Superphosphate requirements of clover-ley farming. II.* The residual effects of topdressing

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Ayres ◽  
JD McFarlane ◽  
GJ Osborne ◽  
EJ Corbin
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Grain Composition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ley Farming ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Available Phosphate

The residual effects of topdressing the grazed clover-ley were evaluated at four sites in southern New South Wales. The significance (for the initial crop) of changes in soil fertility induced by topdressing were studied in crop experiments (five superphosphate drill rates x three nitrogen rates) immediately following the ley phase. Topdressing influenced the level of available phosphate at all sites: heavy applications induced a large increase in available phosphate, light applications induced a moderate increase, and omission of topdressing led to a slight decline. The rate of soil nitrogen accretion was affected by topdressing only at sites that were initially of medium soil phosphate status. Topdressing exerted residual effects on crop growth, grain yield, and grain composition; crops following topdressed leys showed little response to superphosphate drilled with the crop at sowing. By contrast, crops following untopdressed leys showed a consistent but low requirement for superphosphate; grain production was maximized at low application rates (< 100 kg superphosphate ha-1) and the (economic) optimal rate was usually in the range 30-60 kg superphosphate ha-1. For the initial crop, low drill application rates were apparently equivalent to large amounts of superphosphate applied by topdressing the ley. ___________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 269 (1977).

The nutrient status and cultivation practices of the soils of the North-West wheat belt of NSW.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 422 ◽  
Author(s):  
EG Hallsworth ◽  
FR Gibbons ◽  
TH Lemerle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
New South ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
North West ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
North Western ◽  
Available Phosphate

A study has been made of the nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphate, and pH levels of the wheat soils of north-western New South Wales, and the cultivation practices adopted. They are found generally to be high in both total and available phosphate, and particularly high figures for available phosphate, over 1000 p.p.m., were found in limited areas. The nitrogen levels of the virgin chernozemic soils are distinctly higher than those of the red-brown earths and red solodic soils, but soils of all groups show a decline with cultivation, which is most rapid in the first 10 years. The introduction of periods under lucerne raises the nitrogen level, but the wheat/grazed fallow or wheat/grazing oats appear to cause the same nitrogen losses as are encountered under continuous wheat, in spite of the prevalence of stubble burning which inevitably accompanies this practice. The average yields of wheat on the chernozemic soils are distinctly higher than those obtained on the red-brown earths and red solodic soils, on some of which nitrogen appears to be limiting.

Response of oats to seeding rate and nitrogen in the southern wheat belt of New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
OR Southwood ◽  
F Mengersen ◽  
PJ Milham
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
New South ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Oat Cultivars

The effect of three rates of nitrogen (22.4, 44.8 and 89.6 kgNha-1 as anhydrous ammonia) and three seeding rates (67.3, 100.9, and 134.5 kg ha-1) on forage and grain production of two oat cultivars and on herbage nitrate-nitrogen concentration, was assessed at three sites in the southern New South Wales wheat belt. When oats were sown after two or three consecutive wheat crops nitrogen at 22.4 kg ha-1 was optimal for both forage and grain production. Herbage growth was best at the highest seeding rate (134.5 kg ha-1) but grain production was not influenced by seeding rate. Herbage growth of the oat cultivars Cooba and Coolabah was similar, but grain yields were higher from the latter. Herbage nitrate nitrogen increased linearly with nitrogen fertilizer application, levels that could be toxic to animals occurring in June. Cautious grazing management may be required during this period.

Some factors affecting the extraction of soil 'available' phosphate

Soil Research ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
GD Batten
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Laboratory Error ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Available Phosphate

Twenty soils from southern New South Wales were analysed for acid extractable phosphate in 1971, and again in 1977 when it was found that an increase had occurred. These same samples were also analysed using reciprocating shakers with different distances of travel. More phosphate was extracted when a shaker with a greater distance of travel was used and when more soil, but at the same soil : solution ratio, was placed in a large vessel. It is suggested that such variations in technique contribute to inter-laboratory error in soil tests for phosphate.

A survey of farmer practices and attitudes to nitrogen management in the northern New South Wales grains belt

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Hayman ◽  
C. L. Alston
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Organic Nitrogen ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Climate Forecasts ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

Summary. The use of nitrogen fertilisers to arrest the decline in soil nitrogen fertility in the northern grains belt of New South Wales has been the subject of many years of research, however, little is known about how farmers make decisions about nitrogen fertiliser. A survey of 400 wheat farmers in northern New South Wales in April 1997 revealed that many have recently changed their fertiliser practices. Although most respondents had been growing wheat since the 1960s, regular applications of nitrogen only commenced in the mid 1980s. Initially only low rates of nitrogen were applied, but in the last 2–5 years, the nitrogen rates have substantially increased. These changes are notable because until this decade, most were content to rely mainly on mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen, whereas, now, half the respondents in the survey plan to add as much nitrogen in fertiliser in 1 year as was removed in the previous year’s wheat crop. Farmers were asked to rate the importance of a number of factors that have been promoted as means of tactically adjusting fertiliser rates. This study found a disparity between the level of measurement and precision suggested by the majority of research, development and extension programs compared with the methods used by farmers. In general, the respondents to the survey have rejected, or are yet to adopt, regular soil testing, the use of climate forecasts and decision support programs. Rather, they rely on simple rules of thumb based on readily accessible data such as past grain protein content and cropping history.

