The inheritance of flowering time in Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Locus Model ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Townsville Stylo ◽  
Maturity Groups ◽  
Early Flowering Phenotype

The inheritance of flowering time was studied in F1, F2 and F3 populations derived from a diallel cross among nine naturalized Australian lines of Townsville stylo (Stylosnnthes humilis) and in F1 and F2 populations from a small number of crosses between naturalized Australian lines and introductions from Mexico and Brazil. Strong dominance for lateness of flowering was observed in both the (Australian x Australian) and the (Australian x Mexican/Brazilian introductions) crosses, and some F2 and F3 progenies included small numbers of extremely early plants, flowering up to 55 days earlier than the earliest parent. The flowering time distributions of the (Australian x Australian) crosses could be explained by a three-locus model with multiple alleles at two loci. Proposed genotypes for the four maturity groups are as follows: late, LLM2M2EE; late-midseason, LLmmEE; mid-season, l2l2M2M2EE; early, l1l1M1M1EE; very early, LLM2M2ee. Only one major dominant gene for lateness of flowering could be detected from the distribution of the two (Australian x introduced line) F2 populations, but the segregation of extremely early types and the low recovery of the early-flowering phenotype suggested that other gene loci were segregating.

scholarly journals Identification and characterization of regulatory pathways involved in early flowering in the new leaves of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by transcriptome analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Ma ◽  
Bei Liu ◽  
Lingqiao Ge ◽  
Yinyin Weng ◽  
Xiaohui Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Kinase Family ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Early Flowering Phenotype

Abstract Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial legume extensively planted throughout the world as a high nutritive value livestock forage. Flowering time is an important agronomic trait that contributes to the production of alfalfa hay and seeds. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of flowering time regulation in alfalfa are not well understood. Results In this study, an early-flowering alfalfa genotype 80 and a late-flowering alfalfa genotype 195 were characterized for the flowering phenotype. Our analysis revealed that the lower jasmonate (JA) content in new leaves and the downregulation of JA biosynthetic genes (i.e. lipoxygenase, the 12-oxophytodienoate reductase-like protein, and salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase) may play essential roles in the early-flowering phenotype of genotype 80. Further research indicated that genes encode pathogenesis-related proteins [e.g. leucine rich repeat (LRR) family proteins, receptor-like proteins, and toll-interleukin-like receptor (TIR)-nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-LRR class proteins] and members of the signaling receptor kinase family [LRR proteins, kinases domain of unknown function 26 (DUF26) and wheat leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase10 (LRK10)-like kinases] are related to early flowering in alfalfa. Additionally, those involved in secondary metabolism (2-oxoglutarate/Fe (II)-dependent dioxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferase) and the proteasome degradation pathway [really interesting new gene (RING)/U-box superfamily proteins and F-box family proteins] are also related to early flowering in alfalfa. Conclusions Integrated phenotypical, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses demonstrate that hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways, pathogenesis-related genes, signaling receptor kinase family genes, secondary metabolism genes, and proteasome degradation pathway genes are responsible for the early flowering phenotype in alfalfa. This will provide new insights into future studies of flowering time in alfalfa and inform genetic improvement strategies for optimizing this important trait.

scholarly journals ZjSEP3 modulates flowering time by regulating the LHY promoter

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weilin Gao ◽  
Liman Zhang ◽  
Jiurui Wang ◽  
Zhiguo Liu ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays ◽  
Early Flowering Phenotype

Abstract Background SEPALLATA3 (SEP3), which is conserved across various plant species, plays essential and various roles in flower and fruit development. However, the regulatory network of the role of SEP3 in flowering time at the molecular level remained unclear. Results Here, we investigated that SEP3 in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (ZjSEP3) was expressed in four floral organs and exhibited strong transcriptional activation activity. ZjSEP3 transgenic Arabidopsis showed an early-flowering phenotype and altered the expression of some genes related to flowering. Among them, the expression of LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (AtLHY), the key gene of circadian rhythms, was significantly suppressed. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) further verified that ZjSEP3 inhibited the transcription of AtLHY by binding to the CArG-boxes in its promoter. Moreover, ZjSEP3 also could bind to the ZjLHY promoter and the conserved binding regions of ZjSEP3 were found in the LHY promoter of various plant species. The ectopic regulatory pathway of ZjSEP3-AtLHY was further supported by the ability of 35S::AtLHY to rescue the early-flowering phenotype in ZjSEP3 transgenic plants. In ZjSEP3 transgenic plants, total chlorophyll content and the expression of genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis increased during vegetative stages, which should contribute to its early flowering and relate to the regulatory of AtLHY. Conclusion Overall, ZjSEP3-AtLHY pathway represents a novel regulatory mechanism that is involved in the regulation of flowering time.

