Field environment studies on lupins. I. Developmental patterns in Lupinus angustifolius L., the effects of cultivar, site and planting time

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Perry ◽  
ML Poole
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Western Australian

The development of early (Unicrop) and late (Uniharvest) flowering cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius was studied with eight planting times at two climatically contrasting sites representing the main lupin-producing areas in Western Australia. Differences in time from planting to floral initiation and from initiation to first flower, in duration of flowering, and in time of maturity were measured. The major differences in phasic development between the cultivars for the different planting times and sites were for the period from planting to initiation. This is explained in terms of the known vernalization requirement of Uniharvest. As a consequence, initiation of the two cultivars was closest with midwinter planting in the cool environment and farthest apart with eariy planting at the warmer site. For comparable planting times the differences between cultivars for the period from initiation to first flower were small. Duration of flowering and final maturity were mainly influenced by the definite end to the growing season brought on by moisture stress and high temperatures. Differences in photoperiod exerted little influence on development. Growth of the plant was indeterminate, but the presence of terminal inflorescences on the main axis and branches produced a series of easily identified orders of lateral branches. Inflorescences flowered in sequence, extending the duration of flowering as successively higher orders of laterals were formed. Late planting reduced the length of all growth phases but drastically reduced the duration of flowering. The results are discussed in relation to the Western Australian environment, and it is argued that, in such environments, indeterminate growth has potential adaptive advantage over the determinate growth pattern of the cereals.

Phenological development studies with Lupinus angustifolius and L. albus in Victoria

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (87) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
TG Reeves ◽  
KA Boundy ◽  
HD Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Global Radiation ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Large Area ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Field Plots

The effect of serial planting on the phenological development of Lupinus angustifolius (cvv. Uniwhite, Uniharvest and Unicrop) and L. albus (cv. Ultra) was investigated in field plots at north-eastern Victoria. In 1973, Uniwhite was sown at 16 weekly intervals from May to September at one site: in 1974 Uniharvest, Unicrop and Ultra were planted at four locations, from early April to late September. Duration of the developmental phases-emergence to floral initiation, initiation to first flower, and first flower to last flower-was related to field measurements of temperature, photoperiod, and global radiation. Development of all cultivars from emergence to flowering was highly correlated with temperature and photoperiod (coefficients of determination from 49.5 per cent to 98.5 per cent). Our results suggested that photoperiod contributed to the duration of the flowering period. Unicrop and Ultra were quicker to initiate and flower than Uniharvest and Uniwhite, particularly from early plantings. Later planting reduced the duration of the post-initiation phases, particularly duration of flowering. The range of developmental adaptability exhibited by the four cultivars indicates that lupins could be grown over a large area of Victoria.

scholarly journals Flower Initiation and Tassel Emergence in Sugarcane

1969 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Teh-ling Chu ◽  
J. L. Serapión
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
One Year ◽  
Time Required

Stem apices of 78 sugarcane varieties were examined microscopically to determine the precise date of flower initiation during the 1967 and 1969 flowering periods at Gurabo Substation, P.R. A stage method for measuring floral initiation was developed and adopted. It was found that flower initiation or the formation of flower primordial is not simultaneous among all varieties of sugarcane. Initiation time was found to vary from September 1 to September 30. The model day-length for floral initiation in Puerto Rico (latitude 18° N.) appears to be 12 hours, 7 to 17 minutes. Both time of initiation and speed of inflorescence growth and development was found to be related to the time of flowering. The time required for the development and elongation of inflorescences was from 7 to 10 weeks in 90 percent of the varieties. The time of initiation in respective varieties is fairly constant from one year to the next. This indicates that flower initiation in sugarcane is determined primarily by photoperiod. However, as indicated in these studies, both low temperature and moisture stress were regarded as important factors in delaying the time of flower initiation. Moisture stress during 1967 appeared to be the predominant factor causing significant delay in the time of tassel emergence among the majority of varieties studied.