The prevalence of lice (Bovicola ovis) in sheep flocks on the central and southern Tablelands of New South Wales

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Popp ◽  
J. Eppleston ◽  
B. R. Watt ◽  
S. Mansfield ◽  
R. D. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Visual Detection ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Prevalence Estimate ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Apparent Prevalence ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Livestock Health

In response to suggestions that the incidence of louse infestations in New South Wales has increased markedly, a survey of 173 producers was conducted in the Tablelands Livestock Health and Pest Authority region using visual detection and a questionnaire to document retrospective lice history. An estimated apparent prevalence of 16.5% is a moderate increase from the 10% reported in 2004. On a subset of the surveyed sheep flocks sheep, lice-specific immunoassay conducted by the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries were used to detect low levels of infestation that were not identified by visual detection. This provided a true prevalence estimate of 30%. These results will be used to promote improved control and preventative strategies.

Effects of water deficit on yield of wheat and triticale

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (106) ◽  
pp. 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
BG Sutton ◽  
EA Dubbelde
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
New South ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Complete Life Cycle

The yield response of two commercial bread wheat cultivars and one triticale to water deficits imposed before anthesis, after anthesis, or during the complete life cycle was studied in a large bin (55l) experiment under rain shelters at Camden, New South Wales. Water status was managed by weekly water replacement to allow withdrawal to 25 and 0% remaining available soil water for the well-watered and deficient treatments, respectively. The three cereals performed similarly under continuously well-watered conditions (89.9, 91.1, and 100.7 g grain/bin) but under continuous water deficit the triticale produced significantly less than the bread wheats (31.2 cf 53.1 g grain/bin), respectively. The reason for this was the greatly reduced yield per plant from tillers in the triticale. Efficiency of water use over the complete life cycle for grain production was greater for the wheats than for the triticale (1.351 cf 0.954 g l-1, respectively), and maximum efficiency resulted from provision of adequate water before anthesis (an average of 1.310 g l-1 for treatments well watered before anthesis, cf an average of 1.130 g l-1 for those growing under water deficits). Post-anthesis water status had no significant effect on these values.

Superphosphate requirements of clover-ley farming. I. The effects of topdressing on productivity in the ley phase

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Ayres ◽  
JD McFarlane ◽  
AR Gilmour ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Ley Farming ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
High Phosphate

Experiments were undertaken on four farms in southern New South Wales to assess the requirements for superphosphate of clover-ley farming soils. The sites were selected to provide contrasts in initial soil phosphate status (medium v. high) in both low and high average annual rainfall conditions. At each site a sheep-grazing experiment with factorial arrangement of three annual topdressing rates (nil, 125, and 250 kg superphosphate ha-1) and two sheep stocking rates (district average, twice district average) was imposed for the duration of a normal ley phase (4 years). The response to topdressing depended on the initial soil phosphate status and was modified by seasonal rainfall conditions. At the high phosphate sites topdressing had little effect on pasture production, but at the medium phosphate sites topdressing increased pasture availability, and caused rapid and profound changes in botanical conlposition; topdressing induced grass dominance while omission of topdressing led to clover dominance. The changes in botanical composition had important effects on forage quality. With normal seasonal conditions there was no overall response to topdressing in sheep performance, but in poor years the pasture changes conferred by topdressing were reflected in a general increase in the level of sheep productivity.

Superphosphate requirements for maintenance of cattle production from grass-clover pastures in a subtropical environment

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
RDH Cohen ◽  
EJ Havilah ◽  
GH O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Maintenance Rate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement ◽  
Beef Prices ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Subtropical Environment

Maintenance dressings of superphosphate were applied at 500,250, 125 or 0 kg/ha each year between 1972 and 1976 to a carpet grass (Axonopus affinis)-white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture in a subtropical environment at Grafton, New South Wales. The pasture had previously received a total of 1500 kg superphosphate/ha in four annual dressings between 1968 and 1972 and was in the maintenance phase, in contrast to the development phase, of fertilizer requirement. The topdressed pastures were grazed by weaner Hereford steers for 12 months during each of five years 1972 to 1977. Two stocking rates (1 .67 and 2.5 steers/ha) were applied in 1972 to 1974 and three (1.67, 2.5 and 3.3 steers/ha) in 1974 to 1978. The effects of superphosphate maintenance rate and stocking rate on dry matter and nitrogen in the available herbage components were small and inconsistent and suggested large residual effects of previously applied superphosphate. The effect of superphosphate maintenance rate on phosphorus in the available herbage components was more consistent but was also small and did not appear to influence pasture or animal production. Reduced maintenance dressings of superphosphate decreased (P< 0.05) annual liveweight gains of steers during only two of the five years, 1974-75 and 1975-76. The effect, which was small and dependent on stocking rate and seasonal conditions, indicated large residual effects of previously applied superphosphate which could be used to advantage when low beef prices preclude the application of maintenance dressings of superphosphate. Liveweight change was related to available herbage components (P<0.05) but the nitrogen content and digestibility of the herbage selected by cattle fistulated at the oesophagus provided more precise estimates of liveweight change. Superphosphate influenced steer liveweight change through its effect on pasture quality rather than quantity.

