Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. VIII.* Relationships between voluntary intake of herbage by sheep and the protein/energy ratio in the digestion products

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 907 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Energy Ratios ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Intake Regulation

In data from two separate experiments in which the same herbage diets were fed to sheep, a relationship was observed between the protein/energy ratio in digestion products and the level of voluntary feed intake: I = 0.16P—0.16 (SEb = 0.015; r2 = 0.85), where I is the voluntary intake of digestible energy (DE) (MJ/W0.75), P the protein digested in the intestine (g/MJ DE) and W the body weight (kg). When supplementary casein was infused into the duodenum of sheep fed on 15 basal diets, intake changes were greatest (up to 15% increase) with six roughage diets, in which estimated truly digestible protein contributed 5.5 g digested protein (DP) per MJ DE (about 10% of DE as protein) or less. No responses were observed with two other roughages in the same range or with seven roughages for which the estimated truly digestible protein contributed more than 6 g per MJ DE (about 13% of DE as protein). The change in voluntary intake was not found to be simply linked to the protein input, in that a consistent overall estimated protein/energy ratio in digestion products was not established as voluntary intake changed in response to protein infusion. The estimated resultant protein/energy ratios established were always high (7.4–9.4 g DP/MJ DE) relative to those observed on the basal diets (3.4–8.4 g DP/MJ DE). In a further experiment with a wheat hay–straw diet, voluntary intake was measured during periods of infusion of acetic acid per rumen, and/or protein (casein) infusion per duodenum. Energy infusion and protein infusion could be shown qualitatively to have opposed effects on oral intake. However, oral intake adjustments did not appear to act to preserve or re-establish any specific Protein/energy ratio in the total nutrients absorbed. The observations are discussed in relation to factors controlling energy intake, and the effect of protein inadequacy upon level of energy intake in the sheep. *Part VII, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 23: 247 (1972).

scholarly journals Effect of Different Protein and Protein-Energy Ratio in Diet on Growth of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fingerling

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Setiawati ◽  
R. Sutajaya ◽  
M. Agus Suprayudi
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
High Price ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Food Efficiency ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Energy Ratios

<p>Aquaculture activity including culture of common carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) is now facing on high price of feed.  Feed cost can reach more than 50% of production cost so that increase in feed price decreases in farmer benefit. Toward increasing in benefit, it needs efficiency on production cost.  This can be achieved by using a diet containing suitable protein and protein-energy ratio for the need of fish cultured.  Diet containing different protein levels (28% and 31%) and protein-energy ratios (8 and 10), and a commercial feed as a control were compared to determine protein content and protein-energy ratio suitable for common carp fingerlings.  The results showed that food efficiency was differed among the treatments, while relative growth rate was similar.  Diet containing protein of 31.15% with protein-energy ratio of 7.81, and protein of 28.08% with protein-energy ratio of 9.12 were resulting higher food efficiency compared to that of diet containing 31.15% protein with 7.81 protein-energy ratio and 28.27% protein with 8.28 protein-energy ratio.</p> <p>Keywords: common carp, <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>, protein-energy ratio, food efficiency</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Kegiatan budidaya ikan termasuk ikan mas (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) saat ini dihadapkan pada kenyataan mahalnya harga pakan buatan. Kebutuhan biaya pakan dalam proses produksi mencapai lebih dari 50% sehingga menurunkan tingkat keuntungannya. Untuk meningkatkan keuntungan, diperlukan efisiensi biaya produksi yang salah satunya dengan memproduksi pakan yang mengandung kadar protein dan rasio protein terhadap energi pakan  yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan ikan. Pakan dengan kadar protein (28 and 31%) dan rasio protein-energi (8 dan 10) yang berbeda diuji untuk mengetahui kandungan protein dan rasio protein-energi yang sesuai untuk fingerling ikan mas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fingerling ikan mas yang yang diberi pakan dengan kadar protein dan rasio protein energi yang berbeda menghasilkan tingkat efisiensi pakan yang berbeda, namun tidak mempengaruhi tingkat pertumbuhan relatifnya. Pakan dengan kadar protein 31,15% dengan rasio protein energi 7,81 dan kadar protein 28,08% dengan rasio protein energi 9,12 menghasilkan nilai efisiensi pakan yang lebih baik daripada pakan yang mengandung kadar protein 31,15% dengan rasio protein energi 7,81 dan kadar protein 28,27% dengan rasio protein energi 8,28.</p> <p>Kata kunci: ikan mas, <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>, rasio energi protein, efisiensi pakan</p>

Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. VII.* Control of voluntary intake of three diets and the responses to intraruminal feeding

