Chemical curing of annual pastures in Southern Australia for beef cattle and sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Pullman ◽  
WG Allden
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

A desiccant herbicide (paraquat) was used to kill an annual pasture during the late spring months when the digestibility of the dry matter (DM) was 75%. The nutritive value of this standing herbage during the summer drought period was compared in field and pen studies with pasture allowed to mature naturally in the Mediterranean environment of South Australia. The herbicide treatment resulted in a significant reduction of standing herbage at the beginning of the summer period (5766 v. 2791 kg DM/ha). The DM digestibility by beef cattle of treated and untreated herbage was similar (52.4 v. 53.0% respectively). There was no difference between the paraquat-treated and the naturally matured pasture in the content or the apparent digestibility of organic matter, water-soluble carbohydrate, cellulose, or lignin; but nitrogen content, digestibility, and retention were significantly higher for paraquat-treated herbage. Rainfall between spraying and the beginning of the summer period was 140 mm. Indirect evidence from a separate study indicates that the fall in digestibility of the herbage after paraquat treatment was influenced by both rainfall and the spraying treatment. The productivity of beef cattle and sheep grazing the treated and untreated pastures during the dry summer confirmed the results of the digestibility studies, there being no difference between treatments in weight change or wool production. After the commencement of the autumn rainfall season the proportion of grass . on the sprayed area was greatly reduced, and the growth of cattle was significantly impaired. Thus the overall effect of the paraquat treatment was to reduce cattle growth.

The effects of maxgrass treatment of bale silage on the performance of beef cattle

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
J R Weddell
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
And Storage

Studies with beef cattle (Kennedy and Carson, 1991) and dairy cattle (Chamberlain et al, 1990) have shown responses in dry matter intake of silage and animal performance through applying Maxgrass silage additive to unwilted herbage ensiled in clamps. Maxgrass (BP Chemicals Ltd) contains (weight/volume) 68% ammonium hexamethanoate, 11% ammonium hexapropanoate and 2% octanoic acid.Research at Aberdeen has shown the benefits of using both inoculant (Weddell, 1990a) and formic acid based (Weddell, 1990b) additives on big bale silage which now constitutes around 15% of the total silage dry matter ensiled in the UK. The present study compared the effects on silage composition, animal performance and storage losses of Maxgrass treated with untreated big bale silage.Second cut perennial ryegrass herbage was wilted to a mean DM content of 230 g/kg then baled by fixed chamber baler. Mean water soluble carbohydrate was 100 g/kg DM. Alternate groups of six bales were left untreated or treated with Maxgrass silage additive at 7.4 1/tonne wilted grass.

Canopy morphology and nutritional quality traits as potential grazing value indicators for Lolium perenne varieties

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. GILLILAND ◽  
P. D. BARRETT ◽  
R. L. MANN ◽  
R. E. AGNEW ◽  
A. M. FEARON
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Testing Protocols

Twelve perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties of different ploidy and maturity classifications were compared under a frequent cutting management in their second harvest year, equivalent to the simulated rotational grazing system employed in UK testing protocols. Varietal differences in canopy structure (proportion of lamina, green leaf mass, sward surface height, extended tiller height, bulk density) and in herbage nutritive value factors (water-soluble carbohydrate content and proportion of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids) were assessed and their importance evaluated with reference to total herbage production. Significant variety variation (P<0·001) was recorded in the annual means of all the canopy structure characteristics. Significant differences associated with ploidy were also recorded, with tetraploid varieties having significantly higher values than diploids in most plant characters, indicating better intake characteristics for these grasses. Temporal patterns of variation associated with maturity were also observed in several characters, thus making it impossible to designate a single assessment that would be representative of the annual ranking of varieties. Water-soluble carbohydrate concentration differed significantly (P<0·001) between varieties and although the tetraploids tended to have high contents, the highest value of all was recorded in a diploid variety, which had been selectively bred for this trait. The varieties did not differ in total lipid content but there were significant differences in the proportion of linoleic acid between varieties (P<0·001) while the proportion of α-linolenic acid differed between varieties (P<0·001), ploidy (P<0·001) and maturity (P<0·05) classes.Overall evaluation of the extensive variety variation highlighted the need for better quantification of animal responses to differences of these magnitudes, before the high workload of including them in routine variety testing protocols could be justified. Potential for breeding improvement in these factors was also indicated and the future prospects for their use in farmer decision support systems was considered.

