Whole wheat grain feeding of lambs. V.* Effects of roughage and wheat grain mixtures

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Bigham ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ventral Wall

Two slaughter trials were conducted with lambs to evaluate the effects on production and some rumen characteristics of the addition of low quality roughage (wheaten straw) and a high quality roughage (pelletized ground lucerne) to wheat grain diets. In the first trial one group of lambs was given a 1/1 mixture of whole wheat grain and chaffed wheaten straw and another chaffed lucerne hay ad libitum. Lucerne-fed lambs had significantly (P < 0.001) higher dry and organic matter intakes, grew faster and had higher levels of volatile fatty acids in their rumens than lambs offered the mixed ration, although there were no differences between rations in dry and organic matter digestibilities. The apparent nitrogen digestibility of the mixed ration was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of the lucerne ration. Of lambs offered the mixed ration, 46% had extensive lesions on the ventral wall of the rumen at slaughter, and these were associated with marked inappetence and loss in liveweight. In the second trial comparisons were made of diets consisting of lucerne (either alone or mixed with cracked wheat) and whole wheat grain + limestone. The effect of treating the lucerne with formaldehyde was also studied. There were no significant differences in carcass gain with the lucerne diets; parakeratosis developed in some animals on lucerne-wheat diets but did not affect productive performance. The animals offered whole wheat lost weight, two died of wheat poisoning, and several animals developed lesions on the rumen wall. _________________ *Part IV, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 729 (1975).

Whole wheat grain feeding of lambs. III. Rumen metabolic responses and animal physiological adjustment to mineral buffer supplements

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Bigham ◽  
WR McManus ◽  
GB Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Group B

An intensive 17-week study was made of nine rumen-cannulated crossbred lambs off pasture when given mineral buffer supplements as they were changed from lucerne chaff diets to diets of whole wheat grain plus 2 % of ground limestone. Diets were given ad libitum. Buffers were supplied during transition (period 11) and after transition (period III). The buffers were a 1/1/1/1 mixture of powdered disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and calciuns hydrogen phosphate given as 2% of the grain offered (group B) and powdered alumirn~~m hydroxide (Al(OH)3) given as 1 % by weight of the grain ofiered (group C). The wheat gram diet was low in sodium (0 008%) and contained 1.50% nitrogen. Production responses to both mineral buffer treatments resulted. Soth buffer treatments increased the voluntary intake (P < 0.01) of wheat above that of the control animals. The rate of eating (g/hr) and pattern of eating did not differ significantly between groups, or between periods I (lucerne chaff) and 111 (post-transition). Groups B and C increased in liveweight to a greater extent than did control animals (P < 0 01) and had heavier carcasses (P <0.01). Results with the mineral mixture given to group B (above) confirm our earlier report. Ingestion of aluminium hydroxide was associated with abomasal ulceration. No significant differences were found between groups in any period for total volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor. Towards the end of period 111, animals given buffer had lower proportions of acetic and higher proportions of propionic acid than did control animals (P < 0.01). Hexanoic acid was detected in all rumen liquor samples obtained in period 111, sometimes in amounts equal to 17 % of total volatile fatty acids. Lactic acid was not detected in rumen liquor in period I, but was present in large amounts in all lambs during period 11, and in lesser but substantial amounts in all lambs during period III. Levels of lactic acid in the rumen liquor in animals receiving mineral buffer supplements fell at a faster rate during period I11 ?hall did levels in control animals. There was a significant decline in rumen pH values for all groups from period I to period III (P < 0.01). Significant rumen pH differences attributable to mineral buffer treatment were apparent (P < 0 05). Buffers were associated with a less acid rumen condition than found in control animals. Relative to control animals, animals given mineral buffers showed increases in rumen buffering capacity and salivary flow rates, and an increased buffering index of the total mixed saliva. Period effects were apparent. The saliva flow rates of control lambs fed on wheat were significantly increased compared with their flow rates on the roughage diet of lucerne chaff. In general, supplementation with aluminium hydroxide and with the mixed buffer respectively yielded similar patterns of response. It is concluded that responses were not primarily due to the sodium level of the diet per se, and that alterations in the animals' electrolyte and acid-base physiology induced by buffer treatment might be contributory factors. Various possible physiological mechanisms are discussed.

Changes in composition and pH of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of sheep in relation to scouring induced by wheat engorgement

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Changes in the composition of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of scouring sheep fed on wheat grain ad libitum were studied relative to sheep fed on lucerne hay ad libitum. Wheat engorgement significantly (P < 0.005) depressed the pH of the digesta in the reticulorumen and the digestive tract distal to the jejunum. A mean total volatile fatty acids concentration of 10.3mM in the caecum of scouring sheep was significantly lower than the mean of 51.6mM in sheep fed on lucerne hay. Net absorption of water was negligible in the colon of scouring sheep as digesta were only 13.7–14.7% dry matter, whereas in sheep fed on lucerne, the dry matter of digesta increased from 14.7% in the caecum to 27.9% at the rectum.

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF GLUCOGENIC MATERIALS TO THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Glutamate, succinate, propylene glycol, or glycerol were added to a basic concentrate at 3.3% of air-dry feed. Each concentrate was fed both ad libitum and in restricted amounts to four cows in early lactation. Dietary intake, milk yield and composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids and blood glucose, ketones and plasma free fatty acids were used as criteria of effect of these supplements. Propylene glycol in the diet resulted in a lower intake of concentrate compared with glycerol (11.44 versus 14.30 kg/day) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) rumen butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glutamate supplementation prevented the fall in milk fat content which occurred when the other three supplemented concentrates were fed ad libitum, and this effect may have been related to the constancy in the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid.