Genotypic and environmental effects on pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight in Lupinus angustifolius

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mera ◽  
C. Harcha ◽  
H. Miranda ◽  
J. L. Rouanet
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Pod Wall ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Genotypic Effects

Fourteen winter-sown genotypes of Lupinus angustifolius L., comprising most of the Western Australian cultivars released since 1986, were studied over 2 years at 4 southern Chile locations. Pod wall proportion, pod wall specific weight, seed number per pod, mean seed weight, seed weight per pod, wall weight per pod, and mean pod weight were measured, separately sampling pods from the mainstem and pods from branches. The 2 pod positions differed significantly for all characteristics except wall weight per pod. Lower coefficients of variation and greater heritabilities for both pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight were achieved with a sample of pods from branches than with a sample from the mainstem.The ranges for pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight were small (31.8–35.8% and 27.0–34.7 mg/cm2, respectively); however, highly significant genotypic effects were found for both characters. Heritability estimates were moderate for pod wall proportion (0.27 and 0.44 for pods from mainstem and branches, respectively) and moderate to high for pod wall specific weight (0.56 and 0.61, respectively).Pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight were significantly correlated, more so at the genetic level (rg�=�0.83 and rg = 0.76 for pods from mainstem and branches, respectively) than at the phenotypic level (rph = 0.57 and rph = 0.60, respectively). Pod wall specific weight was closely associated with wall weight per pod, meaning that larger pods call for thicker pod walls. Accordingly, selection for low pod wall specific weight in a breeding program could lead to light pods. Correlations with mean seed weight indicate that this trait could decrease as well.

Field environment studies on lupins. 2. The effects of time of planting on dry matter partition and yield components of Lupinus angustifolius L

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Perry
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Lateral Branches

Dry matter partition, seed yield, and yield components were examined in two lupin cultivars at eight planting times. Dry matter production and seed yield both declined with later planting primarily as a result of the foreshortened growing season which reduced the production of lateral branches and consequently the number of inflorescences per plant. For a given inflorescence, planting date appeared to have no systematic effect on pod number, although pod numbers on the main stem inflorescence varied with planting date. Mean seed weight declined slightly with later planting. Unicrop, the earlier-flowering cultivar, gave higher seed yields owing to greater development of higher order lateral branches and heavier individual seeds. Flowering began when only 17-25 % of maximum dry matter had accumulated, and subsequent dry matter partition between main stem and successive orders of lateral branches emphasized the characteristic structural development of the lupin. Seed filling occurred in the last 4-6 weeks of growth when vegetative development had nearly ceased, and was almost concurrent in both cultivars, all planting times and all lateral orders irrespective of the time of pod set.

Influence of time and level of urea application on seed production of Paspalum plicatulum at Mt. Cotton, south-eastern Queensland

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Chadhokar ◽  
LR Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Cotton South ◽  
Tiller Density

Five levels of urea were applied as single or split dressings in early summer, at floral initiation (about Febraury 14), or at inflorescence exsertion to Paspalum plicatulum cv. Rodds Bay grown in rows on a red-yellow podzolic soil. All components of seed yield-tiller density, tiller fertility, raceme number and seed number, and seed size-were influenced by external nitrogen supply. The effects of adequate nitrogen supply during one development phase usually persisted subsequently when differences in plant nitrogen concentration had disappeared. Nitrogen applications during the vegetative and floral initiation stages were most influential. The efficiency of response varied from 5.6 kg additional crude seed produced per kg N at the 50 kg N ha-1 level to 1.2 at the 400 kg N ha -1 level. High levels of urea (200 or 400 kg N ha-1) induced lodging and poor recovery of seed at harvest during a wet year, accentuated moisture stress during a dry year, but improved seed viability.

scholarly journals Review on the Root, Stem and Leaf Initiations in Plants

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Omodot Timothy Umoh ◽  
Victoria Enoh Uyoh ◽  
Edidiong Blaise Effiong
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Advanced Development

The root and shoot apical meristem serve as sources of pluripotent cells and provide new cells for repetitive organ initiation, they are the major meristematic regions on which plant development take place. New meristems are incessantly formed as plants produce new branches or lateral roots thus making the understanding of meristem function central to how plants can establish different growth types, ranging from tiny herbs to huge trees. The sizes and numbers of meristems that are initiated during advanced development control the size and number of fruits and the generation of seeds. The development of a lateral root from a limited number of cells requires compactly coordinated asymmetric cell divisions to generate cell diversity and tissue patterns which characteristically involves the specification of founder cells, followed by a number of cellular changes until the cells divide and give rise to unequally sized daughter cells. Leaf development exemplifies the dynamic nature and flexibility of plant development in response to internal and external cues which is evidenced in the fact that two plants, even if genetically identical, do not look the same, two leaves on the same plant are different, and the final shape of a leaf is not predetermined when it starts to form. Leaves evolved from lateral branches following the acquisition of determinate growth and a flat structure, thus the specification of organ initiation involves a complex network of genetic, hormonal and mechanical factors which has been discussed in this review.