Forage conservation in round bales or silage bags: effect on ensiling characteristics and animal performance

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
R. E. McQueen ◽  
E. Charmley ◽  
R. S. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Acetic Acids

In the first of two experiments to determine the ensiling characteristics of big bale silage, forage was ensiled in round bales (1.2 m diameter × 1.2 m length) at 350–400 (wetter) or 450–500 (drier) g kg−1 dry matter (DM) content by wrapping in plastic. Initial fermentation was more rapid in the wetter bales, as shown by a more rapid and extensive drop in pH and increase in concentration of lactic and acetic acids. The initial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) log counts ranged from 105 and 107 units and were higher for the wetter bales through day 9. By day 58, counts had declined and there were no differences due to moisture level. Water soluble carbohydrate content was higher (P < 0.01) for the drier bales. Ammonia N was higher (P < 0.01) in the wetter bales. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) did not differ (P > 0.05) due to moisture level at day 9 or day 58. In the second experiment, bales ensiled at (mean ± SE) 390 ± 90 g kg−1 DM content (bale silage) were compared for ensiling characteristics and nutritive value with similar forage chopped and packed in a plastic bag (bag silage). The bag silage had a faster and more extensive drop in pH and increase in concentrations of lactic and acetic acids. Temperatures were approximately 6 °C higher in the bag than in the bale silages over the first 30 d. LAB counts increased faster in the bag silage and then declined and were lower (P < 0.05) than in the bale silage at day 60. Clostridia counts were low in the bag silage and in some bales but exceeded 106 viable spores in other bales. There were no differences between the two silages in digestibility by sheep. However, beef calves fed the bag silage gained more weight with better feed efficiency than those fed bale silage (P < 0.01). Calves fed the bale silage responded to protein (soybean meal) supplementation with increased gain and improved feed conversion, but there was no response with the bag silage. The bag silage had, on average, less NPN (468 vs. 585 g kg−1 total N) than the bale silage. Key words: Silage, big round bales, bag, protein supplementation, cattle performance

scholarly journals Changes in yield and nutritive value of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Festulolium (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) under drought stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Staniak
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the research was to assess the impact of water stress on the yield and content of basic nutrients in the biomass of Trifolium pratense and Festulolium braunii cultivated in pure stand and in mixture. A pot experiment was carried out in 2012–2014, at two levels of soil moisture: well-watered and drought stress. The study showed that stress significantly reduced the dry matter yield (DMY), the most in T. pratense, followed by mixture, and F. braunii. The effect of drought stress on the nutritive value was considerable less pronounced than the influence on DMY. No significant influence of water deficit on crude protein, crude fibre and crude ash contents was found, but only on water-soluble carbohydrate and crude fat content in one year of the study. It was found, that under drought stress T. pratense is more suitable for cultivation in the mixture with F. braunii than in pure stand, due to a lower reduction of DMY and no adverse effect of water deficiency on yield quality.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of whole-crop maize fertilized with synthetic fertilizer or digestate and harvested at two maturity stages in Boreal growing conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud F. Seleiman ◽  
Shaimaa Selim ◽  
Seija Jaakkola ◽  
Pirjo S.A. Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer

Maize cultivation for silage could be a sustainable option in Boreal conditions, especially when combined with nutrient recycling. Effects of digestate (sludge from biogas of domestic origin) application in comparison with synthetic fertilizer and two maturity stages on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of whole-crop maize were investigated. Starch, neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and digestible organic matter (DOM) contents of maize did not differ in response to the two fertilizer treatments. However, starch, DOM and metabolizable energy of maize increased, while ash, crude protein and WSC contents decreased with increasing maize maturity. Heavy metals in maize fertilized with digestate remained low. The results indicate that whole-crop maize fertilized with digestate and harvested at 150 days after sowing is a promising feed and has good nutritive value, even in Boreal conditions.

