The relationship between apparent retention time in the rumen, voluntary intake, and apparent digestibility of legume and grass diets in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 889 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton ◽  
DJ Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Relationship

Eight grasses and six legumes were fed ad libitum at hourly intervals to wethers fitted with large rumen fistulas to determine voluntary intake, apparent digestibility, and the apparent retention time of organic matter in the rumen, as well as the quantity of rumen digesta and the organic matter content of the rumen digesta. The voluntary intake of legumes was 28% higher than that of equally digestible grasses. This difference was caused by a shorter retention time (17%) and a higher amount of organic matter (14%) in the rumen digesta from legume diets than from grass diets. The weight of wet digesta in the rumen of sheep fed on legumes was 7% lower than from those fed on grass. Neither the quantity of digesta nor the quantity of organic matter in the rumen was related to the voluntary intake, digestibility, or retention time of organic matter in the rumen. Number of jaw movements each day and rate of cotton thread digestion were not related to the retention time of the diets either. Daily intake of digestible organic matter (DOMI, g/day) was closely correlated with retention time (RTOM, hr) for the feeds in this study (r = –0.93) and the same relation applied to both temperate and tropical feeds, viz. DOMI = 1276–50.7 RTOM (r=0.96) Differences in voluntary intake between grasses and legumes were attributed to differences in retention time and the density to which the food was packed in the rumen.

The relationship between digestibility or energy losses as methane and metabolisable energy content of whole crop wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 41-41
Author(s):  
A.T. Adesogan ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
D.I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Estimates of the metabolisable energy (ME) content of whole crop wheat (WCW) derived using measured energy losses as methane (ELMm) are lacking due to the cost of measuring ELMm. Published ME values of WCW are largely calculated using predicted energy losses as methane (ELMp, Blaxter and Clapperton, 1965) or digestible organic matter content (DOMD) in vivo. However, there appears to be no published information about the accuracy with which DOMD in vivo or ELMp predicts the ME content of WCW. Therefore, this study assessed the validity of such ME predictions by comparing them with ME contents calculated using ELMm.

The effect of maturity and leafiness on the intake and digestibility of alfalfas and grasses fed to sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Troelsen ◽  
J. B. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time Of Harvest

SUMMARYThe effect of maturity on the nutritional quality of hay from two alfalfa varieties and four grass species was studied. Each hay was harvested at six different stages of growth, chopped in 4–6 cm lengths, and fed to sheep in quantities of 10% in excess of voluntary intake. The relationship between intake (Y) and digestibility (X) of dry matter was best expressed by regressions of the form: Y = a + b1X + b2X2. The rate of intake declined 1·5 g daily per kg0·75 of body weight per unit decrease in digestibility percentage, and was the same for both alfalfa and grass hays. However, the intake of alfalfa hay was about 10% higher than that of the grass hays of similar digestibility. No differences in the relationship between intake and digestibility (P < 0·05) were observed between the two alfalfa varieties or between the four grass species. When the nutritional quality was expressed as voluntary intake of digestible organic matter daily per kg0·75 of body weight, and time of harvest as day-number of the year, the difference in quality between the six kinds of hay was very small or absent at the beginning of the season (immature to prebloom) and increased toward maturity (dough stage to seed ripe). The decline in quality of alfalfa hay was slower than that of grass hay, and ceased at the mature to overripe stage. On the average, voluntary intake of digestible organic matter declined 0·29 g daily for each day delay in harvest time; this decline varied from 1·2% of the daily intake of digestible organic matter in the beginning of the season to 0·6% at the mature stage. Time of harvest ‘accounted for’ 77–89% of the variation in the quality of the hays. The confounded effect of maturity and leanness on the nutritional quality of the hays was expressed best by concave, second degree polynomial regressions. On the average a unit decline in percent leaves corresponded to a decline of 0·58 g and 0·73 g respectively in the daily intake of digestible organic matter from alfalfa and grass hay. This varied from over 1 g early in the season to less than one tenth of a gram late in the season. The confounded effect of leafiness and growth stage ‘accounted for’ over 75% of the variability in nutritional quality. The relationship between intake and digestibility of the alfalfa and grass hays was used to illustrate how voluntary intake of metabolizable energy (percent of requirement for maintenance) from hay of pure or mixed species may be predicted from in vitro digestibility.

