Genetic differences in the copper nutrition of cereals. I. Differential responses of genotypes to copper

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
EKS Nambiar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Apparent Association

Seven wheat genotypes, one or barley and one of oats were compared for their sensitivity to sub optimal supplies of copper, and their ability to recover from copper deficiency when copper was applied at defined stages of growth Copper deficiency delayed maturity, reduced the straw yield and severely depressed the gram yield In all genotypes. Genotypes differed considerably in their expression of deficiency symptoms, and In then- responses to the rate and time of copper application. For all genotypes, the supply of copper needed for maximum grain yield was significantly higher than that for maximum shoot growth. Halberd wheat and Clipper barley were less sensitive to copper deficiency than wheat cultivars Gabo, Glaive, Pinnacle, Chotilerma, UP-301, Duramba, and oats cultivar Avon. Genotypes with relatively higher yield potential were less sensitive to copper deficiency than those with lower yield potential, and the ability of hexaploid wheal to recover from deficiency increased with the increase in the number of days to heading of the normal plants There was no apparent association between dwarfness and sensitivity to copper deficiency in wheat.

Contribution of Stem Dry Matter to Grain Yield in Wheat Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Pheloung ◽  
KHM Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Field experiments were conducted in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia in a dry year with and without irrigation (1987) and in a wet year (1988), comparing three cultivars of wheat differing in height and yield potential. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of remobilisable stem dry matter to grain dry matter under different water regimes in old and modern wheats. Stem non-structural carbohydrate was labelled with 14C 1 day after anthesis and the activity and weight of this pool and the grain was measured at 2, 18 and 58 days after anthesis. Gutha and Kulin, modern tall and semi-dwarf cultivars respectively, yielded higher than Gamenya, a tall older cultivar in all conditions, but the percentage reduction in yield under water stress was greater for the modern cultivars (41, 34 and 23%). In the grain of Gamenya, the increase in 14C activity after the initial labelling was highest under water stress. Generally, loss of 14C activity from the non-structural stem dry matter was less than the increase in grain activity under water stress but similar to or greater than grain activity increase under well watered conditions. Averaged over environments and cultivars, non-structural dry matter stored in the stem contributed at least 20% of the grain dry matter.

Varietal performance of transplant aman rice under different hill densities

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAT Sohel ◽  
MAB Siddique ◽  
M Asaduzzaman ◽  
MN Alam ◽  
MM Karim
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Biological Yield

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from July to December 2004 to evaluate the effect of hill spacing on the performance of BRRI dhan40 and BRRI dhan41 as Transplant aman crop. The experiment consisted of five hill spacings viz., 5cm. 10cm, 15 cm, and 25 cm where row to row spacing of 25 cm was kept constant for all treatments. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. The 25 cm x 5 cm hill spacing produced the tallest plant, highest total number of tillers/hill, bearing tillers/hill lowest number of non-hearing tillers/hill, grain yield and harvest index, while 25 cm x 5 cm hill spacing produced the highest number of sterile spikelets/panicle, straw yield and biological yield. BRRI dhan41 produced higher grain yield (4.7 t/ha) which was the contribution of higher number of grains/panicle and heavier grain weight. Lower yield (4.51 t/ha) was recorded in BRRI dhan40.Key Words: Varietal performance; T. aman rice; hill density.DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5750Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 33-39, March 2009

Field experiments on the effect of applying a nitrogenous fertilizer to wheat at different stages of growth

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Short Period

An account is given of the results of two series of field experiments carried out at Rothamsted and Woburn in the years 1926 to 1936 on the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on wheat. In the first series a comparison was made of the effects of early (March) and late (May) top-dressings, and in the second series a range of times of application from sowing to the end of May were tested.At Rothamsted, the increases of yield of grain produced by the nitrogenous fertilizer were small and rarely significant, but they were greater at Woburn. On the average of all experiments, the effect of the fertilizer on yield of grain was independent of the time of application. In individual years, variation in effectiveness between times of application was found, and this was correlated with the amount of rain falling in a short period after the time of application. At Woburn, the effectiveness of the fertilizer decreased with increase in the amount of rain falling immediately after the application of the fertilizer, but at Rothamsted the effects were less clear and appeared to be in the opposite direction.The effects on straw yield were relatively greater, and more consistent, than those on grain yield. A greater increase of straw yield was produced by early top-dressing (January–March) than by application at the time of sowing, and the increase declined steadily the later the time of topdressing. Shoot height was increased by the nitrogenous fertilizer, and varied with time of application in a similar manner to straw yield.