The grazing preferences of cattle and sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Cowlishaw ◽  
F. E. Alder
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Preference Rank ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Factors affecting the grazing habits of ruminants are discussed in relation to the attractiveness and nutritive value of herbages and the observed preferences of cattle and sheep at different times.Methods of measuring stock preferences are considered and it is concluded that, while frequent eye estimates of the quantity of each species appear to provide an adequate method, continuous observations and herbage sampling are useful adjuncts to it.The results of five experiments are given. Four were carried out in 3 years' winter grazing and one on spring, summer and autumn grazing over 2 years. In the latter experiment herbage samples were chemically analysed and a relationship with the observed preferences was calculated.In the winter grazing trials the greener grasses tended to be selected first, i.e. timothy, white clover, rough-stalked meadow grass, perennial and Italian rye-grass. Cocksfoot, Phalaris, red fescue and meadow fescue were not generally relished. Meadow foxtail, smooth-stalked meadow grass, tall fescue and sometimes the different varieties of rye-grass and timothy varied in rank from year to year as a result of differential frost damage and fungal attacks.In the summer grazing trials lucerne and white clover were found palatable in all the 1956 trials; in 1957 lucerne remained so, but white clover was less well liked, especially in June and July. The amount of grass growing with the clover seemed to affect attractiveness, mixtures being preferred to either species by itself. Meadow fescue and timothy were always ranked high, perennial rye-grass and cocksfoot usually next. Agrostis and red fescue were lowest. For the grasses, preference rank was positively correlated in 1957 with water-soluble dry matter, water-soluble ash, water-soluble carbohydrate and negatively correlated with lignin content.Results are compared with those of other investigators and they show a marked degree of similarity. Variability in the data for sheep is possibly due to limitations in technique. The results for sheep and for cattle are compared; and it was generally found that cattle were fonder of meadow fescue than sheep, and less fond of cocksfoot.Stock appear to graze those plants which will most readily supply their requirements for salts and energy (carbohydrates). Factors like dung, fungal attack, accessibility, density and toughness may interfere with this relationship.

Effect of spraytopping applications of paraquat and glyphosate on the nutritive value and regeneration of vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Leys ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
B Plater
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Subsequent Regeneration ◽  
Earlier Application

The effects of paraquat and glyphosate on the nutritive value of dry residues of vulpia [Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray], and its subsequent regeneration the following year were examined at Wagga Wagga during the spring, summer and winter of 1986/87 and 1987/88. Paraquat (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) and glyphosate (135 and 270 g a.i./ha) were applied as spraytopping treatments at heading, anthesis and early grain filling stages of vulpia. For both herbicides, time of application was critical to the level of regeneration obtained. Glyphosate gave 84 and 83% control when applied at heading and anthesis respectively, delaying application until early grain filling reduced the level of vulpia control to 28%. Paraquat gave 81% control when applied at anthesis, while delaying application until early grain filling, or earlier application at heading, gave 59% control. Crude protein (CP) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations, and in vitro organic matter digestibilities (OMD) were measured in vulpia residues collected for 16 weeks after herbicide application. Paraquat increased CP levels most when applied at heading (from 4-8 to 7.2% in 1986, and from 4.9 to 6.5% in 1987). Glyphosate increased CP levels most when applied at heading in 1986 (from 4.8 to 5.4%), but at anthesis in 1987 (from 4.9 to 6.5%). Glyphosate increased WSC most when applied at heading (from 5.7 to 10.6% in 1986, and from 3.5 to 6.3% in 19871, while paraquat reduced WSC in both years. Application of glyphosate at heading was the only treatment to increase OMD (from 50.5 to 54.7%).

The proportions of cell content, nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrate in three grasses in the early stages of regrowth after defoliation with and without applied nitrogen