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.

Volatile fatty acids and sulfide in pressure mains

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hvitved-Jacobsen ◽  
K. Raunkjær ◽  
P. H. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
Sulfide Production ◽  
Transformation Of Organic Matter ◽  
High Sulfide

The main objective was to study the anaerobic transformation of organic matter and sulfide production during wastewater transportation. Emphasis was on the transformation of easily biodegradable organic matter in terms of volatile fatty acids (VFA). Samples from two intercepting pressure mains located in the Northern part of Jutland, Denmark, were taken. The concentration of VFA in the wastewater varied considerably during day and night, being typically between 5 and 50 g/m3. A net production as well as a net removal of VFA was seen during transportation in the pressure mains probably depending on the quality and quantity of the organic matter. Typically 85% of the VFA was acetate and 10% propionate; the remainder was formate, n-butyrate and iso-butyrate. Observed sulfide production rates from the sewer biofilms were typically 0.05 and 0.005 g S/m2 h at 12 and 4 °C, respectively. A high sulfide production rate corresponded with a high VFA concentration. TOC removal was observed in the pressure mains.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. VIII.* The roughage requirement of the ruminant lamb fed on concentrate diets based on wheat

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat

The voluntary feed consumption (VFC) and body weight gain of lambs initially 12 weeks old and weighing 22 kg were measured when diets based on whole wheat grain and varying in straw content were offered. The basal diet comprised, on an organic matter (OM) basis, about 82 parts whole wheat grain and 18 parts protein concentrate; ground wheaten straw was added to provide diets with 2%, 7% or 13% straw. Daily VFC, expressed in relation to body weight in kg0.75 (BW0.75), increased from 85.6 with 2% straw through 90.4 with 7% straw to 94.2 with 13% straw. The corresponding OM digesti bilities were calculated to range from 84.8 to 77.6%. However, the intake of digestible OM and the rate of body weight gain were not affected by the straw content of the diet, the respective mean values for all lambs being 73g/day BW0.75 and 293 g/day. Lambs initially 25 weeks old and weighing 38 kg were offered a diet (2% straw) based on wheat in which the wheat was presented either as whole grains or in ground and pelleted form. With the whole grain diet the daily rates of OM intake, digestible OM intake and body weight gain were 75.6 g/ BW0.75, 64.7 and 254 g respectively; the corresponding values with the ground grain diet were about 20% lower. Studies involving the slaughter of animals showed that a large proportion of the wheat grain consumed reached the rumen in the form of whole grains and these contributed significantly to the dry matter of the ruminal digesta. The rate of ruminal digestion of whole wheat grains was slow (37% in 96 hr) when the sheep were given a diet based on wheat. By contrast, when a roughage diet was consumed the rate was high (81% in 96 hr). Fractured grain was rapidly digested in the rumen (67% in 20 hr). The mean residence time of water-soluble marker in the rumen and the rate of digesta flow from the rumen were greater in fistulated sheep given a whole grain diet than with a ground grain diet. The diets also differed with respect to the concentration of potassium in rumen liquor, the rumen potassium pool size and the rate of flow of sodium and volatile fatty acids to the omasum. It was concluded that the roughage requirement of the ruminant lamb fed on concentrate diets based on whole wheat did not exceed the equivalent of 2 g ground straw per 100 g diet. The possibility of a higher roughage requirement with ground wheat diets is suggested. ___________________ *Part VII, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 387 (1973).

Digestion by ruminant lambs of a diet containing formaldehyde-treated casein

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Level

Digestion of a diet containing 10% casein, either untreated or treated with formaldehyde, was studied in crossbred wether lambs. The treatment prevented breakdown of the casein in rumen liquor in vitro. There was a highly significant decrease in organic matter digestion in the rumen when the treated casein diet was given to the lambs. This was accounted for by increases in the amounts of protein and starch passing to the intestines. There was a 60 % increase in the amount of non-ammonia nitrogen and a 55 % increase in the amount of starch digested in the intestines. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen were significantly lower. There were increases in the plasma levels of insulin and �-amino nitrogen and a decrease in the plasma urea level in response to the treatment.

Volatile fatty acids production from sewage organic matter by combined bioflocculation and anaerobic fermentation

2015 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungnapha Khiewwijit ◽  
Karel J. Keesman ◽  
Huub Rijnaarts ◽  
Hardy Temmink
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation

Effect of processing barley and wheat grain on the digestion of silage-based diets by breeding ewes

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. B. Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

AbstractFifty-six individually penned pregnant ewes were offered silage ad libitum with wheat or barley in a replicated experiment. Each of these cereals was either unprocessed or processed by rolling or milling and was offered at 300 g/day from 6 weeks before lambing and at 600 g/day from 3 weeks before lambing. Five and 2 weeks before lambing, total faeces were collected over 6-day periods. On average proportionately 0·18 of the unprocessed wheat and 0·20 of the unprocessed barley consumed was recovered as intact grain in the faeces. Mean digestibility of the organic matter in the complete diet increased from 726 g/kg on whole to 748 g/kg on rolled and 759 g/kg on milled cereal (P < 0·01) at the 300 g/day level and from 721 g/kg on whole to 766 g/kg on rolled and 772 g/kg on milled cereals (P < 0·001) at the 600 g/day level. When the effect of egested whole grain was removed there was no evidence of an effect of cereal processing on organic matter digestibility and although digestibility of fibre was higher with whole than with processed grain the effect was not significant. Wheat-based diets were more digestible than barley-based diets and, compared with barley, wheat appeared to have a beneficial effect on fibre digestion.

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