Effects of Zinc on Yields and Zinc Content of Rice Varieties on Calcareous Soil

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raman Rai ◽  
S. N. Singh ◽  
R. B. Sinha ◽  
V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Zn Concentration

SUMMARYApplication of zinc to six high-yielding rice varieties in calcareous soils produced significantly higher grain yield and interactions between varieties and Zn levels were significant. Yields of varieties IR 20, Jaya, Sita and Jayanti at 2.5 and 5.0 ppm Zn were similarly affected, but Archana produced significantly higher grain yield at 5 ppm Zn than at 2.5 ppm. Effects of Zn on straw yield were similar. Zn application invariably resulted in a higher Zn concentration in plants at all stages of growth and in grain in all varieties. Maximum Zn contents were observed at the tillering stage and minimum at harvest.

Estimates of relative yield potential and genetic improvement of wheat cultivars in the Mediterranean region

2009 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. SENER ◽  
M. ARSLAN ◽  
Y. SOYSAL ◽  
M. ERAYMAN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Mediterranean

SUMMARYInformation about changes associated with advances in crop productivity is essential for understanding yield-limiting factors and developing new strategies for future breeding programmes. National bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in Turkey have risen by an average of 20·8 kg/ha/year from 1925 to 2006. Annual gain in yield attributable to agronomic and genetic improvement averaged c. 11·6 kg/ha/year prior to 1975, but is now averaging c. 15·1 kg/ha/year. In the Mediterranean region, however, the wheat yield trend line (10·9 kg/ha/year) is c. 0·38 lower than that of Turkey. In order to understand whether such a trend was due to the cultivars released over the years, 16 bread wheat cultivars, commonly grown in the region and representing 23 years of breeding, introduction and selection (from 1976 to 1999), were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates across 2 years. Data were collected on maturation time, plant height, spike length, spikelet number/spike, grain number/spike, grain weight/spike, 1000 seed weight, harvest index and grain yield. None of the measured plant traits showed any historical cultivar patterns; therefore, the increase in grain yield could not be attributed to a single yield component. Several physiological traits changed during two decades of cultivar releases in the Mediterranean region that led to a genetic gain in grain yield of about 0·5% per year. Years of data and the present field study in the Mediterranean region suggested that the genetic improvement in wheat seemed inadequate and should be reinforced with modern agricultural management practices as well as technological innovations.

EFFECT OF SEEDING RATE ON GRAIN YIELD, STRAW YIELD AND HARVEST INDEX OF EIGHT SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Rate Interaction

Eight cultivars of spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were evaluated at seeding rates of 110, 270 and 430 seeds/m2 in a total of nine experiments spanning three locations, two dates of seeding and 2 yr. Grain yield exhibited a significant cultivar × experiment × linear response to seeding rate interaction. Grain yield of Pitic 62 showed a significant decrease with increased seeding rate in one experiment while giving the greatest increase in another. Over all experiments, the highest seeding rate gave the highest grain yield. For straw yield, Chester showed the greatest response to seed rate, Canuck the least. With the exception of Canuck, which showed a significant increase in harvest index with increased seeding rate, harvest index tended to be greater at the intermediate seeding rate.

Source - sink balance and manipulating sink - source relations of wheat indicate that the yield potential of wheat is sink-limited in high-rainfall zones

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Michael L. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Sink Size ◽  
Source Sink

Grain yield depends on the number of grains per unit area (sink) and the availability of assimilates (source) to fill these grains. The aim of the current work was to determine whether wheat yield in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia is limited in current cultivars by the size of the sink or by the assimilates available for grain filling. Three wheat cultivars (Calingiri, Chara and Wyalkatchem) and two breeding lines (HRZ216 and HRZ203) were grown in four replicates in the field from 2005 to 2007. Dry matter and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) at anthesis and maturity were measured and used to determine the source and sink balance of the crop. In 2007, three further treatments were applied to manipulate the sink–source relationships: (i) spikelets were removed on main stems to increase the source : sink ratio; (ii) incoming solar radiation was reduced by 40% by shading after anthesis to reduce the availability of assimilates to grains; and (iii) supplemental irrigation was used to maintain the capacity for photosynthesis by an improved water supply during grain filling. The source–sink balance of the crops showed that the potential source was 25% greater than the actual grain yield in average and above-average seasons (2005 and 2007), suggesting that sink size, represented by the number of grain per unit area, was a limiting factor to yield potential. However, the source may have become a limiting factor in a drought season (2006). The grain yield increased with increased number of grains/m2 and kernel weight remained relatively stable even when grain number increased from 7000 to 16 000 per m2. The removal of half of the spikelets on the main stem did not increase kernel mass of the remaining grains and an additional 33 mm of irrigation water did not increase grain yield, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased WSC left in stems and leaf sheaths at maturity. Shading after anthesis did not significantly reduce grain yield of the current cultivars Calingiri and Wyalkatchem, but it reduced grain yield by 23–25% (P < 0.05) in Chara and HRZ203. The source–sink balance over three seasons and three independent experiments in 2007 suggested that the yield of the current wheat cultivars is more sink- than source-limited and that breeding wheat with a larger sink size than in the current cultivars may lift the yield potential of wheat in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia.

