Effects of phosphorus and sulphur on dark respiration of subterranean clover leaves

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bouma
Keyword(s):  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phosphorus Level ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Complete Solutions ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Respiration rates in the dark (oxygen uptake) of leaves sampled from subterranean clover plants (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt Barker) increased with the phosphorus supply in the culture solutions in which the plants were grown. Over a period of 3 hr no differences were detected in respiration rates when leaves of these plants were placed in Warburg flasks containing complete solutions or solutions without phosphorus. However, when whole plants were transferred to complete and no-phosphorus solutions, the differences in respiration rates of leaves sampled from the two groups of plants depended on the phosphorus status of the plants at transfer. Leaves from plants raised at an adequate phosphorus level showed no differences over a period of 96 hr after transfer, but leaves from plants raised at suboptimal phosphorus levels before transfer to complete and no-phosphorus solutions showed significant differences in respiration rates as early as 18-19 hr after transfer. Similar results were obtained for leaves sampled from plants raised at different sulphur levels when transferred to complete solutions and to solutions without sulphur. However, these differences took longer to develop than in the phosphorus experiments. When phosphorus-deficient plants were transferred to complete solutions and to other solutions each without a different element, the respiration rates of the leaves sampled from the plants in the solutions without phosphorus were much lower than for the leaves of plants in the other solutions.

Phosphorus, sulphur, and molybdenum deficiencies in soils from eastern Australia in relation to nutrient supply and some characteristics of soil and climate.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Western Victoria

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was grown on 32 virgin soils in pot cultures, and the yield responses to phosphorus, sulphur, and molybdenum were determined for each soil. The soils were collected from a wide area in eastern Australia, extending from south-western Victoria to southern Queensland. Sulphur deficiency occurred almost as frequently as phosphorus deficiency. In fact, 75 per cent. of the soils were deficient in both phosphorus and sulphur. Thirty-one per cent. were deficient in all three elements. The effect of the interaction between the elements on the occurrence and intensity of the deficiencies is shown. Molybdenum responses were obtained only after the other deficiencies had been corrected. A deficiency in one of the elements is no indication of deficiency or sufficiency of either of the other two. There was no correlation between the occurrence or intensity of the deficiencies and the geological origin of the soil parent material, the climate of the regions from which the soils were collected, or such soil characters as colour, organic matter, and texture. Responses to phosphorus were less on the black earths than on the red or yellow podzolic soils; those on the red earths were intermediate. The intensity of sulphur deficiency increased, and the intensity of molybdenum deficiency decreased, with increasing soil pH.

The growth of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in annual pasture. 3. Some factors affecting balance with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Start ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum

Mixed swards of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) of two densities were grown at two levels of nitrogen. Growth was started at two different times mid- April and mid-May-and at each time half the plots were subjected to moisture stress. The swards were harvested after nine weeks of growth. The survival of clover plants was reduced by an early start, moisture stress and nitrogen addition : much more so than barley grass. The root : shoot ratios of both species were calculated ; both showed some sensitivity to the time of break and moisture stress, and the grass was also affected by the other two factors. Total sward production and the ratios of clover to grass varied widely Grass daminance was favoured by moisture stress or a late break, and both of these factors tended to override the effect of higher soil nitrogen in determining clover-grass balance. Total sward production more dependent on density than any other factor, especially with the later start. Higher nitrogen was effective in boosting production only if the break was early and there was no moisture stress.

Seed production and persistence of Carnamah and other early strains of Trifolium subterraneum in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed production and persistence of the Carnamah, Northam A, Dwalganup, and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were examined in undefoliated swards in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The early flowering characteristic of Carnamah was not always associated with higher seed yields. Only when there was a well-defined, early finish to the growing season, or when flowering was very much earlier in Carnamah (viz., following an early 'break' to the season), did this strain clearly outyield both Northam A and Geraldton. The seed yield of Dwalganup was generally inferior to that of the other strains. Factors affecting regeneration are discussed. Under low rainfall conditions, poorer germination-regulation of Carnamah, compared with Geraldton and Northam A, would be expected to result in poorer persistence unless offset by higher seed yields in the Carnamah strain.