scholarly journals GENETICS OF HEADING TIME IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.). II. THE INHERITANCE OF VERNALIZATION RESPONSE

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Y Y Klaimi ◽  
C O Qualset
Keyword(s):  
Growth Habit ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Heading Time ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
Multiple Alleles

ABSTRACT The inheritance of vernalization response was studied in crosses involving four spring wheats (Sonora 64 (S), Pitic 62 (P), Justin (J) and Thatcher (T)) and three winter wheats (Blackhull (B), Early Blackhull (E) and Extra Early Blackhull (EE)).—All winter cultivars were highly responsive to vernalization, and Pitic 62 was the only spring cultivar whose time to heading was significantly accelerated following cold treatments. When vernalized and grown under long days, spring and winter cultivars became comparable in their heading response, indicating that cold requirement is the major attribute differentiating the heading behavior of true spring and true winter wheats.—Inheritance of growth habit in the F1 generation of a five-parent diallel cross showed dominance of the spring character in all spring × winter crosses. Depending on the cross, one or two duplicate major genes governing growth habit were detected in F2, F3 and backcross generations grown in the field under long days in the absence of vernalizing temperatures. In some spring × winter crosses most of the variation in heading time among spring segregates could be attributed to the effects of major genes conditioning growth habit. In other crosses the heading patterns appeared more complex, indicating that genes with smaller effects are also involved in the control of heading response under spring or summer environments.—Evidence was presented supporting the hypothesis that the cultivar Pitic 62 carries a different allele at one of the two major loci governing its spring habit. This allele was associated with some response to vernalization and acted as a dominant gene determining earliness under low temperature vernalization, but as a partially recessive gene determining lateness in the absence of vernalizing temperatures. Genotypes were assigned to five cultivars as follows: S, CC DD; P, CC D'D'; J, cc DD; B and EE, cc dd.—The presence of major and minor genes and of multiple alleles governing response to photoperiod and vernalization was discussed in relation to the genetic manipulation of the heading response and to breeding wheat cultivars with specific or broad adaptation.

Flowering in Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis). 2. The effect of latitude and time of sowing on the flowering time of single plants

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (29) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Maturity Type ◽  
Maturity Groups

The flowering times of seventeen selections of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis HBK) have been studied at three localities and six sowing dates. The selections were grown as spaced plants and the full range of maturity types (Cameron 1965) was represented. The repeatability of flowering time between years was high, with no differences in the order of flowering of the different maturity groups. There was a range of 56 days in flowering time between the early and late groups for a December sowing, but this was reduced to 8 days for a March sowing. The maturity type groups were not clearly differentiated at the March sowing. Most selections flowered progressively later the more southerly the location and this effect was greatest for the early maturity types. Most of the flowering time responses were closely related to changes in daylength and very similar to results previously obtained in controlled conditions (Cameron 1967a). However, low temperatures, shading and moisture stress also delayed the flowering of some selections.

New Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the BTC1 gene of Sugar Beet

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
A.A. Nalbandyan ◽  
T.P. Fedulova ◽  
I.V. Cherepukhina ◽  
T.I. Kryukova ◽  
N.R. Mikheeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Flowering Time Control ◽  
Exon 10

The flowering time control gene of various sugar beet plants has been studied. The BTC1 gene is a regulator for the suppressor (flowering time 1) and inducer (flowering time 2) genes of this physiological process. The F9/R9 primer pair was used for polymerase chain reaction; these primers are specific to the BTC1 gene region containing exon 9, as well as intron and exon 10. For the first time, nucleotide substitutions in exon 10 of BTC1 gene were identified in bolting sensitive samples (HF1 and BF1), which led to a change in the amino acid composition of the coded polypeptide chain. Based on the results of bioinformatic analysis, it can be assumed that certain nucleotide polymorphisms in the BTC1 gene may determine with a high probability the predisposition of sugar beet genotypes to early flowering. The use of the Geneious Prime tool for the analysis of the BTC1 gene sequences may allow the culling of genotypes prone to early flowering at early stages of selection. sugar beet, flowering gene, BTC1, genetic polymorphism, PCR, molecular genetic markers, selection

scholarly journals Quantitative Control of Early Flowering in White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3856
Author(s):  
Sandra Rychel-Bielska ◽  
Anna Surma ◽  
Wojciech Bielski ◽  
Bartosz Kozak ◽  
Renata Galek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Major Qtls ◽  
Lupinus Albus L