Grain weight in wheat cultivars released from 1920 to 1990 as affected by post-anthesis defoliation

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. KRUK ◽  
D. F. CALDERINI ◽  
G. A. SLAFER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Source Sink

Although it has been generally recognized that the difference in yield potential amongst wheat cultivars released in different eras is related to differences in their reproductive sink strength, there have been few investigations about changes in source–sink ratios as a consequence of wheat breeding. In the present study, two field experiments, in which plots were fertilized and irrigated and lodging and diseases were prevented, were carried out with seven cultivars (including a commercial hybrid) representing different periods of plant breeding in Argentina from 1920 to 1990. The cultivars were defoliated during post-anthesis to analyse the response of grain weight at particular positions within the spike (which have intrinsic differences in potential size).Individual grain weight was virtually unaffected by defoliation in the old cultivars, but modern cultivars exhibited a significant reduction in individual grain weight for several positions within the spike, although this reduction was small (c. 15%) and many grains were unaffected. In addition, no relationship was found between individual grain weight in the controls and its reduction due to defoliation.We concluded that if the source–sink ratio is further reduced, the grain yield of modern wheats will be simultaneously limited by the source and the sink. Future breeding should therefore attempt to improve simultaneously both sink and source strengths.

scholarly journals Evaluation of some bread wheat genotypes popular in Saudi Arabia under drought stress

2019 ◽  
pp. 1892-1900
Author(s):  
Soleman M. Al Otayk ◽  
Abdulrahman A. AL Soqeer ◽  
Abd Elsalam M. Menshawy ◽  
Mohamed I. Motawei
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Days To Heading

Six bread wheat genotypes were evaluated in three separate irrigation regime experiments to compare the response of agronomic performance and to identify genotypes with high yield potential under drought stress. The first irrigation treatment (I3) was given normal water irrigation (about 7000 m3 ha-1, according to recommendation for Qassim Region). The second (I2) and third (I1) treatments were given 2/3 and 1/3 of water amount of the first treatment, respectively. Factorial experiments in randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted during 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons in the arid environment of central region of Saudi Arabia. Measurements were taken on days to heading, plant height, number of spikes m-2, number of kernels spike-1, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield. The drought susceptibility index (DSI) and water utilization efficiency (WUE) were calculated. The results revealed that effect of irrigation regime was highly significant for all traits, except days to heading. All studied characters were significantly decreased by reducing the amount of irrigation water. Grain yield showed maximum sensitivity as affected by moisture-stress. Means over environments indicated the existence of sufficient genetic variability among the genotypes for all the characters studied. Giza 171 recorded the highest values for most yield characters, while genotype 'Sama' was the lowest for the most yield characters. Giza 171, Sakha 93 and IC-1 recorded highest grain yield and WUE, based on average over irrigation treatments. Giza 171, Sakha 93 and IC-2 can be considered as drought stress tolerant genotypes.

scholarly journals Seedling emergence and yield performance of wheat cultivars depending on seed vigor and sowing density

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Abati ◽  
Cristian Rafael Brzezinski ◽  
José Salvador Simoneti Foloni ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli ◽  
Manoel Carlos Bassoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Abstract: The use of high quality seeds, the appropriate management practices and the selection of promising genotypes are strategies to exploit the wheat yield potential. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the vigor level of wheat seeds submitted to different sowing densities on seedling emergence, tillering and yield performance culture. The experiments were conducted in Londrina and Ponta Grossa, Paraná state, Brazil, with a completely randomized block design, in a 2x2x2 factorial scheme, with four replications. Two levels of seed vigor (high and low), two sowing densities (200 and 400 viable seeds per m2) and two wheat cultivars (BRS Sabiá and CD 150) were evaluated. The conducted tests were: seedling emergence, number of tillers, yield components, grain yield and apparent harvest index. The use of high vigor seeds helps the establishment of the plant stand and yield performance in both locations. The 400 seeds per m2 seedling density results in a lower number of tillers per plant in both locations. BRS Sabiá, in Ponta Grossa, has the highest grain yield.

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