Growth and yield in Lupinus angustifolius are depressed by early transient nitrogen deficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifu Ma ◽  
Nancy Longnecker ◽  
Neil Emery ◽  
Craig Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Deficiency

Yield and harvest index of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) are variable, and factors affecting their reliability have not been clearly identified. In this study, plants were grown in sand culture and were non-nodulated and supplied with mineral nitrogen (N) or acquired N through symbiotic N2 fixation. Transient N deficiency was imposed a number of times during development in nodulated plants by flushing pure O2 to the roots to suppress N2 fixation and in non-nodulated plants by changing the rate of N addition. Low N supply (0·4 mM) before floral initiation or for 2 weeks during floral initiation caused a reduction in seed yield. Transient N deficiency induced by O2 flush during early growth (Weeks 6 and 7 after sowing) had a marked effect on vegetative growth, the number of main stem flowers, pod set, and seed yield. The early N deficiency also affected shoot and root N concentrations and total cytokinin concentrations in root exudate. Compared with N2-fixing plants, those supplied with adequate mineral N had a greater flower number and greater branch growth and biomass, but not higher pod set and seed yield, resulting in lower harvest index. Seed N concentrations were also decreased by transient N deficiencies at early (floral initiation), mid (flowering), and late (grain filling) stages. These findings indicate that any field conditions which transiently reduce N2 fixation (e.g. temporary waterlogging or drought) are likely to result in lower grain yield and quality of lupin crops.

Selection for economic characters in Lupinus angustifolius and L. digitatus. 2. Time of flowering

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (37) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Gladstones ◽  
GD Hill
Keyword(s):  
Dark Period ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Vernalization Requirement ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Dominant Genes

Early-flowering plants were selected from a field population of Lupinus angustifolius and from field and X-ray-treated populations of L. digitatus. One naturally-occurring dominant gene for earliness was isolated in each species, together with an artificially-induced recessive, unlinked to the dominant, in L. digitatus. To evaluate the different genotypes for breeding purposes, and to analyse the factors of the Western Australian environment controlling their flowering time, sowings of all genotypes were made with and without artificial vernalization, over a range of sowing dates, and in a range of environments differing mainly in temperature. Effects on flower initiation were estimated from times of flowering and first flowering node numbers. Flowering of L. angustifolius was found to be controlled mainly by its vernalization requirement. In L. digitatus, vernalization, a dark period inhibition, and an acceleration of flower initiation by high temperatures all appeared to be important. The dominant genes of both species removed all effective vernalization requirement, while the recessive in L. digitatus may have removed or relaxed a dark period inhibition. It was concluded that all three earliness genes would be useful in extending the cultivation ranges of the two species.

The Field Pea Crop in South Western Australia - Patterns of Water Use and Root Growth in Genotypes of Contrasting Morphology and Growth Habit

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
EL Armstrong ◽  
JS Pate ◽  
D Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Peak Biomass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

Root development and seasonal water use of six field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were studied in a water-limited field environment (Wongan Hills) and in freely watered glasshouse-cultured plants (Perth, WA). From 80-97% of root biomass of the genotypes at peak vegetative growth in the field was located within 20 cm of the soil surface. Roots of one genotype (Wirrega) extended deeper and extracted soil moisture reserves to 2 m, i.e. some 40 cm below that of the other genotypes. Peak evapotranspiration rates (2.7-3.0 mm d-1) were attained in the field at or just beyond flowering after which water consumption decreased sharply parallel with increasing moisture stress and declining green area. By contrast, glasshouse-grown plants increased steadily in cumulative transpiration well into fruiting. Judging from cumulative evaporation and dry matter at peak biomass, field crops of the fully leaved genotypes (Dundale, Wirrega and Progreta) showed significantly better water-use efficiency than the three semi-leafless genotypes (Dinkum, L82 and L80). Effectiveness of water usage was also assessed from regressions of dry matter production against cumulative evapotranspiration (field material), gravimetric measures of transpiration loss versus dry matter gain (glasshouse plants) and 13C isotopic discrimination of shoots of glasshouse-grown plants. All three comparisons showed the tall conventional types (Dundale and Wirrega) to be superior to the four semi-dwarfs. Data are discussed in relation to previous studies of the water-use economy of field pea and other grain crops.

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