Residual effects of cotton-based crop rotations on soil properties of irrigated Vertosols in central-western and north-western New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
T. B. Weaver ◽  
L. A. Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
High Input ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales

The residual effects of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based crop rotations on soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated in 2 irrigated on-farm experiments located at Warren (1999–2001) in the central-west and Merah North (2000–05) in the north-west of New South Wales. The soils in both sites were grey, self-mulching Vertosols. The rotations sown at Warren from 1993 to 1998 were: (1) continuous cotton (cotton sown every year); (2) long-fallow cotton (cotton alternating with a bare fallow); (3) cotton–high input wheat (Tricticum aestivum L.), in which wheat was sown at a rate of 100 kg/ha and fertilised with 180 kg/ha of urea; (4) cotton–low input wheat, in which wheat was sown at a rate of 40 kg/ha and did not receive any N fertiliser; and (5) cotton–green manured field pea (Pisum sativum L.). At Merah North the rotations sown from 1993 to 2000 were: (1) continuous cotton; (2) long-fallow cotton; (3) cotton–green manured faba bean (Vicia faba L.) until 1999 when sorghum was sown during the 1999–2000 growing season; (4) cotton–dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.)–green manured faba bean from 1993 to 1994 followed by cotton–unfertilised wheat in which wheat was sown at a rate of 50–70 kg/ha thereafter; (5) cotton–dolichos; and (6) cotton–fertilised dolichos with P and K removed by cotton replaced as fertiliser. Soil was sampled to a depth of 0.6 m at 0.15-m increments and analysed for pH (in 0.01 m CaCl2), EC1 : 5, ESP, specific volume, nitrate-N, organic C (SOC), plastic limit, and dispersion. Residual effects of rotation history were reflected in subsoil specific volume at both sites, and nitrate-N in the surface 0.3 m and SOC in the 0–0.6 m depth at Warren. In general, higher values of specific volume occurred where cotton–wheat rotations, and in particular, fertilised wheat, had been sown. At Merah North, subsoil specific volume in ex-long-fallow cotton was similar to that in the cotton–wheat rotation. At Warren, ex-continuous cotton had lowest subsoil specific volume, the ex-cotton–high input wheat rotation and ex-long fallow cotton had greater SOC sequestration, and the ex-cotton–high input wheat rotation had higher nitrate-N. These differences mirrored those present when the rotation treatments were in place. Residual effects of crop rotations are more likely to occur where the residues of the rotation crops are relatively recalcitrant or where cropping intensity is lower.

Nitrogen fertilizer responses and seasonal production of temperate and warm climate grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 362 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Colman ◽  
A Lazenby ◽  
J Grierson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Recovery ◽  
First Year ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The seasonal patterns of herbage production and the nitrogen responses by two temperate (Lolium perenne and Phalaris tuberosa) and two tropical grasses (Digitaria macroglossa and Paspalum dilatatum) were compared in the field at Armidale, New South Wales from January 1969 to March 1971 with and without irrigation. Growth and nitrogen recovery of the grasses were affected by temperature, moisture and nitrogen rate. Temperate grasses produced little herbage at mean weekly temperatures below 6�C. Maximum growth rates were measured in October when mean weekly temperatures were approximately 14�C; growth rate declined markedly over summer. Digitaria was the highest yielding species during the first summer but failed to survive in winter. Paspalum was tolerant of winter temperatures as low as -8�C mean weekly minimum; growth commenced when mean weekly temperatures exceeded 13�C and maximum growth occurred in summer when the highest mean weekly temperature was 20�C. Phalaris and Paspalum were very tolerant of dry conditions but Lolium declined in sward density and subsequent productivity. Response to nitrogen was directly related to seasonal conditions. Highest responses were coincident with the highest growth rates and declined as a result of moisture stress and low temperatures. Splitting nitrogen rates into a number of smaller applications had little effect on total herbage yield or distribution of dry matter production compared with a single topdressing. In the first year of the study the per cent nitrogen recovery by the temperate grasses ranged from 72.5 to 81.9 per cent compared with 25.3 (dryland) and 39.4 per cent (irrigated) for Paspalum. Under dry conditions the apparent percentage nitrogen recovery was increased by irrigation but over the first 48 weeks of the experiment there was little difference in the recovery between irrigated and dryland swards of the temperate grasses.

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