The relationship between digestibility or energy losses as methane and metabolisable energy content of whole crop wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 41-41
Author(s):  
A.T. Adesogan ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
D.I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Estimates of the metabolisable energy (ME) content of whole crop wheat (WCW) derived using measured energy losses as methane (ELMm) are lacking due to the cost of measuring ELMm. Published ME values of WCW are largely calculated using predicted energy losses as methane (ELMp, Blaxter and Clapperton, 1965) or digestible organic matter content (DOMD) in vivo. However, there appears to be no published information about the accuracy with which DOMD in vivo or ELMp predicts the ME content of WCW. Therefore, this study assessed the validity of such ME predictions by comparing them with ME contents calculated using ELMm.

Liveweights and ration digestibilities for steers fed oat or wheat rations at near maintenance level

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Hamilton ◽  
JJL Maden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Better Than

Steers of 252 kg initial mean liveweight were fed 0.44 kg of hay dry matter (DM)/head day-1 plus five rates of whole oats, crushed wheat or whole wheat, with the crushed wheat rations providing 0.7 to 1.3 times the estimated energy for maintenance. All-grain rations at these energy levels had been attempted, but resulted in digestive upset, and were abandoned. The results obtained, listed in the order of the above grains, were : 1 ) grain in ration to maintain liveweight: 1.31, 1.41 and 1.85 kg DMIhead day-1 ; 2) additional grain for each 10 kg improvement in liveweight over I2 weeks: 434,466 and 61 3 g DMIhead day-1 ; 3) mean digestible organic matter content (DOM) of rations, tested at the highest and lowest rates of grain : 69.4, 84.5 and 68.3%. The DOM of the oat rations declined by 8.1 units from the lowest to highest rate of grain. The relative liveweight change on oats could not be explained by the DOMs. Nevertheless, the results suggest, for similar conditions to those applying in our experiment, that: 1) whole oats may be at least as good a feed as crushed wheat, and both will be much better than whole wheat; 2) the feed requirement for maintenance may be about 20% less than standard recommendations; 3) even a little hay in the ration, compared with grain only, may greatly reduce the likelihood of digestive upset

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mollusks and Oxygen Concentrations in Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gabriel Kuk-Dzul ◽  
Victoria Díaz-Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Bottom Water ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

This study describes the relationship between mollusks, physicochemical properties of seawater, and sediments under natural conditions of low impact. Thirty-nine stations were sampled in October 1994 using a Van Veen grab (0.1 m−2). Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of bottom water were obtained with a CTD. Organic matter content and sediment grain analysis were determined. A total of 836 mollusks were collected. Gastropoda was the most abundant (52%) and diverse class with 27 genera, followed by Bivalvia with eight genera and Scaphopoda with only one genus. According to CCA analysis, dominant mollusks were significantly related with high DO concentrations.Donax,Natica,Acteocina,Bulla,Anachis,Odostomia, andCrucibulumcan be classified as sensitive genera because they were found mainly in high oxygen concentrations (3.1–5.6 mL L−1); on the other hand,Cardiomya,Nuculana,Laevicardium,Chione,Truncatella, andDentaliumcan be classified as tolerant genera (1.0–5.6 mL L−1). Todos Santos Bay hosts a diverse malacological fauna (36 genera); our results show that the dominant genera were mainly related to high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Mollusks can be a useful tool in environmental monitoring programs related with oxygen depletion in coastal areas.

Adsorption of pesticides by some Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
North American ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
The Relationship

Adsorption of non-ionized organic chemicals from aqueous solution by 17 Australian soils was related to the organic matter content of the soils. The soil organic matter/water distribution (Kom) for each chemical was similar in all soils and could be predicted from the octanol/water distribution (Kow) of the chemical. The relationship between these two distributions, log Kom = 0.52log Kow, + 0.69, is similar to that reported for European and North American soils.