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
P. T. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 22 Italian ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot was studied in field swards with and without applied nitrogen during the 21 days following a cut or grazing, there being a total of five periods of study at different tunes of year and in different years.The proportion of cell content in the harvested herbage, as measured by neutral detergent, increased by nearly 9 percentage units from day 3 to day 18 of regrowth. The proportion of cell content as measured by acid pepsin also increased during regrowth, but to a lesser extent. The proportion of cell content in leaf blades of two age categories, as measured by neutral detergent, also increased during regrowth. The above increases in proportion of cell content were found in all three grasses. The increases were associated with increases in the proportion of crude protein in dry matter, which were only partially offset by reductions in the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate. The broad pattern of change in N and nitrate-N content of Italian ryegrass herbage during regrowth in spring with different amounts of N applied, noted in earlier experiments, was confirmed and found to apply to perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot also. During a September-October period of study there was little sign of decline in nitrate-N content within the 21 days where N had been applied. Younger leaf blades had a rather lower nitrate-N content and a slightly higher total N content, on average, than, older blades. The application of N increased the proportion of crude protein more than it reduced the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate and it increased the proportion of cell content. The increase in proportion of cell content was sufficient to explain the positive effect of N application on digestibility. The average proportion of total herbage N which was found in the cell wall fraction was about 12%.There appeared to be a relationship between chemical composition and dry-matter content. The chlorophyll content of leaf blades increased during regrowth and was increased by N application. The experimental results on balance, particularly those for proportion of cell content, suggest an improvement in nutritive value of grass during regrowth up to about 3 weeks in contrast to the well-recognized decline in nutritive value where regrowth proceeds beyond about 3 weeks.

scholarly journals Diurnal changes in the nutritive composition of four forage species at high and low N fertiliser

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
L.A. Box ◽  
G.R. Edwards ◽  
R.H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Nutritive Composition ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Chicory and plantain have been suggested as alternative grazed forages to perennial ryegrass for New Zealand dairy systems. While diurnal changes in plant chemical composition have been described for ryegrass there is currently little information for herbs. This experiment aimed to compare the effect of nitrogen inputs (low and high) and harvesting time (am versus pm) on the chemical composition of four forages (ryegrass, plantain, chicory and white clover). The effect of harvest time was greater than N fertiliser inputs on chemical composition for all forages. Ryegrass showed the greatest increase in water soluble carbohydrate diurnally, at the expense of neutral detergent fibre and to a lesser extent crude protein. This suggests afternoon allocation of ryegrass may be beneficial to improve the nutritive value of pasture on offer; allocation timing is less important for white clover, chicory and plantain. Keywords: chicory, clover, crude protein, plantain, ryegrass, water soluble carbohydrate

Comparison of lupin varieties for nutritive value as dry standing feed for weaner sheep and for incidence of lupinosis

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
JL Hill ◽  
RA Maller ◽  
SR Wallace ◽  
BA Carbon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gravelly Soils ◽  
One Year ◽  
Nutritional Studies

Several lupin varieties were grown on sandy and sandy gravelly soils in a Mediterranean environment. During the three years when they were grown, the rainfall varied from 400 to 700 mm. The yields of dry matter and grain for the cultivars Borre, New Zealand Blue, Uniwhite and Uniharvest of L. angustifolius were not significantly higher than those of the Chapman cultivar of L. cosentinii and the Weiko III cultivar of L. luteus. However, more blocks of these last two cultivars failed owing to weed competition. The nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, sodium, neutral detergent fibre and water-soluble carbohydrate contents of the stem, leaf, pod and seed at maturity did not differ greatly between varieties within years. Weaner Merino shcep grazed at 50 sheep ha-1 on these standing dry crops gained up to 10 kg in 80 days. Sheep weight gains over three years were consistently the best for sheep on Borre, Uniwhite and Uniharvest; sheep on Chapman lupins gained little weight in any year, whilst Weiko III gave intermediate gains in one year and poor gains in another. The differences in weight gain were associated in all years with differences in the initial amounts of grain present. Detailed nutritional studies on sheep in the first year showed that the nutritive values of the varieties not causing lupinosis were similar in terms of digestible organic matter intake, volatile fatty acid production and proportions, and blood urea concentration. Abnormal liver metabolism, inferred from the level of ornithine carbamoyl transferase in the blood, occurred in sheep on all varieties during the three years, and lupinosis was confirmed by necropsy in two of the years. Lupinosis resulted in nine deaths out of 250 sheep, but other sheep with liver damage achieved normal liveweight performance. In each year, liver damage occurred on dry lupins before any summer rain. There was a high incidence of lesions of the fungus Phomopsis rossiana on stems of the cultivars Chapman and Weiko III during growth. The presence of lesions at this stage appeared to be more closely associated with the occurrence of lupinosis in summer than with the incidence of Phomopsis infection on dry sterns following summer rains.

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