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is a pulse annual plant cultivated from the tropics to temperate regions for its high-protein grain as well as a cover crop or green manure. Wild populations are typically late flowering and have high vernalization requirements. Nevertheless, some early flowering and thermoneutral accessions were found in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining flowering time variance were identified in bi-parental population mapping, however, phenotypic and genotypic diversity in the world collection has not been addressed yet. In this study, a diverse set of white lupin accessions (n = 160) was phenotyped for time to flowering in a controlled environment and genotyped with PCR-based markers (n = 50) tagging major QTLs and selected homologs of photoperiod and vernalization pathway genes. This survey highlighted quantitative control of flowering time in white lupin, providing statistically significant associations for all major QTLs and numerous regulatory genes, including white lupin homologs of CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS T, FY, MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4, SKI-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1, and VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3. This revealed the complexity of flowering control in white lupin, dispersed among numerous loci localized on several chromosomes, provided economic justification for future genome-wide association studies or genomic selection rather than relying on simple marker-assisted selection.

A new dominant locus, E11, controls early flowering time and maturity in soybean

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Wang ◽  
Haiyang Nan ◽  
Liyu Chen ◽  
Chao Fang ◽  
Hanyun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Early Flowering

Effect of time of cessation of wet season grazing on Townsville stylo-annual grass pasture at Katherine, N.T

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJT Norman ◽  
LJ Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Townsville Stylo

A Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)-annual grass pasture at Katherine, N.T., was subjected to a series of treatments in 1969-70 and 1970-71 under which plots were grazed heavily from the beginning of the wet season for a period and then allowed to recover undefoliated for the remainder of the season. The dates at which heavy grazing ceased were spaced at 2-week intervals from November 24 to March 16. At the end of the wet season, total dry matter yield was linearly related to length of recovery period. Townsville stylo yield declined as recovery period was reduced from 18 to 8 weeks, but showed little response to a further reduction to 4 weeks. In contrast, annual grass yield showed little change as recovery period was reduced from 18 to 8 weeks, but fell with a further reduction to 4 weeks. As a result, the proportion of Townsville stylo in the pasture at the end of the season was high with long and short recovery periods but reached a minimum with an 8 - 10 week recovery period. Dry conditions prevailed in the first half of both seasons. The evidence suggests that young Townsville stylo is sensitive to heavy grazing when under water stress, and that early grazing for grass control should be imposed only during periods of active growth.

Herbicides for weed control in grain sorghum crops in the Northern Territory

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
IMW Wood
Keyword(s):  
Good Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Townsville Stylo ◽  
Grass Weed

In experiments conducted in the 1968-69 wet season at the Katherine Research Station, Northern Territory, a number of herbicides gave good control of the grass weed Pennisetum polystachyon in grain sorghum crops. Linuron at 3 lb a.i. an acre and PCP at 20 lb a.i. an acre as pre-emergence applications effectively controlled grasses with no apparent adverse affects on the crop. With both there were significantly higher grain yields than on unweeded control plots containing an average of 1378 lb dry weight of P. polystachyon an acre. Fluometuron at 3 lb a.i. an acre late pre-emergence and early post-emergence and chlorthal at 7 lb a.i. an acre pre-emergence controlled grasses but did not increase grain yields. Further investigations are warranted with these herbicides, as banded applications to the interrow may overcome the apparent problem of crop phytotoxicity. Chlorthal at rates that gave good grass control had no adverse effect on Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis). This could be an important advantage when sorghum is sown in rotation with Townsville stylo pasture or where the crop is undersown with Townsville stylo.

The initial and residual responses to phosphorus fertilizers of Townsville stylo in pure ungrazed swards at Katherine, N.T

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (58) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Fisher ◽  
NA Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Townsville Stylo ◽  
Residual Values ◽  
Second Year

The response of a pure sward of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) to various initial and annual dressings of both superphosphate and calcined Christmas Island C-grade phosphate (CCICP) was determined in a field experiment at Katherine, N.T. Townsville stylo responded to superphosphate up to at least 750 kg ha-1. Initial responses and residual effects in the second year and three-year totals were much greater with superphosphate than with CCICP. CCICP gave very variable yields in the second and third years. Nitrogen concentrations were not affected by applied phosphorus but phosphorus concentrations were increased, more by superphosphate than by CCICP. Residual values of superphosphate were derived from Mitscherlich curves fitted to phosphorus yield data, and from these it was determined that 250 kg ha-1 initial and 100 kg ha-1 annual dressing of superphosphate would give stable uptake of phosphorus at the same level as 250 kg ha-1 in the initial year.

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