A source of error in the estimation of the organic matter content of samples containing calcium carbonate

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
The Difference

The conventional method for the determination of the organic matter content of diets and faeces is by ashing the sample at 550 °C (A.O.A.C, 1965)Organic matter (O.M.) = dry matter (D.M.)–ash.If the sample contains calcium carbonate, then some of this carbonate will be converted to oxide (Vogel, 1951) and the weight of carbon dioxide evolved will be calculated as organic matter. The amount of carbonate converted will be dependent upon the temperature at which the sample is ashed and the duration of the ashing process. We have found (Ørskov, Hovell & Allen, 1966; Hovell & Greenhalgh, 1972) that when calcium salts of volatile fatty acids are included in diets given to sheep, most of the calcium is excreted in the faeces as carbonate, and since apparent digestibility is the difference between the amounts of nutrient ingested and excreted, the estimation of the apparent digestibility of organic matter will be in error if no correction is made for the high calcium carbonate content of the faeces. For example, a diet which contained 9·2% of calcium acetate had a true organic matterapparent digestibility of 86·8%. Had no correction been made this would have been estimated as 84·9%.

THE AVAILABLE BORON CONTENT OF THE GENETIC HORIZONS OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS: I. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER-SOLUBLE BORON AND OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Miljkovic ◽  
B. C. Matthews ◽  
M. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Boron Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Relationship

The available boron content of the genetic horizons of eight Ontario soils was determined using a hot-water extraction and a sunflower test. The available boron was highest in the surface horizons and decreased in the zones of eluviation to a level equal to or lower than that in the parent material. The content in the horizons was generally higher than that in the C horizons.The water-soluble boron was closely related to the organic matter content in a quadratic regression (R2 = 0.691). When pH and clay content were included in regressions, a positive organic matter × pH component was the single most important variable, explaining 64.4% of the variability. Additional terms involving clay content and pH did not greatly increase the R2 value.

The effect of herbage allowance on herbage intake and performance of lambs grazing perennial ryegrass and red clover swards

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Asymptotic Curves ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe effect of daily herbage allowance on herbage intakes and growth rates lambs grazing perennial ryegrass and red clover was investigated in two experiments. Herbage allowances defined as g herbage D.M./kg live weight (LW)/day were controlled by varying the areas of plots grazed for 2 days by groups of six lambs.In the first experiment five herbage allowances in the range 20–120 g D.M./kg LW/day were offered on two areas of a perennial ryegrass (cv. S. 23) sward that received nitrogen fertilizer applications of 39 or 78 kg N/ha/28 days. In the second experiment five herbage allowances in the range 30–160 g D.M./kg LW/day were offered on perennial ryegrass (cv. S. 23) and red clover (cv. Hungaropoly) swards.Asymptotic curves were fitted to describe the relationship between herbage allowance and daily intake of herbage. In Expt 1 nitrogen fertilizer rates did not affect the yield of herbage or animal performance. In Expt 2 intakes were higher on the clover sward than on the ryegrass sward at the higher herbage allowances.The asymptotic curves to describe the relationship between herbage allowance and growth rate of lambs differed widely between periods. Growth rate of the lambs increased linearly with increase in digestible organic matter intake. Live-weight gain per unit of digestible organic matter intake was higher on the red clover than on the ryegrass.The conclusion is drawn that if the herbage present to ground level is not more than three times the daily intake of the animals, intake of herbage of the animals may bo restricted.

Relationships between Digestibility and Energy Value in Primary Growth Fresh Herbage

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
D I Givens ◽  
Jeannie M Everington
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Fibre Fraction

Despite its importance, relatively few measurements have been made of the metabolisable energy (ME) content of fresh herbage. Changes in the nutritive value of spring herbage are commonly described in terms of its digestible organic matter content (DOMD) either measured in vitro or predicted from a fibre fraction. ME is normally assumed to be directly proportional to DOMD.Energetic studies of herbage such as those of Armstrong (1964) and Beever et al (1985) have been restricted to pure species and one location. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine changes in DOMD and energy values with increasing maturity in vivo using sheep in commercial swards over several years.

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