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
Normal Daily Intake

In six experiments, sheep were fed ad libitum on either chopped lucerne hay, chopped wheaten straw, or a ground, pelleted lucerne hay/barley diet. On each diet either the dietary material itself, a more highly digestible material, or sawdust was introduced per fistulam into the reticulorumen in amounts equal to c. 25% of the normal daily intake by weight. For each diet, with intraruminal additions on a single occasion only, the most accurate adjustments of oral intake on a weight or a digestible energy basis were observed when the diet itself was added. On the pellet diet, reduction of oral intake was most rapid and of greater magnitude when materials of high digestibility were introduced, though intake was also reduced when sawdust was introduced. On the chopped lucerne hay diet and on the chopped wheaten straw diet, oral intake was depressed more after the introduction of materials of lower digestibility. When pellets were introduced into animals fed on chopped wheaten straw, oral intake was at first reduced but subsequently increased, which indicated an interaction between the basal diet and the supplement. In longer-term experiments, daily introduction per fistularn of the dietary material at c. 25% of the mean daily intake resulted in a rapid decrease in oral intake of each diet. The decreases in intake, expressed as a percentage of the weight of diet added per fistulam (response index), were 95–115% (pellets), 60–80% (lucerne hay), and 76–104% (wheaten straw), and generally became greater with time. With the pellet diet, trends in intake with time showed an increasingly greater adjustment to materials of high digestibility, and an apparent accommodation or compensation for imposition of a load of indigestible material. Such compensation for indigestible material was not apparent on the two all-roughage diets. Introduction of lucerne/barley pellets into the rumen of sheep fed on chopped wheaten straw resulted in no change, or a slight increase, in straw consumption, and an overall increase in intake of digestible dry matter. In two further experiments a bladder, expanded with water to volumes of 1,2, or 3 litres, caused significant decreases in intake of both the pellet diet and the chopped wheaten straw diet, effects being more rapid and more drastic in the case of the wheaten straw diet. Although there was subsequently a partial recovery of oral intake with the pellet diet, no such apparent compensation occurred with the wheaten straw diet. The results indicate that sensitivity to indigestible material can limit the intake of roughage even though the digesta content of the reticulorumen is not at a maximum, and confirm that important relationships exist between the nutritive value of the diet or nutritional status of the animal and the ability to accommodate indigestible material. ____________________ *Part VI, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 21: 735 (1970).

Nanoparticles and Its Implications in HIV/AIDS Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor B. Oti
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Hiv Aids

The use of Antiretroviral drugs in treating HIV/ AIDS patients has enormously increased their life spans with serious disadvantages. The virus infection still remains a public health problem worldwide with no cure and vaccine for the viral agent until now. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS is an emerging technology of the 21st century. NPs are solid and colloid particles with 10 nm to <1000 nm size range; although, less than 200 nm is the recommended size for nanomedical usage. There are NPs with therapeutic capabilities such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers and nanocapsules. The particle enters the body mainly via oral intake, direct injection and inhalation. It has been proven to have potentials of advancing the prevention and treatment of the viral agent. Certain NPs have been shown to have selftherapeutic activity for the virus in vitro. Strategies that are novel are emerging which can be used to improve nanotechnology, such as genetic treatment and immunotherapy. In this review, nanoparticles, the types and its characteristics in drug delivery were discussed. The light was furthermore shed on its implications in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals New findings on iron absorption conditioning factors

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rute Cândida Pereira ◽  
Alcides da Silva Diniz ◽  
Luiz Oscar Cardoso Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Iron Absorption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
The Impact

The authors focus iron intake regulation in the body and the probable mechanisms related to iron absorption. They analyze the impact of iron absorption deficiency resulting in iron deficiency anemia, a public health issue of great impact in the world influencing child and maternal health risk increase. This paper aims at highlighting the problems affecting the uptake or inhibiting processes of iron absorption in an attempt to correlate information on conditioning factors and current findings. This study is a document based descriptive study comprising literature review. In food, iron has different forms, such as the heme and non-heme forms following different absorption pathways with different efficiency rates, depending on conditioning factors, such as diet profile, physiological aspects, iron chemical state, absorption regulation, transportation, storing, excretion and the presence of disease, They also discuss the current difficulties in dealing with iron nutritional deficiency in vulnerable groups, children and pregnant women, and focus data on iron consumption, adhesion to breast feeding and the frequency of prenatal care visits.

scholarly journals Study of NT-pro-BNP and Hs-Troponin I biomarkers for early detection of children’s heart function of protein-energy malnutrition

