy. Only one patient (5%) required a feeding tube. Six complete responses (32%) were observed, including four pathologic complete responses in 15 patients selected to undergo surgery (27%). Conclusion: Cisplatin, irinotecan, and concurrent radiotherapy can be administered on a convenient schedule with relatively minimal toxicity and an acceptable rate of complete response in esophageal cancer. Further phase II evaluation of this regimen is ongoing. A phase III comparison to fluorouracil or taxane-containing chemoradiotherapy should be considered.

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