Cytological studies of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Yates ◽  
NH Brittan
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Somatic Chromosome ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Somatic Chromosome Number ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Isolated Species

Somatic chromosome number and morphology in certain strains of subterranean clover and in species of several other fairly closely related genera have been observed. Dwalganup, Yarloop, Mt. Barker, Wenigup, Burnerang, and Red Leaf strains have each 16 fairly small chromosomes, the chromosome complexes being similar to one another and to that obtained by Wexelsen (1928) for the species. Palestine and Israel strains have each 12 large chromosomes, bearing no apparent relationship to those of the other strains but being the same in number and of a similar order of size to those found in Vicia sativa. Chromosome number and morphology may explain the failure to obtain intervarietal crosses involving Palestine, but not the low percentage of successful crosses between other strains. It is suggested that perhaps Palestine and Israel may be more correctly classed as strains of a separate species and that, with regard to their origin, Wexelsen's idea of mutational changes in isolated species offers probably the best explanation.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

Responses and feeding damage of redlegged earthmite (Acarina: Penthaleidae) to seedlings of resistant and susceptible subterranean clover varieties

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Ridsdill-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Single Variety

Responses of redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) to seedlings of three resistant and four susceptible varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were measured after 7 or 14 days in pot experiments in the glasshouse. With a single variety/pot, mites on resistant varieties (DGI007, EP145SubD and Rutherglen B) produced 45% of the progeny that were produced by mites on the susceptible varieties (89838G, Dalkeith, Junee and 70088B). Number of stages completed and survival were little affected by varieties. Feeding damage (silvering of cotyledons) on resistant varieties averaged 45% of that on susceptible varieties with a single varietylpot. H. destructor fed less on resistant varieties in choice than in single variety experiments. On Junee and 89838G seedlings, feeding damage was similar to that on other susceptible varieties, but there were about half as many H. destructor progeny as on Dalkeith and 70088B. Mites laid more eggs on soil away from Junee plants, compared to the other three susceptible varieties. Different factors adversely affected the number of progeny produced on resistant varieties and on Junee.

The effects of frosts on seed production in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Seed Yields

Six cultivars of subterranean clover, Geraldton, Yarloop, Woogenellup, Clare, Mount Barker, and Tallarook, were grown as ungrazed swards at 1,700 feet a.s.1. in the Mackenzie Country of South Canterbury, New Zealand. In this very frosty environment seed yields tended to increase with increasing lateness of flowering although Clare and perhaps Tallarook appeared to be more frost susceptible than the other cultivars. It is suggested that the deleterious effects of frosts in reducing the seed yields of subterranean clover may have been overemphasized in the past and that the trend for seed yields to increase with increasing lateness of flowering can be partially explained by differences in runner production.

The interrelation of age, permeability and viability of subterranean clover seeds

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
JA Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Common Effect ◽  
Seed Content ◽  
The Common ◽  
Term Storage

The proportions of impermeable seeds, and the viability of permeable and impermeable seeds were measured in samples of Trifolium subterraneum seed that had been stored in a laboratory for up to 34 years. Viability of permeable seed decreased from 99 per cent after storage for 1 year to 8 per cent after 30 years. On the other hand, all impermeable seeds were viable for 1 to 5 years, and 83 per cent were viable after 30 years. The impermeable seed content of the older seed lots was generally higher than that of the younger ones. This difference was related to the high retention of impermeability of the seeds during storage, and to changes in the severity of threshing methods. The impermeable seed content was also correlated positively but poorly with the viability of both permeable and impermeable seeds, independent of the age of the seed. These associations are probably due to the common effect of the environment on all these variables during seed ripening. A small varietal component in each variable was detected. The implications of these data for the long-term storage of small samples of seed are discussed.

Long term patterns of seed softening and seedling establishment from single seed crops of subterranean clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter ◽  
MJ Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
One Year ◽  
Seed Crops

Single seed crops of eight varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were grown in swards in four successive years in a medium rainfall environment at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. Measurements were made of seed production, the progress of seed softening within the first two summers, and residual hard seed and seedling numbers after the break of season for up to six successive regeneration years. Patterns of seed softening were also measured in a laboratory oven with a diurnal temperature fluctuation of 60/15�C. Approximately half the seeds of all varieties softened over the first summer and generally well over half the residual seeds softened during the second summer. Up to 18% of seeds of the hardest seeded variety, Northam, and 11% of Geraldton seeds persisted to the end of the third summer as hard seeds. Seed softening patterns showed a significant variety x regeneration year interaction due mainly to a slower rate of softening of Northam seeds relative to the other varieties after the first summer. In six of the varieties, seeds generally softened more slowly in the laboratory than in the field but in the case of the other two varieties this trend was reversed. Nevertheless, ranking of varieties for rate of seed softening was similar in field and laboratory. Seedling establishment ranged from 28 to 100% of soft seeds, depending on the incidence of late summer and autumn rains. It appeared that all varieties in the study would regenerate satisfactorily at densities of more than 15 plants/dm2 after at least one year in which little or no seed is set. Slower rates of softening would probably be desirable in drier regions or in rotation systems involving cropping.

The occurrence of sulphur deficiency on a soil of adequate phoshorus status

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Status

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown on a basaltic soil from Cooma, N.S.W., responded markedly to treatment with sulphur, as sulphate. The sulphur deficiency occurring on this soil was uncomplicated by deficiencies of other elements, including phosphorus. Even when the sulphur deficiency had been corrected the phosphorus status of the soil was adequate for normal clover growth.

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