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlina Dimiati ◽  
Abdus Samik Wahab ◽  
Mohammad Juffrie ◽  
Madarina Julia ◽  
Basri A. Gani
Keyword(s):  
Troponin I ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Blood Electrolytes ◽  
Ventricular Mass ◽  
Protein Energy

The Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is the condition of a lack of carbohydrate and protein stores in the body that trigger chronic failure nutrient intake and body maintenance function caused to impact the heart functions. The NT-pro-BNP and Hs- Troponin I proteins were found as the indicator of cardiac dysfunction. The sixty subjects of PEM, analyzed by standard of Indonesia Healt Ministry as well as nutritional status. The blood electrolytes examined by laboratory assay and the levels of Hs-Troponin 1 and NT-Pro-BNP were analyzed by Immune-Chromatography method. Assessing of the ventricular mass with the seeing the peak of the diastolic flow rate of left ventricular that estimated by the curve of the receiver operating characteristic and the area under the curve (P<0.05). The result has shown that the PEM decreased in the left ventricular mass for impaired heart function and systolic disorder. The Hs- Troponin I (90.9%) has better sensitivity than NT-pro-BNP (85.5%) if the merger of those markers possesses the lowest sensitivity (81.8%). These proteins have good biomarkers in heart function, mainly in cases where PEM is present.

Appetite and Energy Intake Regulation in Response to Acute Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya M. Halliday ◽  
Mollie H. White ◽  
Allison K. Hild ◽  
Molly B. Conroy ◽  
Edward L. Melanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Intake Regulation

Influence of method of conservation of lucerne on factors associated with voluntary intake in sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO Etheridge ◽  
CR Stockdale ◽  
PD Cranwell
Keyword(s):  
Oral Intake ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Daily Oral Intake ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Voluntary Intake

This experiment measured the voluntary intake and rate of eating of sheep fed lucerne (Medicago sativa) that had been conserved as sun-dried material or as silage at 3 different DM contents (29.2, 33.1, and 51.2%). Changes in rumen osmolality and palatability due to diet were measured. Palatability was assessed by introducing feed directly into the rumen and measuring the subsequent oral intake. Eight sheep with rumen fistulae were used in two 4 x 4 latin squares, which allowed for adjustment for carryover effects. There was no significant (P<0.05) difference between voluntary intakes of lucerne conserved as sundried material and as silages of various DM contents (mean intake 1189 g DM/day). The lack of difference in intake was attributed to the high quality of fermentation of the silages. Rate of eating was also generally similar for all diets. Evidence from measurements of palatability and rumen osmolality support these observations. Palatability appeared not to influence the voluntary intake of any of the diets, because the sheep reduced their daily oral intake by an amount similar to that introduced into the rumen. Under normal feeding conditions, rumen osmolality was also similar for all feeds and was relatively consistent for the 9 h immediately after the start of feeding. While rumen osmolality per se may affect voluntary intake, the lack of response reported here for changes in osmolality due to diet support the lack of response reported for feed consumption.

Adequacy and Safety of an Infant Formula With a Protein/Energy Ratio of 1.8 g/100 kcal and Enhanced Protein Efficiency for Term Infants During the First 4 Months of Life

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Turck ◽  
Christophe Grillon ◽  
Emmanuelle Lachambre ◽  
Patrick Robiliard ◽  
Laurence Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Protein Energy

scholarly journals Influencia De La Depresión En Las Reservas Proteico-Energéticas Y El Índice De Masa Corporal En Adultos Mayores De 65 Años

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Catherine Alexandra Andrade Trujillo ◽  
Dennys Leonardo Abril Merizalde
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Geriatric Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Geriatric Depression ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of depression on the protein-energy reserves and the BodyMass Index in ederly. A total of 65 older adults were evaluated; to identify the level of depression, the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale was used, the protein-energy reserves were evaluated from the arm circumference and the Body Mass Index. The elderly with higher levels of depression had lower arm circumference than those who did not show depression according to the scale (p = 0.002 and p = 0.009, men and women respectively), a similar situation occurs with the BMI (p = 0.050 and p = 0.019). There is also a significant negative relationship between the Geriatric Depression Scale with the arm circumference and the BMI in women (r = -0.520, p = 0.002 and r = -0.439, p = 0.009 respectively). In men, this negative relationship is observed only between the Geriatric Depression Scale and the arm circumference (r = -0.479, p = 0.007). Older adults with a higher level of depression have lower arm circumference and lower BMI than those without depression. In both sexes, there is a significant negative relationship between the Geriatric Depression Scale score and the arm circumference. In females, an inversely proportional relationship between the scale and the Body Mass Index is evidenced.

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